\u0130klim<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde ve uzun y\u0131llar boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeyen ortalama hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na iklim denir.
\n\u0130klim, co\u011frafi ortam\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u015fekillenmesi ile insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131 ve etkinlikleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli rol oynar.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin bir yerdeki do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, akarsular\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131, konut tipleri, ekonomik etkinliklerinin t\u00fcr\u00fc,iklimin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130klimi olu\u015fturan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6\u011feler vard\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131cakl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7, r\u00fczgarlar, nemlilik ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130klim elemanlar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen ve birbirlerini etkileyen bu \u00f6\u011feler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131lmaz bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r.
\n\u0130klim olaylar\u0131 atmosfer i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle atmosfer ve \u00f6zelliklerinin incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Atmosfer<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7epe\u00e7evre saran gaz \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne atmosfer denir. Atmosferin alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, kara ve deniz y\u00fczeyleriyle \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ise yer\u00e7ekiminin etkisi belirler. Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru yer\u00e7ekimi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in atmosferin \u015fekli D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u015fekli gibi k\u00fcreseldir.<\/p>\n
Atmosfer\u2019in Katlar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Atmosfer kendini olu\u015fturan gazlar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve gidi\u015findeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar nedeniyle \u00e7e\u015fitli katlara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu katlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yukar\u0131lara do\u011fru troposfer, stratosfer, \u015femosfer, iyonosfer ve ekzosfer \u015feklinde s\u0131ralan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Troposfer<\/p>\n
\u2022 Atmosferin, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne temas eden, alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 T\u00fcm gazlar\u0131n % 75\u2019inin bulundu\u011fu bu katmanda yo\u011funluk en fazlad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Troposfer, yerden havaya yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlarla alttan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Yerden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e s\u0131cakl\u0131k her 100 m\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,5\u00b0C azal\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Su buhar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 troposferde bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u00fcm meteorolojik olaylar burada olu\u015fur.
\n\u2022 G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yatay ve dikey hava hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Yerden y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 6 \u2013 16 km aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Stratosfer<\/p>\n
\u2022 Troposferin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki katmand\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Yatay hava hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Su buhar\u0131 hemen hemen hi\u00e7 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in dikey hava hareketleri olu\u015famaz. Bu nedenle s\u0131cakl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 S\u0131cakl\u0131k her yerde yakla\u015f\u0131k -50\u00b0C\u2019dir.
\n\u2022 \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yerden 25 \u2013 30 km y\u00fcksekliktedir. <\/p>\n
\u015eemosfer<\/p>\n
\u2022 Stratosfer ile \u0130yonosfer aras\u0131ndaki katmand\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Stratosfer ile \u015eemosfer aras\u0131ndaki 19-45 km\u2019ler aras\u0131nda oksijen azot haline gelerek ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 tutar.
\n\u2022 \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yerden 80 \u2013 90 km y\u00fcksekliktedir. <\/p>\n
\u0130yonosfer<\/p>\n
\u2022 Mor \u00f6tesi (ultraviyole) \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, molek\u00fclleri par\u00e7alayarak iyonlar haline getirdi\u011fi katmand\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Yer\u00e7ekimi azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in iklim \u00fczerinde belirgin bir etkisi yoktur.
\n\u2022 Radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r
\n\u2022 \u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yerden 250 \u2013 300 km y\u00fcksekliktedir. <\/p>\n
Eksosfer (Jeokronyum)<\/p>\n
\u2022 En \u00fcst tabakad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Yer\u00e7ekimi \u00e7ok azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gazlar \u00e7ok seyrektir.
\n\u2022 Hidrojen ve helyum gibi hafif gazlar bulunur.
\n\u2022 Atmosfer ile uzay aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f alan\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Kesin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bilinmemekle birlikte \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yerden yakla\u015f\u0131k 10.000 km y\u00fckseklikte oldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
Atmosferde Bulunan Gazlar<\/p>\n
Atmosferde bulunan gazlar\u0131n % 75\u2019i ve su buhar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 troposferde bulunur. \u0130klim y\u00f6n\u00fcnden daha \u00e7ok atmosferin alt katlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fundan burada troposfer ve stratosferin alt katlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimi incelenecektir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Her zaman bulunan ve oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeyen gazlar; % 78 oran\u0131nda azot, % 21 oran\u0131nda oksijen, %1 oran\u0131nda asal gazlar (Hidrojen, Helyum, Argon, Kripton, Ksenon, Neon) d\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Her zaman bulunan ve oran\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen gazlar; su buhar\u0131 ve karbondioksittir.
\n\u2022 Her zaman bulunmayan gazlar; ozon ve tozlard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Su buhar\u0131 : Yere ve zaman g\u00f6re oran\u0131 en \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fen gazd\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p, so\u011fumas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, bulut, sis gibi hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funu sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Karbondioksit : Atmosferin g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 emme ve saklama yetene\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. Havada karbondioksit (CO2) miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, azalmas\u0131 ise s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etki yapar.<\/p>\n
Ozon : Hava i\u00e7indeki oksijen (O2) mor \u00f6tesi (ultraviyole) \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda ozon (O3) haline ge\u00e7er. Ozon gaz\u0131, i\u00e7inde hayat\u0131n geli\u015fmesine olanak vermez ancak atmosferin \u00fcst katmanlar\u0131nda ultraviyole \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 emerek yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u015fam \u00fczerinde olumlu bir etki yapar. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden 19 \u2013 45 kilometre y\u00fckseklikler aras\u0131nda bulunan ozon kat\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llarda inceldi\u011fi hatta yer yer delindi\u011fi belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle buzdolab\u0131, so\u011futucu, araba ve spreylerden \u00e7\u0131kan gazlar\u0131n (kloroflorokarbon) neden oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu gazlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir.
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan mor \u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardaki art\u0131\u015f, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n artmas\u0131na, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak buzullar\u0131n erimesine, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fclerinde de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden olabilecektir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015f I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Atmosferde Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131nda ana enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019tir. D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in uzaya yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjinin ancak iki milyonda birini al\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten gelen bu enerji g\u00fcne\u015f sabitesi (solar konstant) ile belirlenir. Atmosferin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda 1 cm2\u2019ye 1 dakikada gelen kalori miktar\u0131na g\u00fcne\u015f sabitesi (solar konstant) denir.
\nAtmosferin etkisiyle, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 yere ula\u015fmaz. Atmosfer g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli oranlarda tutar ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. Bu nedenle yery\u00fcz\u00fc G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019ten gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardan \u00e7ok atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan tutulan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlarla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k Etmenleri <\/p>\n
Atmosferin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli etmenlerin etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015f I\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Yery\u00fcz\u00fcne De\u011fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n
Belirli bir y\u00fczeye dik ve yat\u0131k gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n getirdikleri enerji miktarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda belirgin bir fark vard\u0131r.
\n\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n demeti dik geldi\u011finde daha dar bir y\u00fczeyi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131n demeti yat\u0131k geldi\u011finde daha geni\u015f bir y\u00fczeyi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r.
\nAncak \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 darald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in etkisi azal\u0131r. Bu nedenle G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc \u0131s\u0131tma g\u00fcc\u00fc de artar.
\nG\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen etmenler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u015eekli<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011finin bir sonucu olarak, Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak her iki yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru s\u0131cakl\u0131k azal\u0131r. Bu durum enlemin s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki etkisini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Eksen E\u011fikli\u011fi ve Y\u0131ll\u0131k Hareketi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fi nedeni ile G\u00fcne\u015f \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (y\u0131ll\u0131k hareket) s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir.
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki bir noktan\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131larla almas\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nma farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketi nedeniyle g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bir noktaya de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sabahtan \u00f6\u011fleye kadar artar. \u00d6\u011fleden ak\u015fama kadar ise azal\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcn en y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131 ile geldi\u011fi \u00f6\u011fle saati de\u011fil, depolanan enerjinin en fazla oldu\u011fu 13.00 \u2013 14.00 saatleri aras\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6\u011fleye kadar yerde biriken enerji, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131yla birlikte \u0131\u015f\u0131ma ile atmosfere iletilir. I\u015f\u0131ma gece boyu devam eder, yer so\u011fur. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in do\u011fu\u015f saatinde \u0131\u015f\u0131ma sona erer ve yerde enerji depolamaya ba\u015flar. I\u015f\u0131man\u0131n sona erdi\u011fi anda g\u00fcn\u00fcn en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
I\u015f\u0131ma<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fc kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc atmosfere geri verir. Buna yer \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 denir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 saatlerde (gece) ve g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yere de\u011fme a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc aylarda yer \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 artar. Ayr\u0131ca, zeminin yap\u0131s\u0131 da yer \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkilidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bitki ile kapl\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda yer \u0131\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 az ve yava\u015fken \u00e7\u0131plak arazilerde \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve fazla olur.<\/p>\n
E\u011fim ve Bak\u0131<\/p>\n
Geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lgeye d\u00fc\u015fen birbirine paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, yama\u00e7 e\u011fimine ve bak\u0131 durumuna (G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe) g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu durum yerel \u0131s\u0131nma farklar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de ise kuzey yama\u00e7lar g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca daha b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131 ile ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha s\u0131cak olur.
\nEkvator \u00e7evresinde bak\u0131n\u0131n etkisi t\u00fcm yama\u00e7larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bak\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fck olan e\u011fimli yama\u00e7larda;
\n\u2022 S\u0131cakl\u0131k daha y\u00fcksektir.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015flenme s\u00fcresi daha uzundur.
\n\u2022 Karlar\u0131n yerde kalma s\u00fcresi daha k\u0131sad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Kal\u0131c\u0131 karlar\u0131n ba\u015flama y\u00fcksekli\u011fi daha fazlad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin olgunla\u015fma s\u00fcresi daha k\u0131sad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Ormanlar\u0131n y\u00fckselti s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Y\u00fckselti<\/p>\n
Deniz seviyesinden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e atmosferin yo\u011funlu\u011funun ve i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ile troposferin daha \u00e7ok yerden yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlarla \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131cakl\u0131k, her 100 m\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,5\u00b0C azal\u0131r. Bu nedenle enlemi ayn\u0131 olan iki farkl\u0131 noktadan daha y\u00fcksekte olan, di\u011ferine g\u00f6re her zaman daha so\u011fuk olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin deniz seviyesinden 155 m y\u00fckseklikteki Bursa\u2019da s\u0131cakl\u0131k 25\u00b0C iken ayn\u0131 enlemde bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 2543 m y\u00fckseklikteki Uluda\u011f\u2019da s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 12\u00b0C olmas\u0131 y\u00fckseltinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa etkisini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ndirgenmi\u015f S\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n enleme ba\u011fl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren haritalar \u00e7izilirken y\u00fckseltinin s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki etkisini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in indirgenmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBir yerin y\u00fckseltisinin s\u0131f\u0131r (0 m) kabul edilerek hesaplanan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na indirgenmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k denir.
\nBir yerin indirgenmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplamak i\u00e7in y\u00fckseltiden kaynaklanan s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 hesaplan\u0131r.
\nBu fark o yerin ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na eklenir.
\n\u00d6rnek :
\n900 m y\u00fckseklikteki Ankara\u2019da Ocak ay\u0131 ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 -2\u00b0C\u2019dir. Ankara\u2019n\u0131n deniz seviyesine indirgenmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ka\u00e7 \u00b0C dir?
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :
\n100 m\u2019de s\u0131cakl\u0131k 0,5\u00b0C azal\u0131rsa
\n900 m\u2019de X\u00b0C azal\u0131r.
\nX=900 x 0,5 \/ 100 = 4,5 \u00b0C\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ndirgenmi\u015f S\u0131cakl\u0131k = Ger\u00e7ek S\u0131cakl\u0131k + S\u0131cakl\u0131k Fark\u0131
\n\u0130ndirgenmi\u015f S\u0131cakl\u0131k = -2 +4,5
\n\u0130ndirgenmi\u015f S\u0131cakl\u0131k = 2,5\u00b0C\u2019dir.<\/p>\n
Kara ve Deniz Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Karalar denizlere g\u00f6re daha \u00e7ok ve \u00e7abuk \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p, so\u011furlar. Bu nedenle, karalar\u0131n daha fazla yer kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019nin y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019den daha fazlad\u0131r.
\nAyr\u0131ca her iki yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede kara ve denizlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131k termik ekvatorun yer ekvatorundan sapmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Termik Ekvator : Meridyenlerin en s\u0131cak noktalar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren e\u011friye termik ekvator denir.<\/p>\n
Atmosferdeki Nem Oran\u0131 <\/p>\n
Atmosferdeki nem;
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015ften gelen ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 emerek tutar.
\n\u2022 Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p so\u011fumas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.
\n\u2022 Is\u0131n\u0131p so\u011fuman\u0131n yava\u015f ve dengeli olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu nedenle nemli b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00fcnl\u00fck ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 daha azd\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Okyanus Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n
Enlemin etkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, ekvatoral b\u00f6lgeden gelen ak\u0131nt\u0131lar s\u0131cak su, kutup b\u00f6lgelerinden gelen ak\u0131nt\u0131lar ise so\u011fuk su ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\nS\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7tikleri k\u0131y\u0131larda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckseltici, so\u011fuk su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ise s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etki yapar.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgarlar geldikleri yerlerin \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re, estikleri b\u00f6lgelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltici ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etki yapar. Bu durum enlemin s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki etkisini g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de yer alan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kuzeyden esen r\u00fczgarlar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcneyden esen r\u00fczgarlar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki yapar.<\/p>\n
Zeminin Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n
Karalar\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015f ve topraklar\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri (rengi, parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6zenekli\u011fi gibi \u00f6zellikleri) yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u0131s\u0131nma farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na neden olur. Ayr\u0131ca zeminin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ile kapl\u0131 olup olmamas\u0131, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funlu\u011fu, kar ya da toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunup bulunmamas\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinde etkilidir.
\nBu nedenle ta\u015f ve topraklar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p so\u011fuma s\u00fcreleri farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131k renkli ve gev\u015fek yap\u0131ya sahip kumsallarda \u0131s\u0131nma ve so\u011fuma \u00e7abuk ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k Ku\u015faklar\u0131<\/p>\n
Matematik iklim ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131k etmenlerinin etkisi ile de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 sonucu belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kara ve denizlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu belirlemede temel etkendir.
\nKuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de karalar\u0131n daha geni\u015f yer kaplamas\u0131, yaz s\u00fcrelerinin daha uzun olmas\u0131, s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n daha etkili olmas\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de buzullarla kapl\u0131, geni\u015f Antartika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131cak ve \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fak Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de, so\u011fuk ku\u015fak ise G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de daha geni\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Matematik \u0130klim Ku\u015faklar\u0131 : D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n eksen e\u011fikli\u011fine g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fi i\u00e7in, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u00f6nenceler ve kutup daireleridir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cak Ku\u015faklar\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
Matematik Ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
Matematik ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n yer yer de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011framas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fmu\u015f ve ana \u00e7izgileri ile Ekvator\u2018 a paralel uzanan s\u0131cakl\u0131k ku\u015faklar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
S\u0131cak Ku\u015fak :<\/p>\n
S\u0131cak ku\u015fakta bulunan yerlerde,<\/p>\n
\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca dik ya da dike yak\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131 ile gelmektedir. D\u00f6nenceler aras\u0131ndaki yerlere g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u0131lda iki kez (yerel saat 12.00\u2019de) dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile gelir.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcnl\u00fck ve ayl\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Ancak 30\u00b0 enlemlerinde gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Ayl\u0131k ve y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamalar\u0131 20\u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fczerindedir.
\n\u2022 Gece \u2013 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri y\u0131l boyunca birbirine yak\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Al\u00e7ak yerlerde, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ya\u015fam\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkiler. Bu nedenle ya\u015fmaya ve yerle\u015fmeye en elveri\u015fli yerler y\u00fckseklerdedir. <\/p>\n
Il\u0131man Ku\u015fak :<\/p>\n
Il\u0131man ku\u015fakta bulunan yerlerde,
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman dik a\u00e7\u0131 ile gelmez.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcnl\u00fck ve ayl\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 belirgindir.
\n\u2022 Y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 20\u00b0C\u2019den azd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Gece \u2013 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz s\u00fcreleri aras\u0131ndaki zaman fark\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u2022 D\u00f6rt mevsim belirgin olarak ya\u015fan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
So\u011fuk Ku\u015fak :<\/p>\n
So\u011fuk ku\u015fakta bulunan yerlerde,
\n\u2022 Y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 10\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Gece \u2013 g\u00fcnd\u00fcz sureleri aras\u0131ndaki zaman fark\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla olabilir.
\n\u2022 Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fczlerin sureleri aras\u0131ndaki zaman fark\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla olabilir.
\n\u2022 Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fczlerin suresi 24 saatten uzundur.
\n\u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Kutup noktalar\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca en fazla 23\u00b027\u2019 l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131yla al\u0131r. <\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n G\u00f6sterimi<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 izotermlerle haritalarda g\u00f6sterilir.
\nAyn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren e\u011frilere izoterm (e\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k) e\u011frisi denir.
\n\u0130zoterm (e\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131k) e\u011frileri karasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle enlemlerden sapma g\u00f6sterir.
\n\u0130zoterm haritalar\u0131 ve yer \u015fekillerinin s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00fczerindeki etkisini g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, enlem etkisini g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in indirgenmi\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131klar kullan\u0131larak \u00e7izilir ve bu bilgi haritalarda belirtilir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n nedenlerini y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama izoterm haritalar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayl\u0131k ortalama izoterm haritalar\u0131 ise s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n aylar aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019da S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya Ocak Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de Ocak Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Ocak ay\u0131 k\u0131\u015f mevsimine rastlar.
\nEn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar Kuzeydo\u011fu Sibirya ve Kanada\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Buralardaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri y\u0131l boyunca -20\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\nY\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar Ekvator ile Yenge\u00e7 D\u00f6nencesi aras\u0131nda, denizler \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u0130zoterm e\u011frileri karalar \u00fczerinde g\u00fcneye, denizler \u00fczerinde kuzeye do\u011fru sapma g\u00f6sterir. Bu durum, karalar\u0131n denizlerden daha so\u011fuk oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de Ocak Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Ocak ay\u0131 yaz mevsimine rastlar.
\nEn so\u011fuk yer G\u00fcney Kutbu\u2019dur.
\nEn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Kalahari \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da Patagonya \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde ve Kuzey Avustralya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u0130zoterm e\u011frileri karalar \u00fczerinde g\u00fcneye, denizler \u00fczerinde kuzeye do\u011fru sapma g\u00f6sterir.
\n50 \u2013 60\u00b0 g\u00fcney enlemleri aras\u0131nda karalar\u0131n az yer kaplamas\u0131 nedeniyle izotermler olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcn uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de izotermlerin gidi\u015fi enlemlere uyum sa\u011flamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede karalar geni\u015f yer kaplar.
\nG\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de izotermlerin gidi\u015fi daha d\u00fczenlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede karalar daha az yer kaplar.
\nHer iki yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede okyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, izotermlerin enlemlerden sapmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya Temmuz Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de Temmuz Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Temmuz ay\u0131 yaz mevsimine rastlar.
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri y\u00fcksektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc karalar bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede geni\u015f yer kaplar.
\nEn s\u0131cak yerler, 15. ve 40. paraleller aras\u0131ndaki karalar \u00fczerindedir.
\n\u0130zoterm e\u011frileri karalar \u00fczerinde kuzeye, denizler \u00fczerinde g\u00fcneye do\u011fru sapma g\u00f6sterir.
\n0\u00b0C izoterm e\u011frisi, Gr\u00f6nland\u2019\u0131n kuzeyi ve kutup \u00e7evresinden ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de Temmuz Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
Temmuz ay\u0131 k\u0131\u015f mevsimine rastlar.
\nAntartika K\u0131tas\u0131 -10\u00b0C izoterm e\u011frisi ile \u00e7evrelenmi\u015ftir.
\n50\u00b0 – 60\u00b0 enlemleri aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en 0\u00b0C izoterm e\u011frisi olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcn uzan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u0130zoterm e\u011frileri, karalar \u00fczerinde Ekvator\u2019a, denizler \u00fczerinde g\u00fcneye do\u011fru sapma g\u00e7sterir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de izotermlerin gidi\u015fi enlemlere uyum sa\u011flamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede karalar geni\u015f yer kaplar.
\nG\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de izotermlerin gidi\u015fi daha d\u00fczenlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede karalar daha az yer kaplar.
\nOkyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, izotermlerin enlemlerden sapmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya Y\u0131ll\u0131k Ortalama S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru azal\u0131r.
\nEn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar kutup b\u00f6lgelerindeki karalar \u00fczerindedir.
\nAl\u00e7ak enlemlerde karalar denizlerden, y\u00fcksek enlemlerde denizler karalardan daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r.
\n0\u00b0 – 45\u00b0 Kuzey enlemleri aras\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferleri, karalar\u0131n geni\u015f yer kaplamas\u0131 nedeniyle G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019ye g\u00f6re y\u00fcksektir. 45\u00b0 G\u00fcney enleminden sonra G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019den daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r.
\nTermik ekvator, Avustralya \u00e7evresi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019ye inmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede so\u011fuk su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 daha etkilidir.
\nKuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fak okyanuslar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan daha s\u0131cakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya Y\u0131ll\u0131k S\u0131cakl\u0131k Fark\u0131<\/p>\n
En d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 enlemin etkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Ekvator \u00e7evresinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nEn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 65\u00b0C ile Sibirya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nKanada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ise 45\u00b0C\u2019ye ula\u015fan s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131na rastlan\u0131r.
\nAyn\u0131 enlemlerde bulunmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Sibirya\u2019da y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 Kanada\u2019dakinden daha y\u00fcksektir.
\n\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sibirya\u2019da karasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi daha belirgindir.
\nIl\u0131man ku\u015fak okyanuslar\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 so\u011fuk su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : En s\u0131cak ay ile en so\u011fuk ay aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 denir. Bu farklar d\u00f6nenceler \u00e7evresinde, karasal b\u00f6lgelerde en fazlad\u0131r. Ekvator \u00e7evresinde ve denizel etkilere a\u00e7\u0131k yerlerde ise s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Ocak Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
En d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, enlem ve karasall\u0131k nedeniyle Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Erzurum \u2013 Kars B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nEn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, enlem ve denizellik nedeniyle Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nK\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerinde denizellik nedeniyle s\u0131cakl\u0131k 0\u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcndedir.
\n\u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlarda karasall\u0131k nedeniyle s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler ile i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Temmuz Ay\u0131 S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
En y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar enlem etkisi ve nem azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nEnlem etkisi nedeniyle g\u00fcneyden kuzeye do\u011fru s\u0131cakl\u0131k azal\u0131r.
\nK\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler ile i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131na oranla azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Y\u0131ll\u0131k Ortalama S\u0131cakl\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130zoterm e\u011frileri genellikle bat\u0131-do\u011fu uzan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\nEn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klar Kuzeydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nedenleri :
\n\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin kuzeyde yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle so\u011fuk enlemlere yak\u0131n olmas\u0131
\n\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin deniz etkisine kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle karasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi.
\nEn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nedenleri :
\n\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcneyde yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131cak enlemlere yak\u0131n olmas\u0131.
\n\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin deniz etkisine kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle karasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesi
\n\u2022 B\u00f6lgenin s\u0131cak ve kuru \u00e7\u00f6l r\u00fczgarlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Y\u0131ll\u0131k S\u0131cakl\u0131k Fark\u0131<\/p>\n
Nemlilik etkisiyle en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi k\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerindedir.
\nKarasall\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle, k\u0131y\u0131lardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131 artar.
\nEn y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da, Erzurum \u2013 Kars Platosu\u2019ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : S\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131n\u0131n 15\u00b0C nin \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin matematik konumu ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7<\/p>\n
Atmosfer Bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/p>\n
Atmosferi olu\u015fturan gazlar\u0131n belli bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Gazlar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki cisimler \u00fczerine uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nca atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Normal Hava Bas\u0131nc\u0131<\/p>\n
45\u00b0 enlemlerinde, deniz seviyesinde ve 15\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bas\u0131nca normal hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 denir.
\n\u2022 C\u0131va s\u00fctununun y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ile (normal bas\u0131n\u00e7 760 mm)
\n\u2022 C\u0131va s\u00fctununun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile (normal bas\u0131n\u00e7 1033 gr)
\n\u2022 Kuvvet birimi ile (normal bas\u0131n\u00e7 1013 milibar) ifade edilir.
\nBas\u0131n\u00e7 barometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. C\u0131val\u0131 barometre, barograf, aneroid baramotre ve altimetre gibi \u00e7e\u015fitleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
C\u0131val\u0131 Barometre : \u00dcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k bir kaba dald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yukar\u0131 ucu kapal\u0131 bir cam borudur. Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131, boruyu dolduran c\u0131va s\u00fctununu dengede tutar. Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 azal\u0131p \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131k\u00e7a c\u0131va s\u00fctunu da al\u00e7al\u0131p y\u00fckselir.
\nC\u0131val\u0131 barometre camdan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hep d\u00fcz durmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in her zaman kullan\u0131m\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Barograf : Bas\u0131nc\u0131 s\u00fcrekli kaydeden ve yaz\u0131c\u0131 ucu bulunan bir t\u00fcr madeni barometredir.<\/p>\n
Aneroid Barometre : Madeni barometredir. C\u0131val\u0131 barometrelerin kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131ma zorlu\u011fu nedeniyle geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Altimetre : Madeni barometrelerin bir \u00e7e\u015fididir. Y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e bas\u0131nc\u0131n azalmas\u0131 kural\u0131na dayan\u0131larak, y\u00fcksekliklerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Etmenleri<\/p>\n
Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli etmenler alt\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k (Termik Etken)<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131nc\u0131 en \u00e7ok etkileyen etmen s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck mevsimlik de\u011fi\u015fimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fir. Is\u0131nan hava genle\u015ferek y\u00fckselir. Gazlar\u0131n seyrelmesi nedeniyle bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fer ve al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur. So\u011fuyan havada gaz molek\u00fclleri s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan gazlar yery\u00fcz\u00fcne do\u011fru y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fckselti<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e;
\nYer\u00e7ekimi,
\nAtmosferdeki gazlar\u0131n miktar\u0131 azal\u0131r.
\nBunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n
Hava Yo\u011funlu\u011fu (Dinamik Etken)<\/p>\n
1m3 havan\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki gazlar\u0131n miktar\u0131na hava yo\u011funlu\u011fu denir. Yo\u011funluk su buhar\u0131na ve toz zerreciklerine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.
\nYer\u00e7ekiminin azal\u0131p \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131,
\nHavan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p so\u011fumas\u0131,
\nY\u00fckseltinin artmas\u0131,
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc,
\nHava yo\u011funlu\u011funun de\u011fi\u015fmesine neden olur.
\nHava yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131k\u00e7a bas\u0131n\u00e7 y\u00fckselir, yo\u011funluk azald\u0131k\u00e7a bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n
Yer\u00e7ekimi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n geoid \u015fekli nedeniyle yer\u00e7ekiminin Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru artmas\u0131, bas\u0131nc\u0131n kutuplarda y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n
Mevsim<\/p>\n
Mevsimlerin bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u0131l\u0131man ku\u015fakta belirgindir. Yaz aylar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkisiyle karalar al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7, denizler ise y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise denizler al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7, karalar y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00fczerindeki etkisini kan\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya, ekseni \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u00f6nlerinden sapar. Sapmalar sonucu 30\u00b0enlemlerinde al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 hava hareketleri ile yo\u011funluk artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bas\u0131n\u00e7 y\u00fckselir ve dinamik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur.
\n60\u00b0 enlemlerinde ise bat\u0131 ve kutup r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Bu r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n birbirlerini iterek y\u00fckselmesiyle 60\u00b0 enlemlerinde gaz yo\u011funlu\u011fu azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fer. B\u00f6ylece dinamik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
UYARI : D\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketi sonucunda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sapmas\u0131, dinamik bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki hareketine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara dinamik bas\u0131n\u00e7 denir.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Tiplerinin \u00d6zellikleri :<\/p>\n
1013 milibardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan bas\u0131n\u00e7lara al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 (siklon) y\u00fcksek olanlara ise y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 (antisiklon) denir.<\/p>\n
Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7 (Siklon) <\/p>\n
Termik ve dinamik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezlerinde benzer hava hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nHavan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu azd\u0131r.
\nHava y\u00fckseltici bir hareket g\u00f6sterir.
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hava hareketi \u00e7evreden merkeze do\u011frudur.
\nMerkezden \u00e7evreye do\u011fru bas\u0131n\u00e7 artar.
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketi nedeniyle hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de saat ibresinin tersi y\u00f6nde, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de ise saat ibresi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde sapmaya u\u011frar.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerde, hava hareketi her zaman y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7tan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131nca do\u011frudur.
\nTermik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131nc\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu alanlarda hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksektir.
\nDinamik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131nc\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda olan yerlerde s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7 (Antisiklon)<\/p>\n
Termik ve dinamik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezlerinde benzer hava hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nHavan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazlad\u0131r.
\nHava al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 bir hareket g\u00f6sterir.
\nYery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hava hareketi merkezden \u00e7evreye do\u011frudur.
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketi nedeniyle hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de saat ibresi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de saat ibresinin tersi y\u00f6nde sapma g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerde, hava hareketi her zaman y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7tan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131nca do\u011frudur.
\nDinamik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131nc\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu yerlerde hava s\u0131cak ve kurudur. Termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131nc\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu yerlerde ise hava so\u011fuk ve kurudur.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015faklar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Termik Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (Tropikal Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131) <\/p>\n
Ekvator ve \u00e7evresinde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131cak \u00e7ekirdekli siklon da denir.<\/p>\n
Dinamik Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (Subtropikal Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn r\u00fczgarlar \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sapma etkisiyle 30\u00b0 enlemleri \u00e7evresinde olu\u015fan bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ku\u015fak Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de yaz aylar\u0131nda kuzeye, k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda g\u00fcneye kayar. Al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 hava hareketlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak havan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve nem miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi nedeniyle 30\u00b0 enlemleri \u00e7evresinde \u00e7\u00f6ller olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Dinamik Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (Subpolar Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n
60\u00b0 enlemlerinde kutup r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 ve bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur. S\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in so\u011fuk \u00e7ekirdekli siklon da denir.
\nK\u0131\u015f\u0131n kara ve denizlerin farkl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 enlem \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar. Bu nedenle k\u0131\u015f\u0131n karalar \u00fczerinde y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 olu\u015fmas\u0131 bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesintiye u\u011frat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Termik Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (Polar Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n
Kutuplar \u00e7evresinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k nedeniyle olu\u015fan, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de karalar \u00fczerinde kesintiye u\u011frar. G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de ise karalar\u0131n oran\u0131 \u00e7ok az oldu\u011fundan bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131 daha d\u00fczenli ve s\u00fcreklidir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Etkili Olan Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Merkezleri<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikteki bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisinde kal\u0131r. Bu durum daha \u00e7ok T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin matematik konumunun sonucudur.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7lar :<\/p>\n
Sibirya Antisiklonu<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde do\u011fu ve kuzeydo\u011fudan sokulan termik k\u00f6kenli y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi sadece k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Balkanlar \u00fczerinden sarkarak etkiler.
\nAz fakat etkin kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile so\u011fuk ve ayaz\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu hava tipini simgeler.
\nBalkanlardan sarkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Azor y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile birle\u015ferek \u0130zlanda Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131nc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi etkilemesine izin vermez. Bu nedenle uzun s\u00fcreli, sakin ve so\u011fuk ku\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Azor Antisiklonu<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizi s\u00fcrekli etkileyen dinamik k\u00f6kenli y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r.
\nK\u0131\u015f\u0131n serin, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fs\u0131z ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlarla kendini belli eder. R\u00fczgar h\u0131zlar\u0131 yava\u015ft\u0131r.
\nK\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcrekli al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 hareket g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve so\u011fuk yery\u00fcz\u00fcne dokundu\u011fu i\u00e7in havan\u0131n alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda so\u011fuk, durgun bir hava katman\u0131 olu\u015fur. Bu durgun hava b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde \u015fehirsel at\u0131klar birikerek hava kirlili\u011fine neden olur.
\nK\u0131\u015f ayalar\u0131nda Kuzey Afrika \u00fczerinde \u0130zlanda Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131nc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131cak b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015farak \u0130zlanda Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131nc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesine yard\u0131m eder. Yaz aylar\u0131nda ise g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak etki alan\u0131n\u0131 Akdeniz \u00fczerinden \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kadar geni\u015fletir. Bu durumda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kuzey y\u00f6nl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlar etkili olur.<\/p>\n
Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131n\u00e7lar :<\/p>\n
\u0130zlanda Siklonu<\/p>\n
Dinamik k\u00f6kenli bu al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 k\u0131\u015f\u0131n etkilidir.
\n\u00dclkemize bat\u0131 ve kuzeybat\u0131dan sokulur.
\nHareketli hava k\u00fctlelerini getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in r\u00fczgar birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ara ile \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden eser. R\u00fczgar\u0131n esme y\u00f6n\u00fc g\u00fcneybat\u0131dan ba\u015flar, kuzeybat\u0131ya kadar d\u00f6ner. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezinde g\u00fcney sekt\u00f6rl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken, kuzey sekt\u00f6rl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etki yapar ve cephesel ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara neden olur. \u00d6zellikle Karadeniz\u2019de bubas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 etkisiyle cephesel ve orografik ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nE\u011fer kendisinden daha s\u0131cak olan Akdeniz\u2019e iner ve uzun bir s\u00fcre burada kal\u0131rsa nem y\u00fcklenir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131\u015f ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
Basra K\u00f6rfezi \u2013 \u0130ran Siklonu<\/p>\n
Termik k\u00f6kenli bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131, yaz aylar\u0131nda karalar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n\u00dclkemizde g\u00fcney ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan sokulan ve yaz aylar\u0131nda etkili olan Basra Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131nc\u0131;<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6l s\u0131caklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131na,
\nYaz ba\u015flar\u0131nda karalar\u0131n fazla \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve atmosferin \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n daha so\u011fuk olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ani, g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fc, sa\u011fanak ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara,
\nAzor Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131nc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da etkisiyle kuzey y\u00f6nl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n etkin olmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar<\/p>\n
Hava k\u00fctlelerinin yatay y\u00f6ndeki hareketlerine r\u00fczgar denir.
\nR\u00fczgarlar bas\u0131n\u00e7 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan do\u011far ve daima y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131ndan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131na do\u011fru eser.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgarlar\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri :<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n H\u0131z\u0131<\/p>\n
Hava k\u00fctlesinin hareket h\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. R\u00fczgar h\u0131z\u0131 saniyede metre (m\/sn) ya da saatte kilometre (km\/sa) olarak ifade edilir.
\nR\u00fczgar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 anemometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n H\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 Etkileyen Etmenler<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Fark\u0131<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen temel etmendir. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark ne kadar fazla ise, r\u00fczgar o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 eser. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu yerlerde izobarlar s\u0131k, zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu yerlerde ise seyrek ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130zobar : Hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu yerleri birle\u015ftiren e\u011frilere izobar (e\u015f bas\u0131n\u00e7) e\u011frisi denir. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 haritalar\u0131nda bu de\u011ferler deniz seviyesine indirgenmi\u015f olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7 Merkezlerinin Yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
Al\u00e7ak ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezleri aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a r\u00fczgar\u0131n \u015fiddeti azal\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezleri birbirine ne kadar yak\u0131n ve aradaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131 ne kadar fazla ise r\u00fczgar o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 eser.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketi<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketinin etkisiyle r\u00fczgarlar esme y\u00f6nlerinden sapar. Bu nedenle r\u00fczgarlar bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131n\u0131 izlemeyip izobarlara paralel bir \u015fekilde estiklerinden h\u0131zlar\u0131 azal\u0131r.
\nD\u00fcnya ekseni \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nmeseydi r\u00fczgarlar y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7tan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131nca do\u011fru en k\u0131sa yolu izleyerek daha h\u0131zl\u0131 eseceklerdi. Ancak D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle en k\u0131sa yolu izlemeyen r\u00fczgarlar daha yava\u015f eser.<\/p>\n
UYARI : R\u00fczgarlar\u0131n sapma g\u00fcc\u00fc enleme ve r\u00fczgar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Yer \u015fekilleri<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn da\u011fl\u0131k ve engebeli arazilerinde r\u00fczgar\u0131n s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme etkisi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, h\u0131z\u0131 azal\u0131r. Engebeli olmayan alanlarda, deniz ve okyanuslar \u00fczerinde s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme etkisi azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan r\u00fczgar\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n Y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunulan noktaya g\u00f6re belirlenir ve r\u00fczgar hangi co\u011frafi y\u00f6nden geliyorsa ona g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\nR\u00fczgar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc, bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezlerinin konumuna, D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hareketine, yer \u015fekillerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcnl\u00fck Hareketi <\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc nedeniyle r\u00fczgarlar y\u00f6nlerinden sapar. R\u00fczgar y\u00f6nlerini sapt\u0131ran etkiye koriyolis (coriolis) g\u00fcc\u00fc denir. Koriyolis g\u00fcc\u00fc ile r\u00fczgarlar Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de sa\u011fa, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de sola sapar.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclen yerel r\u00fczgarlar, y\u0131ld\u0131z, poyraz, g\u00fcn do\u011fusu, ke\u015fi\u015fleme, k\u0131ble, lodos, g\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131 ve karayeldir.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n Frekans\u0131 (Esme S\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131)<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7inde belirli bir y\u00f6nden esme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na r\u00fczgar frekans\u0131 denir.
\nEsme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 r\u00fczgar frekans g\u00fclleri ile g\u00f6sterilir.
\nBir b\u00f6lgede belirli bir s\u00fcrede r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n en s\u0131k esti\u011fi y\u00f6ne egemen r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc denir.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin Ankara Meteoroloji \u0130stasyonu verilerine g\u00f6re, Ankara\u2019ya ait y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama r\u00fczgar frekans g\u00fcl\u00fcne bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u0131l i\u00e7inde kuzeydo\u011fudan esen r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n toplam 5000 esme say\u0131s\u0131 ile en fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yani egemen r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc kuzeydo\u011fudur.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bir yerin r\u00fczgar g\u00fcl\u00fcne bakarak egemen r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fc ve o yerdeki yer \u015fekillerinin uzan\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fc hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinebiliriz.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Birbirine kom\u015fu iki yerin farkl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 durumunda \u00f6ncelikle r\u00fczgar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgar \u00c7e\u015fitleri<\/p>\n
R\u00fczgarlar, olu\u015fumlar\u0131na, esi\u015f s\u00fcrelerine ve etki alanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar :<\/p>\n
S\u00fcrekli R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
Genel Hava dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131, s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015faklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u0131l boyunca y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden esen r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alizeler<\/p>\n
30\u00b0 enlemlerinden (DYB) Ekvator\u2019a (TAB) do\u011fru esen r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n ekseni \u00e7evresindeki hareketi nedeniyle sapmaya u\u011frayarak, Kuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de kuzeydo\u011fudan, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan eserler.
\nEn d\u00fczenli ve s\u00fcrekli esen r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.
\nOkyanus ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6nlerini d\u00fczenlerler.
\nBa\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kuru olan bu r\u00fczgarlar, deniz \u00fczerinden ald\u0131klar\u0131 nemi Ekvator \u00e7evresine ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olarak b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Ters Alizeler (\u00dcst Alizeler)<\/p>\n
Ekvator\u2019dan (TAB), 30\u00b0 enlemlerine (DYB) do\u011fru esen \u00fcst r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.
\nHer yerde ve her zaman g\u00f6r\u00fclmezler.
\nYeteri kadar s\u00fcrekli ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fillerdir.
\n30\u00b0 enlemleri \u00e7evresinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru al\u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olu\u015fumunu engellerler.<\/p>\n
Bat\u0131 R\u00fczgarlar\u0131<\/p>\n
30\u00b0 enlemlerinden (DYB), 60\u00b0 enlemlerine (DAB) do\u011fru esen bat\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.
\nKuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de g\u00fcneybat\u0131dan, G\u00fcney Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de kuzeybat\u0131dan eserler.
\nY\u00f6n ve s\u00fcreklilikleri olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fkendir.
\nDenizden karaya estikleri i\u00e7in orta ku\u015fak karalar\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.
\nK\u0131talar\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda okyanus ikliminin geli\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine neden olur ve ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirler.<\/p>\n
Kutup R\u00fczgarlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Kutuplardan (TYB) 60\u00b0 enlemlerine (DAB) do\u011fru esen so\u011fuk ve kuru r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.
\nKuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de kuzeydo\u011fudan, G\u00fcney yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan eserler.
\nKuzey Yar\u0131m K\u00fcre\u2019de k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcneye do\u011fru geni\u015fleterek okyanuslar\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda karasal iklimlerin geli\u015fmesine neden olurlar. Yaz\u0131n ise zay\u0131flar ve kutuplara do\u011fru \u00e7ekilirler.<\/p>\n
UYARI : S\u00fcrekli r\u00fczgarlar y\u0131l boyunca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren s\u00fcrekli bas\u0131n\u00e7 merkezleri aras\u0131nda eser.<\/p>\n
Mevsimlik R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
Y\u0131l\u0131n bir yar\u0131s\u0131nda belirli bir y\u00f6nden, di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131nda ise tam tersi y\u00f6nden esen r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcrelerle y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftiren bu r\u00fczgarlara devirli r\u00fczgarlar da denir. Bu tip r\u00fczgarlar, kara ve denizlerin mevsime dayal\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nma \u00f6zelliklerinden do\u011far. Geni\u015f bir kara par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Asya K\u0131tas\u0131, onun g\u00fcney ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda yer alan Hint Okyanusu ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus bu tip termik bas\u0131n\u00e7 sistemlerinin geli\u015fmesine en uygun b\u00f6lgelerdir. Burada g\u00f6r\u00fclen mevsim r\u00fczgarlar\u0131na muson ad\u0131 verilmektedir.
\nMuson r\u00fczgarlar\u0131, G\u00fcney ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Avustralya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n Gine K\u00f6rfezi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yaz Musonlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Yaz aylar\u0131nda Asya k\u0131tas\u0131 Hint Okyanusu\u2019ndan daha \u00e7abuk ve \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131ta \u00fczerinde termik k\u00f6kenli al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur. Hint Okyanusu ise k\u0131taya g\u00f6re daha serin oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle denizden karaya do\u011fru, nemli yaz musonlar\u0131 eser. K\u0131y\u0131larda bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.
\nMuson r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu bu b\u00f6lgeler D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 yerleridir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Yaz musonlar\u0131 denizden karaya do\u011fru estikleri i\u00e7in da\u011f eteklerine ve yama\u00e7lar\u0131na bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
K\u0131\u015f Musonlar\u0131<\/p>\n
K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda Asya K\u0131tas\u0131 \u00e7abuk ve \u00e7ok so\u011fur. K\u0131ta \u00fczerinde termik k\u00f6kenli y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur. Hint okyanusu ise k\u0131taya g\u00f6re daha \u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in termik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle karadan denize do\u011fru serin, yer yer so\u011fuk ve kuru k\u0131\u015f musonlar\u0131 eser.<\/p>\n
UYARI : K\u0131\u015f musonlar\u0131 karadan denize estiklerinden kuru r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yerel R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
Etki alanlar\u0131 dar ve esi\u015f s\u00fcreleri k\u0131sa olan r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Olu\u015fumlar\u0131ndaki temel etken k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 farklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Meltemler<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 farklar\u0131ndan do\u011fan r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kara Meltemi<\/p>\n
Gece, karalar denizlere g\u00f6re daha \u00e7abuk ve \u00e7ok so\u011fur. Bu nedenle, karalar \u00fczerinde termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131, denizler \u00fczerinde ise termik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur. Bu durumda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 karalardan denizlere do\u011fru olur ve bu r\u00fczgarlara kara meltemi denir.<\/p>\n
Deniz Meltemi<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, karalar denizlerden daha \u00e7abuk ve \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle karalar \u00fczerinde termik al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131, denizler \u00fczerinde ise termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131 olu\u015fur. Bu durumda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 denizlerden karalara do\u011fru olur ve bu r\u00fczgarlara deniz meltemi denir.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130zmir\u2019de yaz aylar\u0131nda esen imbat bir deniz meltemidir.<\/p>\n
Da\u011f Meltemi<\/p>\n
Gece, y\u00fcksek yerler daha \u00e7abuk so\u011fudu\u011fundan termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131, al\u00e7ak yerler ise ge\u00e7 so\u011fudu\u011fundan termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. Hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 doruklardan \u00e7ukur alanlara do\u011fru olur ve bu r\u00fczgarlara da\u011f meltemi denir.<\/p>\n
Vadi Meltemi<\/p>\n
G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, yama\u00e7lar vadi tabanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha \u00e7abuk ve \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Yama\u00e7lar termik bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131, vadi tabanlar\u0131 ise termik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda, hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 vadi tabanlar\u0131ndan yama\u00e7lara do\u011fru olur ve bu r\u00fczgarlara vadi meltemi denir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Meltemler, havan\u0131n durgun olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Ekvator\u2019da y\u0131l boyunca, orta enlemlerde ise en \u00e7ok yaz mevsiminde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cak Yerel R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
Estikleri yere g\u00f6re daha s\u0131cak olan r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
F\u00f6n : Yama\u00e7tan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inen hava k\u00fctlesinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her 100 m de 1 \u00b0C artmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan s\u0131cak ve kuru r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Bu r\u00fczgarlar k\u0131\u015f mevsiminde karlar\u0131n erken erimesine, \u00e7\u0131\u011f ya da su bask\u0131nlar\u0131na neden olur. Yaz mevsiminde ise \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin erken olgunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Srikko : B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019dan Kuzey Afrika ve \u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011fru esen s\u0131cak ve kuru r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Akdeniz \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7erken nem y\u00fcklendikleri i\u00e7in \u0130talya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman havan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki tozdan dolay\u0131 bu ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar renkli olur. Srikko k\u0131y\u0131ya ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131p i\u00e7erilere sokulunca tekrar kurakla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hamsin : B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019dan M\u0131s\u0131r ve Libya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011fru esen s\u0131cak, kuru ve toz y\u00fckl\u00fc tipik \u00e7\u00f6l r\u00fczgarlar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Samyeli (Ke\u015fi\u015fleme) : G\u00fcneydo\u011fudan esen, s\u0131cak ve kuru \u00e7\u00f6l r\u00fczgarlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcnler \u00fczerinde kurutucu ve kavurucu etki yaparlar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de etkisi daha belirgindir.<\/p>\n
Lodos : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00fcneybat\u0131dan esen s\u0131cak ve nemli r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Lodos ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rakmaz ancak havadaki nem miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan hava so\u011fuyunca bu nem ya\u011f\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Belli bir esme mevsimi yoktur. K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131da esti\u011finde \u0131l\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 etki yapar.<\/p>\n
K\u0131ble : G\u00fcneyden esen s\u0131cak r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Toroslar\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda etkili r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Yama\u00e7tan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inen bir k\u00fctlenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kurutucu etkisi artar.<\/p>\n
So\u011fuk Yerel R\u00fczgarlar<\/p>\n
Genellikle k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda etkili r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Da\u011fl\u0131k alanlardan ve so\u011fuk enlemlerden \u0131l\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131lara do\u011fru eserler.<\/p>\n
Mistral : Fransa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinden Rhone Vadisi\u2019ni izleyerek Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011fru k\u0131\u015f\u0131n esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bora : Yugoslavya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinden Adriyatik Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Krivetz: Romanya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinden Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011fru esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Etezien : Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan Kuzey Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na do\u011fru esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Karayel : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kuzeybat\u0131dan esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131na, yaz\u0131n sa\u011fanak ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara neden olur.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kuzeyden esen so\u011fuk r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. Kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olurlar. Karayel ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k esti\u011finde kar f\u0131rt\u0131nalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Poyraz : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin hemen her yerinde esen r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Yaz poyraz\u0131 serinletici etki yapar. K\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise kuru so\u011fuklara neden olur.<\/p>\n
Tropikal Siklonlar<\/p>\n
Tropikal ku\u015fakta s\u0131cak ve nemli hava k\u00fctlelerinde olu\u015fan, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli esen, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri olan r\u00fczgarlard\u0131r. Yerel olarak siklon, hurricaine, tayfun, gibi adlar verilir.
\nDaha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc girdap hareketlerine de hortum (tornado) ad\u0131 verilir. <\/p>\n
Nemlilik<\/p>\n
Nem<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki su k\u00fctlelerinden buharla\u015fan su, atmosferin nemlenmesine yol a\u00e7ar. Atmosferdeki su buhar\u0131na hava nemlili\u011fi de denir. \u00d6nemli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k etmeni olan atmosferdeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131, yere ve zamana g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.
\nAtmosferde nemlili\u011fin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen etmeler.<\/p>\n
Buharla\u015fma<\/p>\n
Atmosferdeki nemin kayna\u011f\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki su k\u00fctleleridir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a, havadaki nem a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, su y\u00fczeyi geni\u015fledik\u00e7e, r\u00fczgar estik\u00e7e, bas\u0131n\u00e7 azald\u0131k\u00e7a, buharla\u015fma artar.<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu yerlerde havan\u0131n nem alma kapasitesi de y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in buharla\u015fma artar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu yerlerde ise buharla\u015fma azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fckseklik<\/p>\n
A\u011f\u0131r bir gaz olan su buhar\u0131, yer\u00e7ekiminin etkisiyle fazla y\u00fckselemez. Yo\u011funla\u015fma sonucu ya\u011f\u0131\u015f tekrar yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fer. Y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e hava so\u011fuyaca\u011f\u0131ndan havan\u0131n su buhar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla buharla\u015fma azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bas\u0131n\u00e7<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131nda al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 hava hareketi buharla\u015fmay\u0131 engeller. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc al\u00e7alan havan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funun artmas\u0131 su buhar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesini \u00f6nler. Al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 alanlar\u0131nda ise y\u00fckselen havan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu daha az olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in buharla\u015fma daha kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mutlak Nem (Varolan Nem)<\/p>\n
1m3 havan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n gram olarak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na mutlak nem denir. Mutlak nem, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, Ekvator\u2019dan kutuplara do\u011fru, denizlerden karalara do\u011fru ve y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Maksimum Nem (Doyma Miktar\u0131)<\/p>\n
1m3 havan\u0131n belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi nemin gram olarak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hava k\u00fctleleri \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7a genle\u015fip hacimleri artar. Bu nedenle nem alma ve ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasiteleri de artar. E\u011fer hava ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi kadar nem al\u0131rsa doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r ve doymu\u015f hava ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.
\n\u00d6rne\u011fin : 20\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa sahip bir hava k\u00fctlesinin ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi nem miktar\u0131 17,32 gr\/m3\u2019t\u00fcr. Bu hava k\u00fctlesinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 30\u00b0C\u2019 ye y\u00fckseldi\u011finde havan\u0131n hacmi geni\u015fleyece\u011fi i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi nem miktar\u0131 da artar ve doyma noktas\u0131 30,4 ge\/m3\u2019e y\u00fckselir. Bu nedenle hava k\u00fctlesinin doymas\u0131 i\u00e7in aradaki fark (13.08 gr) kadar nem y\u00fcklenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Hava k\u00fctleleri, genellikle doyma noktas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde nem ta\u015f\u0131yamaz.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem <\/p>\n
Hava her zaman ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi kadar nem y\u00fcklenmez. Genellikle havadaki su buhar\u0131 miktar\u0131yla doyma miktar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir fark bulunur. Bu farka doyma a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 (nem a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131) denir.
\nBelli s\u0131cakl\u0131kta 1m3 havan\u0131n neme doyma oran\u0131na ise ba\u011f\u0131l nem denir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem = Mutlak Nem (Varolan Nem) x 100
\nMaksimum Nem (Doyma Miktar\u0131)
\nForm\u00fcl\u00fc ile hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131l Nemi Art\u0131ran Etkenler<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131l nem, mutlak nemin artmas\u0131 ya da hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 nedeniyle artar.<\/p>\n
Mutlak Nemin Artmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Mutlak nem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle doyma a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan bir hava k\u00fctlesi denizler \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7erken buharla\u015fma yolu ile ya da mutlak nemi kendisinden daha \u00e7ok (doyma noktas\u0131na yak\u0131n) olan bir hava k\u00fctlesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015fma yolu ile mutlak nem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin hale gelir. Hava k\u00fctlesinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131l nemi de artar.<\/p>\n
Hava S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Azalmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Hava k\u00fctlesi kendisinden daha so\u011fuk bir hava ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da so\u011fuk bir zemin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7ti\u011finde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. B\u00f6ylece nem miktar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen hava k\u00fctlesinin ba\u011f\u0131l nemi artar.<\/p>\n
Mutlak Nem, Maksimum Nem ve Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/p>\n
Bir yerdeki ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olu\u015fumu mutlak nem (varolan nem) ile maksimum nem (doyma noktas\u0131) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in havan\u0131n nem y\u00fcklenerek doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131l neminin % 100 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
MUTLAK, MAKS\u0130MUM VE BA\u011eIL NEM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
Mutlak Nem (Varolan Nem) = Maksimum Nem (Doyma Miktar\u0131) Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem = %100 Hava neme doymu\u015ftur.
\nMutlak Nem (Varolan Nem) > Maksimum Nem (Doyma Miktar\u0131) Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem > %100 Havada nem fazlas\u0131 bulunur.Bu fazlal\u0131k yo\u011funla\u015farak ya\u011f\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7iminde yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00f6ner.
\nMutlak Nem (Varolan Nem) < Maksimum Nem (Doyma Miktar\u0131) Ba\u011f\u0131l Nem < %100 Havada doyma a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani nem a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunur. Nem a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kapanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ya da havan\u0131n nem y\u00fcklenmesi gerekir. \n\nUYARI : So\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde havan\u0131n doyma miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgelerde ba\u011f\u0131l nem y\u00fcksektir. \u00c7\u00f6l b\u00f6lgelerinde ise havan\u0131n doyma miktar\u0131 y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, hava k\u00fctlesi so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerden daha \u00e7ok mutlak nem i\u00e7erse bile ba\u011f\u0131l nem miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.\n\nYo\u011funla\u015fma \n\nAtmosferdeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n gaz halden s\u0131v\u0131 ya da kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesine yo\u011funla\u015fma denir. Yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n temel nedeni s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesidir.\n\n\n\nYo\u011funla\u015fma \u00c7e\u015fitleri\n\nHavan\u0131n Alttan So\u011fumas\u0131na Ba\u011fl\u0131 Yo\u011funla\u015fma\n\nBu tip yo\u011funla\u015fma ile sis olu\u015fur. Yatay ya da yataya yak\u0131n hareket eden \u0131l\u0131k ve nemli bir hava k\u00fctlesinin kendisinden daha so\u011fuk bir zemin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7i\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n su zerrecikleri \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na sis denir.\n\nHava K\u00fctlesi Sisi\n\nGenellikle hava hareketlerinin yatay y\u00f6nde ve yava\u015f oldu\u011fu yerlerdeki \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan sislerdir.\n\nKara Sisi (Radyasyon Sisi)\n\nKara sisleri s\u0131cakl\u0131k terselmesinin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde ve d\u00f6nemlerde kara i\u00e7lerinde olu\u015fur.\n\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k Terselmesi : Baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde yerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 enerji kaybetmesi, da\u011flardan \u00e7ukur alanlara so\u011fuk havan\u0131n inmesi, s\u0131cak havan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne so\u011fuk havan\u0131n gelmesi ya da al\u00e7alan havan\u0131n alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin so\u011fumas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle hava tabakas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e d\u00fczenli olarak azalmaz. Belirli bir y\u00fckseltiye kadar artan s\u0131cakl\u0131k sonra yeniden d\u00fczenli olarak azalmaya ba\u015flar. Bu olaya s\u0131cakl\u0131k terselmesi denir.\n\n\nK\u0131y\u0131 ve Deniz Sisi (Adveksiyon Sisi)\n\nYatay hava hareketleri sonucunda \u0131l\u0131k ve nemli hava k\u00fctlesinin kendinden daha so\u011fuk zemin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi k\u0131y\u0131larda ve deniz \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan sislerdir. \n\u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve Gulfstream s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ile bu tip sisler y\u0131l boyunca g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nYer \u015fekli Sisi (Orografik Sis)\n\nYama\u00e7 e\u011fimi az olan yerlerde \u0131l\u0131k ve nemli hava k\u00fctlesinin yama\u00e7 boyunca y\u00fckselmesi ve bunun sonucunda i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n so\u011fuyarak yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan sislerdir.\n\nCephe Sisi\n\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 hava k\u00fctlelerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma b\u00f6lgelerinde, s\u0131cak hava so\u011fuk hava \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselir. Y\u00fckselen s\u0131cak havada olan yo\u011funla\u015fmalar sonucunda so\u011fuk hava i\u00e7ine su buhar\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131r. Nem miktar\u0131 artan so\u011fuk havan\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131yla sis ya da bulut olu\u015fur.\n\nUYARI : Sis yo\u011funlu\u011fu havan\u0131n nem ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, gece daha fazlad\u0131r.\n\nY\u00fckselen Havan\u0131n So\u011fumas\u0131na Ba\u011fl\u0131 Yo\u011funla\u015fma\n\nBu tip yo\u011funla\u015fma ile bulut olu\u015fur. Bir hava k\u00fctlesinin dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, yerden y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e i\u00e7indeki subuhar\u0131n\u0131n su zerrecikleri \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na bulut denir. Bulutlar\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyici etkisi ile yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p so\u011fumas\u0131 \u00f6nlenir.\n\nBulutluluk Oran\u0131\n\nG\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bulutlarla kapl\u0131 olma oran\u0131d\u0131r. Bulutluluk nefometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bulutluluk oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu (her mevsim bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan) yerlerde g\u00fcne\u015fli g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle hemen her mevsim ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve g\u00fcne\u015fli g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r.\n\nUYARI : Bulut k\u00fcmelerinin alt\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz olmas\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n ayn\u0131 seviyede oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.\n\nNefometre : Bulutluluk g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kaplayan bulutlar\u0131n miktar\u0131 10 ya da 8 e\u015fit par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve nefometre ad\u0131 verilen bir ara\u00e7 ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nefometre ufku kaplayacak \u015fekilde tutularak bulutla kapl\u0131 pencereler say\u0131l\u0131r. Bulutla kapl\u0131 pencere say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm pencere say\u0131s\u0131na oran\u0131 da bulutlulu\u011fu verir.\n\nBulut Tipleri\n\nBulutlar y\u00fcksekliklerine g\u00f6re incelenir.\nY\u00fcksekliklerine g\u00f6re bulutlar 3 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r:\n\nY\u00fcksek Bulutlar\n\n6000m\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki hava katmanlar\u0131nda su buhar\u0131n\u0131n buz \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan bulutlard\u0131r. Bu seviyelerdeki su buhar\u0131 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fleri t\u00fcy \u015feklindedir. Bunlara genel olarak sirrus ad\u0131 verilir.\n\nUYARI : K\u00fcm\u00fclonimbus bulutlar\u0131 dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareketlerinin fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle her \u00fc\u00e7 (al\u00e7ak, orta, y\u00fcksek) seviyeye de yay\u0131labilen bulutlard\u0131r.\n\nOrta Bulutlar\n\n3000 \u2013 6000 m aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fckseltilerde yo\u011funla\u015fmalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan bulutlard\u0131r. Bunlara alto bulutlar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. Genellikle beyaz renklilerdir.\n\nAl\u00e7ak Bulutlar\n\nYery\u00fcz\u00fc ile 3000 m aras\u0131nda olu\u015fan kal\u0131n, yo\u011fun ve koyu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc bulutlard\u0131r. Yo\u011funla\u015fma h\u0131zl\u0131 ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede olursa k\u00fcme \u015fekilli yo\u011fun ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rakan bulutlar olu\u015fur. E\u011fer yo\u011funla\u015fma yava\u015f ve uzun s\u00fcrede olursa tabaka \u015fekilli ve uzun s\u00fcren \u00e7isenti \u015feklinde ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rakan bulutlar olu\u015fur.\n\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015f\n\nHavadaki nemin doyma noktas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p, su damlac\u0131klar\u0131, buz kristalleri veya buz par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na ya\u011f\u0131\u015f denir.\n\nYerde Yo\u011funla\u015fma Bi\u00e7imindeki Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar \n\n\u00c7iy : Havan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve durgun oldu\u011fu gecelerde, havadaki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n so\u011fuk cisimler \u00fczerinde su damlac\u0131klar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lkbahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nUYARI : Bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi, hava k\u00fctlesinin y\u00fckselmesi ve havan\u0131n doyma noktas\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Dolu ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 orta enlemlerde, genellikle sa\u011fanak ya\u011fmurlara birlikte, ilkbahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7iy 0\u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fczerindeki, k\u0131ra\u011f\u0131 0\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131ndaki yo\u011funla\u015fmalar ile olu\u015fur.\n\nK\u0131ra\u011f\u0131 : So\u011fuyan zeminler \u00fczerindeki yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n buz kristalleri \u015feklinde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131ra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in de havan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve durgun olmas\u0131 gerekir.\n\nK\u0131r\u00e7 : A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fumu\u015f su taneciklerinden olu\u015fan bir sis uzun s\u00fcre yerde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, su taneciklerinin so\u011fuk cisimlere \u00e7arparak buz haline ge\u00e7mesidir.\n\nTroposferde Yo\u011funla\u015fma Bi\u00e7imindeki Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\n\nYa\u011fmur : Buluttaki su taneciklerinin damlalar halinde birle\u015ferek yery\u00fcz\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fmesidir.\n\nKar : Havadaki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n 0\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015farak ince taneli buz kristallerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir.\n\nDolu : Dikey y\u00f6nl\u00fc hava hareketlerinin \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu bulutlarda, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n birdenbire ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle su tanecikleri donar.\n\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015f Miktar\u0131 \n\nY\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde birim alana d\u00fc\u015fen toplam ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131na denir.\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015f, pl\u00fcviyometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr, kg\/m2 ya da mm olarak ifade edilir.\n\n\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015f Miktar\u0131n\u0131 Etkileyen Etmenler\n\nHava K\u00fctlesi : Bir yerin ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alabilmesi i\u00e7in uygun hava k\u00fctlelerinin ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 cephe sistemlerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Hava k\u00fctlesi nemli ise ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 artar. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de k\u0131\u015f ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130zlanda Gezici Al\u00e7ak Bas\u0131nc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131\u015f\u0131n daha etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur.\n\nY\u00fckselti ve Yer \u015fekilleri : Deniz seviyesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 \u2013 2000 y\u00fckseltiye kadar her 100 m\u2019de ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 50 \u2013 400 mm aras\u0131nda artar. Bu y\u00fckseltiden sonra ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar azal\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u00e7indeki nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yamac\u0131n orta b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine b\u0131rakan hava k\u00fctlesi doruklara kuru olarak ge\u00e7er. Nemli hava k\u00fctlelerine d\u00f6n\u00fck yama\u00e7larda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n fazla, ters yama\u00e7larda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n az olmas\u0131 ise yer \u015fekillerinin ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131na etkisini kan\u0131tlar.\n\nDeniz Etkisine Kapal\u0131l\u0131k : Denizden uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 azalmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, nemli hava k\u00fctleleri, i\u00e7indeki nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerinde b\u0131rak\u0131r ve i\u00e7erilere daha kuru olarak sokulur.\n\nAk\u0131nt\u0131lar : S\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p nemlenen hava k\u00fctleleri serin kara \u00fczerine geldi\u011finde ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130ngiltere ve Japonya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131nda s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 etkilidir. So\u011fuk su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi k\u0131y\u0131larda ise ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nBitki \u00d6rt\u00fcs\u00fc : \u00d6zellikle ormanlardaki terleme, nem miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar %3 \u2013 6 oran\u0131nda artar.\n\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015f Tipleri :\n\nY\u00fckselim (Konveksiyon) Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131\n\nIs\u0131narak y\u00fckselen havan\u0131n so\u011fumas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\nEkvator \u00e7evresinde y\u0131l boyunca orta enlemlerde ilkbahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda bu tip ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilkbahar ve yaz ba\u015flar\u0131nda kuzeybat\u0131dan gelen nemli ve so\u011fuk hava, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da \u0131s\u0131narak, y\u00fckselir ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bu ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara k\u0131rkikindi ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 denir.\n\nYama\u00e7 (Orografik) Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131\n\nNemli hava k\u00fctlelerinin bir da\u011f yamac\u0131na \u00e7arparak y\u00fckselmesi sonucunda olu\u015fan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\nOrografik ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar en \u00e7ok k\u0131y\u0131ya paralel uzanan da\u011flar\u0131n denize d\u00f6n\u00fck yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Toroslar ve Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda yama\u00e7 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 belirgindir.\n\nUYARI : Egemen r\u00fczgar y\u00f6n\u00fcne d\u00fck uzanan da\u011f yama\u00e7lar\u0131 orografik ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 al\u0131r.\n\nCephe Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131\n\nS\u0131cak ve so\u011fuk hava k\u00fctlelerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda olu\u015fan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \nYery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bu tip ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar olu\u015fturur.\nBat\u0131 ve Orta Avrupa ile okyanusal iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde her mevsim, Akdeniz iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda cephesel ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\n\n\n\nD\u00fcnya\u2019da Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 \n\n\u00c7ok Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 B\u00f6lgeler\n\nEkvatoral B\u00f6lge : Y\u0131l boyunca \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fckselim ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu b\u00f6lgede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan kuzey ve g\u00fcney alizeleri de y\u00fckselim ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Her mevsim ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olan ekvatoral b\u00f6lgede, Mart ve Eyl\u00fcl aylar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 artar. Y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f toplam\u0131 2000 mm civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.\n\nMuson Asyas\u0131 : Yaz musonlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle yaz aylar\u0131nda bol ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar, yama\u00e7 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015feklindedir. K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131 genellikle kurak ge\u00e7er. Y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 2000 mm\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcndedir.\n\nOrta Ku\u015fak Karalar\u0131n Bat\u0131 K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 : Her mevsimin ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdir. K\u0131\u015f ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni gezici al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 cephe sistemleridir. Da\u011fl\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131larda yer \u015fekilleri ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etki yapar. Ayr\u0131ca bu k\u0131y\u0131lar bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 ve s\u0131cak su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131dad\u0131r.\n\nUYARI : Kuzey Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda tropikal siklonlar nedeniyle \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nYa\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 B\u00f6lgeler\n\nAkdeniz B\u00f6lgeleri : 30\u00b0 - 40\u00b0 enlemleri aras\u0131nda k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131, yazlar\u0131 kurak bir ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejimi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lge, yaz\u0131n subtropikal y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise bat\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 ve ge\u00e7ici al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisinde kal\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131, cephesel ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Da\u011fl\u0131k alanlarda ise orografik cephesel ya\u011f\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nOrta Ku\u015fak K\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 : Her mevsimi ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Genellikle ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar cepheseldir. Ancak yaz mevsiminde konveksiyonal ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. So\u011fuk su ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 baz\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00e7\u00f6llerin geli\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.\n\nSavan B\u00f6lgeleri : 10\u00b0 - 20\u00b0 enlemleri aras\u0131nda, k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kurak, yazlar\u0131n ise ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdir. Yaz ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 konveksiynal ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nedeni subtropikal y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n Ekvator\u2019a do\u011fru kaymas\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nAz Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 B\u00f6lgeler\nOrta ku\u015fak karasal b\u00f6lgelerde k\u0131\u015f\u0131n, karalar\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda havan\u0131n so\u011fuk olmas\u0131 nedeniyle antisiklon alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fur. Nemli havan\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara sokulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. Buralarda k\u0131\u015flar biraz nemli ancak ya\u011f\u0131\u015fs\u0131zd\u0131r. \u0130lkbahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda ise \u0131s\u0131nmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 konveksiyonal ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nKurak B\u00f6lgeler\n\nSubtropikal Y\u00fcksek Bas\u0131n\u00e7 B\u00f6lgeleri\n\n20\u00b0 - 30\u00b0 enlemleri aras\u0131nda y\u0131l boyunca ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7ok az g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hatta baz\u0131 y\u0131llarda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi b\u00f6lgeler vard\u0131r. Al\u00e7al\u0131c\u0131 hava hareketleri nem a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr ve kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirginle\u015fmesine neden olur. Bu b\u00f6lgeler, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra, Arabistan ve Avustralya\u2019da geni\u015ftir. G\u00fcney Afrika, G\u00fcney Amerika ve Meksika\u2019da daha dar alanl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n\n\n\n\nOrta Ku\u015fak K\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n Deniz Etkisine Kapal\u0131 \u0130\u00e7 K\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131\n\nDenizden \u00e7ok uzak olan bu b\u00f6lgelere nemli r\u00fczgarlar ula\u015famaz. K\u0131y\u0131ya paralel uzanan da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131 da nemli r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 engelledi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgelerde kurakl\u0131k belirgindir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Orta Asya \u00e7\u00f6llerinin olu\u015fumu buna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\nKutuplar\n\nKutuplar \u00e7evresi so\u011fuk oldu\u011fundan havan\u0131n mutlak nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 azd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca buralarda y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n egemen olmas\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6nler. Buralara daha \u00e7ok so\u011fuk \u00e7\u00f6ller denir.\n\n\n\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131\n\n\u2022 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de genellikle Akdeniz ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejiminin etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \n\u2022 En \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara gidildik\u00e7e ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 azal\u0131r. \n\u2022 En az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan yer Konya ve Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresi ile baz\u0131 derin yar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f akarsu vadilerinin tabanlar\u0131d\u0131r. \n\u2022 Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda sonbahar, Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da \u0130lkbahar ve Erzurum \u2013 Kars B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde az ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 belirgindir. \n\u2022 T\u00fcrkiye genelinde k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar cephesel ya\u011f\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda Anadolu, gezici al\u00e7ak ve y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7lar cephesel ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara neden olur. \n\nUYARI : 30\u00b0 Kuzey enlemindeki dinamik y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131nda 40\u00b0 Kuzey enlemine do\u011fru geni\u015flemesi nedeniyle Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yaz kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fur.\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130klim Geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde ve uzun y\u0131llar boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmeyen ortalama hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na iklim denir. \u0130klim, co\u011frafi ortam\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u015fekillenmesi ile insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fant\u0131 ve etkinlikleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli rol oynar. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir yerdeki do\u011fal bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, akarsular\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri, insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131, konut tipleri, ekonomik etkinliklerinin t\u00fcr\u00fc,iklimin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130klimi olu\u015fturan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6\u011feler vard\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131cakl\u0131k, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[2220,2796,2842,3200,3201,3194,3195,3193,2887,3196,2218,2136,3190,2839,3191,2221,2223,2977,2219,2980,3197,3192,3198,2838,3131,2835,2840,3202,3199],"class_list":["post-1081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-argon","tag-atmosfer","tag-atmosferde-bulunan-gazlar","tag-basinc-kusaklari","tag-dag-meltemi","tag-dunyanin-sekli","tag-eksen-egikligi","tag-eksosfer","tag-ekvator","tag-enlem","tag-helyum","tag-hidrojen","tag-iklim-bilgisi","tag-iyonosfer","tag-klimatoloji","tag-kripton","tag-ksenon","tag-meteoroloji","tag-neon","tag-okyanus-akintilari","tag-ruzgarlar","tag-semosfer","tag-sicaklik-kusaklari","tag-stratosfer","tag-termik","tag-troposfer","tag-ultraviyole","tag-vadi-meltemi","tag-yuksek-basinc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1081\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}