1. Kayalar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi
\nKayalar ve ta\u015flar, d\u0131\u015f olaylar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda zamanla de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayarak paslanm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm al\u0131r. Zamanla ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturan mineraller aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f gev\u015fer ve ta\u015f par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131r, ufalan\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte, kayalar\u0131n ve ta\u015flar\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme denir. Kayalar\u0131n yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n\u2022 Fiziksel (Mekanik) \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme
\nKayalar\u0131n, kimyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden, yaln\u0131zca fiziki yap\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen par\u00e7alanma, ufalanma ve ayr\u0131\u015fma olay\u0131d\u0131r.
\nFiziksel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme, daha \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen yerlerde, kayalar\u0131n g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caktan geni\u015flemesi, geceleri de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuktan dolay\u0131 b\u00fcz\u00fclmesi sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nFiziksel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme, \u00e7\u00f6l, karasal, step, tundra gibi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen iklimlerin etkili oldu\u011fu yerlerde daha kolay meydana gelir.
\n\u2022 Kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme
\nKayalar\u0131 olu\u015fturan unsurlar\u0131n eriyerek, kimyasal bile\u015fimlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesi sonucundaki par\u00e7alanma, ufalanma ve ayr\u0131\u015fma olay\u0131d\u0131r. Kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme, daha \u00e7ok, s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011fu s\u0131cak ve nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ekvatoral, Muson, Okyanus ve Akdeniz iklimlerinin etkili oldu\u011fu yerlerde daha kolay meydana gelir.
\n2. Toprak Olu\u015fumu
\n\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye u\u011frayan kayalar\u0131n y\u00fczeyi zamanla, ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f mineraller, organik maddeler ve mikroorganizmalardan olu\u015fan bir \u00f6rt\u00fcyle kaplan\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rt\u00fcye toprak denir. Toprak tabakas\u0131, yerkabu\u011fu \u00fczerinde bulunur. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 cm den, 2 – 3 m ye kadar olabilir. Olu\u015fumunu tamamlayan bir toprak kesitinde;
\n\u2022 Ana kaya,
\n\u2022 Ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f kaya,
\n\u2022 Ham toprak,
\n\u2022 Olgun toprak,
\nkatlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu katlara horizon ad\u0131 da verilir. Horizonlar harflerle isimlendirilir.<\/p>\n
Topra\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst kat\u0131 olan A Horizonu, bitkisel art\u0131klar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmu\u015ftur ve organik madde bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir. Genellikle koyu renklidir. Bitkiler bu tabakada tutunur ve yeti\u015fip geli\u015fir. B horizonu, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst kat\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan, kire\u00e7ler, killer ve minerallerin birikti\u011fi ham toprak tabakas\u0131d\u0131r. C horizonu ana kayan\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan ayr\u0131\u015fma kat\u0131d\u0131r. D horizonu ise, topra\u011f\u0131n ana \u00f6zelli\u011fini belirleyen ana kayan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu katt\u0131r.
\nBitki art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n toprakta birikmesiyle olu\u015fan, koyu renkli organik maddeye humus denir. Humus, kayalar\u0131n ufalanmas\u0131 veya ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda etkili de\u011fildir. Topra\u011fa verimlilik kazand\u0131ran bir maddedir.
\n3. Toprak \u00c7e\u015fitleri
\nTa\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Topraklar (Azonal Topraklar): Akarsular, r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar ve buzullar gibi d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin, \u00e7e\u015fitli sahalardan a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 materyalleri biriktirmeleriyle olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r.
\nBunlardan;
\n\u2022 Akarsu biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fanlara al\u00fcvyal topraklar,
\n\u2022 Buzul biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fan topraklara moren topraklar,
\n\u2022 R\u00fczg\u00e2r biriktirmesiyle olu\u015fan topraklara da l\u00f6s topraklar denilmektedir.
\nYerli Topraklar (Zonal Topraklar): Kayalar\u0131n, bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeleriyle olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r.
\na. Nemli B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131
\n\u2022 Tundra Topraklar\u0131
\nKutuplara yak\u0131n, so\u011fuk tundra b\u00f6lgelerinin topraklar\u0131d\u0131r. Toprak genelde ya donmu\u015f haldedir ya da batakl\u0131k halinde bulunur. Bu nedenle tar\u0131m yapmaya elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu t\u00fcr topraklar g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.
\n\u2022 Podzol Topraklar
\n\u0130\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 ormanlarla kapl\u0131, so\u011fuk ve nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinin topraklar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n rengi solukla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine ayn\u0131 sebepten dolay\u0131, topraktaki besin maddeleri de azd\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda verimsizle\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Bat\u0131 Karadeniz B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde kahverengi ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 sar\u0131 podzolik topraklar yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 Kahverengi Orman Topraklar\u0131
\nNemli orta ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n, geni\u015f (yayvan) yaprakl\u0131 ormanlarla kapl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in verimlidirler.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, bu t\u00fcr topraklar, Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde yayg\u0131n olmakla birlikte, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019nun 1000 – 1200 m\u2019den y\u00fcksek alanlar\u0131nda da yer yer g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da, daha \u00e7ok Kuzey Anadolu Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneye bakan yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\nYine, Trakya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde Y\u0131ld\u0131z Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda, \u0130\u00e7bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Toroslar \u00fczerinde de kahverengi orman topraklar\u0131na rastlan\u0131r.
\n\u2022 K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Topraklar (Terra – rossa)
\nNemli subtropikal iklim b\u00f6lgesi ile Akdeniz iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde, genellikle kalkerler \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen topraklard\u0131r. Topra\u011fa k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengini veren bile\u015fimindeki demiroksittir.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi ile K\u0131y\u0131 Ege ve G\u00fcney Marmara\u2019da yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u2022 Laterit Topraklar
\nD\u00f6nenceler aras\u0131nda yer alan, s\u0131cak ve nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinin karakteristik toprak tipidir. \u015eiddetli bir kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme sonucu olu\u015fur. Rengi kiremit k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Humus oran\u0131 azd\u0131r. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verimli de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tam olarak laterit \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan toprak g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ancak, Do\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde, laterit t\u00fcr\u00fc (lateritle\u015fmi\u015f) topraklara rastlanabilmektedir.
\nb. Kurak B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131
\n\u2022 \u00c7ernezyomlar
\n\u00c7ernezyomlar, Orta Ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n yar\u0131 nemli step b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kara topraklar ad\u0131 da verilir. Fazla y\u0131kanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in mineral ve kire\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir. Topra\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda, steplerden olu\u015fan bitki art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, kal\u0131n bir humus tabakas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n en verimli topraklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n\u00c7ernezyomlar, \u00fclkemizde en yayg\u0131n olarak, Erzurum – Kars Pl\u00e2tosu\u2019nda olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin kuzey kesiminde de yer yer bu t\u00fcr topraklar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\n\u2022 Kestane veya Kahve Renkli Step Topraklar\u0131
\nAz ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan step iklimlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen topraklard\u0131r. \u00dczerindeki bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc seyrek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, humus oran\u0131 azd\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden verimleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, Do\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu pl\u00e2tolar\u0131 ile \u0130\u00e7bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n\u2022 \u00c7\u00f6l Topraklar\u0131
\n\u00c7\u00f6l iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7ok az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131p, fazla y\u0131kanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, kire\u00e7 ve tuz oran\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Humus, hemen hemen hi\u00e7 yoktur. Bu topraklarda tar\u0131m yap\u0131lamaz.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, bu t\u00fcr topraklar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemekle birlikte, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmi\u015f topraklara rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. Kayalar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi Kayalar ve ta\u015flar, d\u0131\u015f olaylar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda zamanla de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayarak paslanm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm al\u0131r. Zamanla ta\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturan mineraller aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f gev\u015fer ve ta\u015f par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131r, ufalan\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte, kayalar\u0131n ve ta\u015flar\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme denir. Kayalar\u0131n yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framas\u0131 iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u2022 Fiziksel (Mekanik) \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme Kayalar\u0131n, kimyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3301,3302,2887,3292,3297,3298,3300,3295,3299,3294,3293,3296],"class_list":["post-1115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-cernezyomlar","tag-col-topraklari","tag-ekvator","tag-kayalarin-cozulmesi","tag-kimyasal-cozulme","tag-kirmizi-topraklar","tag-laterit-topraklar","tag-step","tag-terra-rossa","tag-toprak-cesitleri","tag-toprak-olusumu","tag-tundra"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1115"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1115\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}