Ayna, insan\u0131n kendisini g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 cam veya maden levhad\u0131r. Mercek ise i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131ran ya da uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran saydam bir cisimdir. \u0130nsan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6rmesini g\u00f6z merce\u011fi sa\u011flar. G\u00f6rme bozuklu\u011funu gidermek i\u00e7in merceklerden olu\u015fan g\u00f6zl\u00fck tak\u0131l\u0131r. Foto\u011fraf makinesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 de, mercekle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Mikrokskop, teleskop ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7me ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda mercekler ve aynalar bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nBir aynan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde durup bakarsan\u0131z, y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Aynan\u0131n durumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirince, ba\u015fka cisimleri de g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Aynada, \u00f6n\u00fcndeki cismin bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fur.
\nMercek ve aynalar, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc eldesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Normal bir d\u00fcz aynada, \u00f6ndeki cismin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, cisimle ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ve do\u011frultudad\u0131r; fakat sa\u011f\u0131 ve solu yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sol el, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011f taraf\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Aynalar ve merceklerle daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yada daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler de elde edilebilir.
\nMercek, bir ya da iki y\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7ukur veya t\u00fcmsek olan, cam veya plastikten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Saydamd\u0131r, yani \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irir. Fakat i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n gidi\u015fini sapt\u0131r\u0131r. Bu sapmaya \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 denir.
\nAyna ise \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi, parlak bir cisimdir. Y\u00fczleri d\u00fcz veya e\u011fri olabilir. Cam\u0131n bir taraf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f veya ba\u015fka lle kaplayarak yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ayna, \u00fczerine gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, geldi\u011fi tarafa geri g\u00f6nderir. Bu olaya da \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131 denir.
\nMercekler ve aynalarla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara geometrik optik denir. Optik, \u0131\u015f\u0131k bilgisi demektir. Geometri ise, \u015fekiller ve do\u011frultular\u0131 inceleyen bilimdir.farkl\u0131 \u015fekilli mercekler ve aynalar, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n gidi\u015fini \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde de\u011fi\u015ftirirler. Bunlar geometrik optik kurallar\u0131yla belirlenmi\u015ftir.
\nI\u015f\u0131k, bir enerji t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kitab\u0131n sayfas\u0131ndan g\u00f6ze gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k, g\u00f6ze enerji ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Fakat ayna ve merceklerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya gerek yoktur. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011frenilmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareket \u015fekli incelenmi\u015f ve anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nI\u015f\u0131k, cam, su ve hava gibi maddelerden ge\u00e7ebilir. Bu maddelere ortam denir. Bo\u015fluk da bir ortamd\u0131r ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k ondan da ge\u00e7ebilir. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketi, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak daha kolay incelenebilir. I\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok ince bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.
\nBir ortamda yol alan bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n do\u011frusal olarak gider. Fakat ba\u015fka bir ortama ge\u00e7ince, do\u011frultusu de\u011fi\u015fir. Bir ayna veya merce\u011fe \u00e7arp\u0131nca da ayn\u0131 \u015fey olur. Bunlara gelirken ve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra \u0131\u015f\u0131k do\u011frusal yay\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat i\u00e7inde, k\u0131r\u0131lmalar nedeniyle sapmalar olur.
\nD\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izin. Bunu bir aynan\u0131n d\u00fcz y\u00fcz\u00fc varsay\u0131n. Sonra bu y\u00fczeye gelen, do\u011frusal bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7izin. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n, aynaya herhangi bir noktada \u00e7arps\u0131n. Ayn\u0131 noktaya gelen, fakat aynaya dik bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n daha \u00e7izin. Buna dik \u00e7izgi veya normal denir.
\n\u00d6nce \u00e7izilen herhangi \u0131\u015f\u0131n, normalle bir a\u00e7\u0131 yapar ve bu a\u00e7\u0131ya gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. Yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131n da, normalle bir a\u00e7\u0131 yapar. Buna yans\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 denir.
\nYans\u0131ma yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yans\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir. B\u00f6ylece, yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131n, gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n normalle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131n\u0131 yapacak \u015fekilde, normalin di\u011fer taraf\u0131na \u00e7izilebilir. Gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r derece ise, gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nla yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcste \u00e7ak\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\nGelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 doksan dereceye yak\u0131nsa, yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131n da ayna y\u00fcz\u00fcne de\u011ferek gider.
\nBu olay, bir bilardo topunun masan\u0131n kenar\u0131na \u00e7arp\u0131p, ayn\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yla di\u011fer tarafa gitmesine benzer.
\nAynan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne bir cisim koydu\u011fumuzu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Cismin her noktas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar aynaya \u00e7arpar.
\nHer \u0131\u015f\u0131n, yans\u0131ma kural\u0131na uyar. Yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, normalin di\u011fer taraf\u0131na do\u011fru yol al\u0131rlar. Aynan\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki bir noktadan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Cisim oradaym\u0131\u015f gibi olur. Bu \u015fekilde, aynan\u0131n arkas\u0131nda olu\u015fan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye ger\u00e7ek olmayan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc denir.
\nD\u00fcz aynada,cisimle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ayn\u0131 boydad\u0131r. Ayna arkas\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u00f6ndeki cismin, aynaya uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fittir.
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn cisimler, \u00fczerlerine gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. B\u00f6yle olmasayd\u0131, onlar\u0131 g\u00f6remezdik. Fakat neden her cisimde aynadaki gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler g\u00f6rmeyiz? Ayna y\u00fczeyinin \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedir?
\nAynalarda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni arka y\u00fczlerinin \u00e7ok parlak olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fczey p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc olursa, yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar bir\u00e7ok do\u011frultulara da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r, bu y\u00fczden bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015famaz.
\nD\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey (konveks) aynadaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc de, d\u00fcz aynadakine benzer. Y\u00fczeyi d\u00fcz de\u011fildir ve d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.bir topun y\u00fczeyi veya fincan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131 da d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckeydir. D\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynan\u0131n y\u00fczeyi k\u00fcreseldir ve k\u00fcrenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015feklindedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck ma\u011fazalardaki ve otomobillerdeki aynalar genellikle d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckeydir. D\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynada cismin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, cisimden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn bi\u00e7imi de bozulmu\u015ftur.
\nD\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynalarda yaln\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmez. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn aynaya uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, cismin aynaya uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha azd\u0131r. Otomobillerdeki geriyi g\u00f6rme aynalar\u0131nda arkadan gelen otomobiller daha yak\u0131nda gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ger\u00e7ek uzakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakmak gerekir.
\nD\u0131\u015f\u015fb\u00fckey aynan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00fczeyini d\u00fczlem ayna gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir y\u00fczeyi de d\u00fcz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. B\u00f6ylece, her \u0131\u015f\u0131n, d\u00fcz y\u00fczeyden yans\u0131yor gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.
\nD\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynan\u0131n merkezinden ve tepesinden ge\u00e7en normal do\u011fruya aynan\u0131n ekseni denir. Eksen \u00fczerindeki cisimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc yine eksen \u00fczerinde olu\u015fur.
\n\u00c7orba ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131da d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynad\u0131r. Ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7 \u00e7ukur taraf\u0131 ise, i\u00e7b\u00fckey (konkav) bir y\u00fczeydir. D\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynalar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc verdikleri halde, i\u00e7b\u00fckey aynalardaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, cisim taraf\u0131ndad\u0131r ve cisimden daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Tra\u015f aynalar\u0131 i\u00e7 b\u00fckey ayna \u015feklindedir.
\nE\u011flence parklar\u0131ndaki g\u00fcld\u00fcren aynalar\u0131n y\u00fczeyleri dalgal\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey, baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ise i\u00e7b\u00fckey aynad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden, bak\u0131nca, baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.
\nCisim uzakta ise, i\u00e7b\u00fckey aynalarda de\u011fi\u015fik bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fur.bir tra\u015f aynas\u0131ndan yeteri kadar uzakta durursan\u0131z kendinizi daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve aynan\u0131n arkas\u0131nda de\u011fil, \u00f6n\u00fcndedir.
\nBu \u00e7e\u015fit g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc denir. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yerden ger\u00e7ek \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ge\u00e7er. \u0130\u00e7b\u00fckey aynalar\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki cisimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ise, d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey aynalardaki gibi ger\u00e7ek olmayan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck astronomi teleskoplar\u0131nda yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 (reflekt\u00f6r) denilen i\u00e7b\u00fckey aynalar vard\u0131r. Kalifornia\u2019daki Palomar da\u011f\u0131ndaki yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 508 santimetredir. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini elde etmekte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin resmi de \u00e7ekilebilir.
\nAynalardan ba\u015fka, merceklerle de g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc elde edilebilir. Mercekler cam disklerden kesilir ve sonra y\u00fczeyleri parlat\u0131l\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k, mercekten ge\u00e7ince, do\u011frultusu de\u011fi\u015fir. Bu olay\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n su ve camda nas\u0131l yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek gerekir. Bir ortamdan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7erken \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011frultusu de\u011fi\u015fir. Buna k\u0131r\u0131lma denir.<\/p>\n
Hava ve cam gibi, farkl\u0131 iki ortam\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek amac\u0131yla d\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7izin.
\nSonra havadan bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterin. Cama \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdeki y\u00fczeyin normalini \u00e7izin. I\u015f\u0131k, cam i\u00e7inde yolunu de\u011fi\u015ftirecek ve k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131k olacakt\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, normalle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ya k\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131, normalin di\u011fer taraf\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\nK\u0131r\u0131lma kural\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yani, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, norrmale do\u011fru yakla\u015f\u0131r. E\u011fer a\u00e7\u0131, y\u00fczeye te\u011fet olarak gelirse, yani dik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 ise d\u00fcz olarak yoluna devam devam eder.
\n\u015eimdi de camdan gelen herhangi bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7izin. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lacak ve havaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Havadaki k\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, camdakinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131lma kural\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. I\u015f\u0131k, normalden uzakla\u015f\u0131r \u015fekilde yol al\u0131r.
\nBu iki durum birbirinin benzeridir. Havadaki a\u00e7\u0131, camdaki a\u00e7\u0131dan her zaman daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Cam, havadan daha yo\u011fun bir maddedir. Yo\u011fun olan ortamda, a\u00e7\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu durum di\u011fer ortamlar i\u00e7inde b\u00f6yledir. I\u015f\u0131k, hava ile su aras\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yorsa, sudaki a\u00e7\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc su, havadan daha yo\u011fundur.
\nI\u015f\u0131k, havadan, daha yo\u011fun bir ortama ge\u00e7erse, o ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazlaysa, k\u0131r\u0131lma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olur; yani \u0131\u015f\u0131k daha fazla b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu b\u00fck\u00fclme miktar\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131lma indisi denilen bir say\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilir. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazla olan ortam\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lma indisi de b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\nAynalarda oldu\u011fu gibi, mercekler de \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011frultusunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir cisimden gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, mercekten ge\u00e7tikten sonra, ba\u015fka bir noktada kesi\u015firler ve sanki oradan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor gibi olurlar.<\/p>\n
Yeni noktada bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fur. B\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7ler, iki taraf\u0131 da d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey olan merceklerdir. Bunlar\u0131 kullanarak, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 bir noktada toplayabilirsiniz. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcne\u015fin bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc elde edebilirsiniz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde pencerenin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc de g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
\nBir b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7le, kolunuzu uzat\u0131p tutarak cisimlere bak\u0131n. Cisimlerden gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, mercekle g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz aras\u0131nda bir bir yerde birle\u015fir ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k bu noktadan yeniden g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcze gelir. Cisimlerin ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz. Fakat bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler ba\u015fa\u015fa\u011f\u0131 durumdad\u0131r.
\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6k d\u00fcrb\u00fcnleri, normal d\u00fcrb\u00fcnler ve bir \u00e7ok astronomi d\u00fcrb\u00fcn\u00fcnde, cisimlerin ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini elde etmede d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey mercekler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlara ince kenarl\u0131 mercekler ad\u0131 verilir.
\nCisimler ince kenarl\u0131 merce\u011fe yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, mercekten daha uzakta olu\u015fur. Fakat cisim, merce\u011fe \u00e7ok yak\u0131nsa, ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fmaz. Cisimle ayn\u0131 tarafta, ger\u00e7ek olmayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fur. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6ce\u011fe, b\u00fcyeteci yakla\u015ft\u0131rarak bak\u0131nca, b\u00f6ce\u011fin ger\u00e7ek olmayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nB\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7teki merce\u011fin iki y\u00fcz\u00fc de d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey de\u011fildir. Biri d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey di\u011feri d\u00fczd\u00fcr. Bu tip merce\u011fe d\u00fczlem-d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey mercek denir. Bir y\u00fcz\u00fc d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey di\u011feri \u00e7ukur da olabilir. Bunlar \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n daha az da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar.
\nOrtas\u0131, kenarlar\u0131ndan daha ince olan mercekler, b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lamaz. Cisimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir ve cisimden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bunlarla ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc elde edilemez. G\u00f6zl\u00fcklerdeki mercekler daha \u00e7ok bu t\u00fcrdendir.
\nBir cismin veya g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekebilirsiniz. Foto\u011fraf makinesinin merce\u011fi iki taraf\u0131 d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey ince kenarl\u0131 mercektir. Film \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan g\u00f6z\u00fcndeki mercek de ince kenarl\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6z\u00fcn a\u011ftabaka denilen arka k\u0131sm\u0131nda, ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturur. A\u011ftabakada renkli \u0131\u015f\u0131klar ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elektrik sinyallerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve beyine gider.
\nYapay merceklerin \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015femedi\u011fi halde, g\u00f6z merce\u011fi, y\u00fczeylerini de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. E\u011frili\u011fi \u00e7ok fazlala\u015f\u0131nca, yak\u0131ndaki cisimleri g\u00f6r\u00fcr. E\u011frili\u011fi az olunca, uzaktaki cisimleri g\u00f6r\u00fcr.
\nFota\u011fraf makinesinin merce\u011finin belirli bir \u015fekli vard\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 uzakl\u0131ktaki cisimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, film \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in, mercek hareket ettirilir.
\nMerceklerin ve aynalar\u0131n da yap\u0131m kusurlar\u0131 olabilir. Y\u00fczeylerinin e\u011frili\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fkense, bulan\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arlar. Bir noktadan gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, bir noktada birle\u015fmez, farkl\u0131 yerlerde birle\u015firler. Buna k\u00fcresel sapma ad\u0131 verilir. Bunu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, merceklerin y\u00fczeyi tam k\u00fcresel yap\u0131lmaz.
\nRenk sapmas\u0131 nedeniyle de bulan\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc merce\u011fin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cam, farkl\u0131 renkli \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131, farkl\u0131 miktarlarda k\u0131rar. Bu y\u00fczden cisimlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc bulan\u0131k olur. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, renkli \u015feritler bi\u00e7iminde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sapma, birka\u00e7 merce\u011fi bir arada kullanarak d\u00fczeltilebilir. Kullan\u0131lan camlar\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lma indisleri farkl\u0131 se\u00e7ilir.
\nMerce\u011fe gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n hepsi di\u011fer tarafa ge\u00e7mez. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da geri yans\u0131r. Bu durum pencere cam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bunlar, optik ara\u00e7larda istenmeyen yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu yans\u0131may\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in mercekler, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7iren, fakat yans\u0131tmayan \u00f6zel bir kimyasal maddeyle kaplan\u0131r.
\nI\u015f\u0131k, yo\u011fun bir ortamdan, az yo\u011fun ortama ge\u00e7erse, y\u00fczeyin normalinden uzakla\u015farak k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu k\u0131r\u0131lma o kadar fazla olabilir ki , k\u0131r\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131n, y\u00fczeye te\u011fet olur. Bu durum kritik a\u00e7\u0131 denilen belli bir geli\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda olur. Geli\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, kritik a\u00e7\u0131dan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckse, k\u0131r\u0131lma olmaz. Gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131k, yeniden \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortama yans\u0131r. Buna tam yans\u0131ma ad\u0131 verilir.
\nMercek: Optik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, genellikle k\u00fcresel y\u00fczeylerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, camdan ya da \u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir maddeden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hacim.
\nDalga ve titr: Ses\u00f6tesi mercek, ses\u00f6tesi titre\u015fimlerin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n, ses\u00f6tesi inceleme ortam\u0131ndakinden (su, insan v\u00fccudu) \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir gere\u00e7 i\u00e7inde (pleksiglas, kau\u00e7uk) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve bu nedenle, ses\u00f6tesi titre\u015fimler i\u00e7in optik merceklerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine benzer \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren d\u00fczenek. (Ses\u00f6tesi mercekler, akustik mikroskopta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.)
\nElektron: Elektron merce\u011fi, kondansat\u00f6rlerden (elektrostatik mercek), bobin ya da elekrom\u0131knat\u0131slardan (elektromanyetik mercek) olu\u015fan ve optik merceklerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetlerini sapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131k demetlerini de sapt\u0131ran eksenel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 d\u00fczenek. (Elektron ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131nsatmaya olanak veren elektron mercekleri bir\u00e7ok ayg\u0131tta, \u00f6zellikle elektron mikroskoplar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.)
\nMad: Kenarlara do\u011fru incelen, nispeten az kal\u0131nl\u0131kta mineral y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131.
\nOftalmol: Yapay g\u00f6zmerce\u011fi genellikle katarakt nedeniyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan g\u00f6zmerce\u011finin yerine tak\u0131lan implant.(Afaki durumunda g\u00f6zl\u00fckle yap\u0131lan d\u00fczeltmeye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha iyi oldu\u011fundan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir:g\u00f6rme alan\u0131n\u0131 tam g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fctmez.)
\nOpt: Basamakl\u0131 mercek ya da Fresnel merce\u011fi merkezi bir mercek ile k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ya da yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli halkalardan olu\u015fan ve ko\u015fut \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 geni\u015f bir demet elde etmek i\u00e7in deniz fenerlerinde kullan\u0131lan optik sistem.
\nRadyotekn: Radyoelektriksel mercek, bir radyoelektrik dalgas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda, faz gecikmeleri olu\u015fturmaya yarayan ve b\u00f6ylece yak\u0131nsama ya da \u0131raksama etkileri yaratan d\u00fczenek; faz gecikmelerinin de\u011feri gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ya da d\u00fczenekten ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n konumuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\nAnsikl. Opt: Bir mercek, genellikle k\u00fcresel olan iki y\u00fczeyle (diyoptrlar) s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve saydam bir ortamdan olu\u015fur. Do\u011furucular\u0131 ko\u015fut olan iki silindir y\u00fczeyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 mercekler de vard\u0131r.
\nMercek: Bir cisimden gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 odaklayarak cismin optik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaya yarayan cam ya da bir ba\u015fka saydam malzemeye denir. Foto\u011fraf makinesi, g\u00f6zl\u00fck, mikroskop, teleskop gibi ayg\u0131tlarda merceklerden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k, merce\u011fin i\u00e7inde hava da oldu\u011fundan daha yava\u015f ilerler;
\nbu nedenle de \u0131\u015f\u0131k demeti hem merce\u011fe girerken hem de mercekten \u00e7\u0131karken k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, yani aniden do\u011frultu de\u011fi\u015ftirir; merceklerin \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 odaklama etkisi de bu olgudan kaynaklan\u0131r.
\nMerceklerde, duyarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde i\u015flenmi\u015f iki kar\u015f\u0131t y\u00fczey vard\u0131r; bu y\u00fczlerin her ikisi de k\u00fcresel olabilece\u011fi gibi, biri k\u00fcresel \u00f6teki d\u00fczlemsel olabilir. Mercekler, y\u00fczeylerinin bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re, \u00e7ift d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey, d\u00fczlem d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey, yak\u0131nsak aymercek, \u00e7ift i\u00e7b\u00fckey, d\u00fczlem i\u00e7b\u00fckey ve \u0131raksak aymercek olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Merce\u011fin e\u011fri y\u00fczeyi, gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetindeki farkl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131larla k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur ve bu da, \u0131\u015f\u0131k demetindeki paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n tek bir noktaya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmesine (yak\u0131nsama) ya da bu noktadan \u00f6teye do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmesine (\u0131raksama) yol a\u00e7ar. Bu noktaya merce\u011fin odak noktas\u0131 ya da asal oda\u011f\u0131 denir. Bir cisimden yay\u0131lan ya da yans\u0131yarak gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir yerden geliyormu\u015f gibi alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar ve nitekim bu farkl\u0131 yerde de cismin optik bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fur. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ger\u00e7ek (foto\u011fraf\u0131 \u00e7ekilebilir ya da ekran yans\u0131t\u0131labilir) olabilece\u011fi gibi sanal da (mikroskopta oldu\u011fu gibi, ancak merce\u011fin i\u00e7inden bak\u0131larak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir) olabilir. Cismin optik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc cismin kendisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ya da daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olabilir; bu durum, merce\u011fin odak uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve cisim ile mercek aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\nDuyarl\u0131 ve net bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc olu\u015fturabilmek i\u00e7in genellikle tek bir mercek yetmez; bu nedenle de \u00f6rne\u011fin teleskoplarda, mikroskoplarda ya da foto\u011fraf makinelerinde, de\u011fi\u015fik mercek kombinasyonlar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr mercek gruplar\u0131ndaki merceklerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7b\u00fckey olabilece\u011fi gibi bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131rma ya da ay\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 da k\u0131rma ya da ay\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck camdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Gruptaki mercekler, her birinin sap\u0131nc\u0131 (aberasyon) istenen d\u00fczeyde olacak ve net bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc elde edilebilecek bi\u00e7imde, duyarl\u0131l\u0131kla saptanm\u0131\u015f uzakl\u0131klarda yerle\u015ftirilir ya da \u00fcst \u00fcste yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Mercekler yerle\u015ftirilirken y\u00fczeylerinin e\u011fiklik merkezinin asal eksen ya da optik eksen denen d\u00fcz bir hatt\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilir.
\nMercekler \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7aplarda yap\u0131labilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin mikroskoplarda 0,16 cm, teleskoplarda ise 100 cm\u2019lik mercekler kullan\u0131labilir. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck teleskoplarda mercek yerine i\u00e7b\u00fckey aynalardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mercek \u00c7e\u015fitleri:<\/p>\n
Y\u00fczlerinin durumuna ve bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ince kenarl\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de kal\u0131n kenarl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere alt\u0131 t\u00fcr mercek ay\u0131rt edilir. Y\u00fczlerin C1 ve C2 e\u011frilik merkezlerinden ge\u00e7en do\u011fruya merce\u011fin ana ekseni ad\u0131 verilir ( y\u00fczlerden biri d\u00fczlemse, merkezlerden biri sonsuza gider). S1 S2 uzunlu\u011fu merce\u011fin kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k, y\u00fczlerin e\u011frilik yar\u0131 \u00e7ap\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemsiz kal\u0131yorsa, mercek ince, kar\u015f\u0131t bir durum s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda da kal\u0131nd\u0131r. \u0130nce kenarlar\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri, incelenmesi daha g\u00fc\u00e7 olan kal\u0131n merceklere de yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nce mercekler: \u0130nce mercekler durumunda S1 ve S2 noktalar\u0131n\u0131n, ana eksen \u00fczerinde bulunan ve merce\u011fin optik merkezi ad\u0131 verilen bir O noktas\u0131nda birbiriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kabul edilir. \u0130nce mercekler ince kenarl\u0131 ya da kal\u0131n kenarl\u0131 olabilirler. \u0130nce kenarl\u0131lar yak\u0131nsak merceklerdir: Ana eksene paralel olan her \u0131\u015f\u0131n demeti bir F noktas\u0131nda yak\u0131nsayarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale ge\u00e7er. Kal\u0131n kenarl\u0131lar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fundaysa mercek \u0131raksakt\u0131r. Bu sonu\u00e7lar k\u0131r\u0131lma yasalar\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bir merce\u011fin, bir cismin tam belirgin (net) bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc vermesi i\u00e7in, cismin her noktas\u0131na g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn bir noktas\u0131 denk d\u00fc\u015fmelidir: Bu durumda sisteme stigmatik ad\u0131 verilir. Bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7, hatta b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu cisimler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere kullan\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n ana eksen ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 e\u011fim az oldu\u011fu ve mercekten optik merkeze yak\u0131n ge\u00e7tikleri zaman (Gauss ko\u015fullar\u0131) yeterli derecede iyi bir sonu\u00e7 elde edilir.
\nBu durumda, ana eksene dik bir d\u00fcz cisimden, eksene dik bir d\u00fcz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc sa\u011flan\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, bu noktaya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan bir ekran \u00fczerinde g\u00f6zlenebiliyorsa buna ger\u00e7ek g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, kar\u015f\u0131t durumdaysa zahir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ad\u0131 verilir.
\nYak\u0131nsak mercekler: Ana eksene paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yak\u0131nsama noktas\u0131 olan F noktas\u0131na ana g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak ad\u0131 verilir. Bu odak ana eksen do\u011frultusunda, sonsuzdaki bir nesne-noktan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.(uygulamada nesne-noktan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tam F \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu noktan\u0131n OF uzunlu\u011funun on kat\u0131 kadar bir uzakl\u0131kta bulunmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla yeterli olur.)
\n\u00d6te yandan, ana eksen \u00fczerinde \u00f6yle bir F noktas\u0131 da belirlenebilir ki, F\u2019ten \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar mercekten ge\u00e7tikten sonra ana eksene paralel bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n demeti olu\u015ftururlar. S\u00f6z konusu F noktas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc bu durumda ana eksen \u00fczerinde sonsuzda bulunur ve F noktas\u0131na ana nesne-odak ad\u0131 verilir.
\nOF ve OF\u2019 uzunluklar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla merce\u011fin nesne-odak uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ana eksene e\u011fik olarak gelen paralel bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n demeti, ana eksene F\u2019 nokatas\u0131nda dik olan bir d\u00fczlemde ki bir H\u2019 noktas\u0131nda (ikincil g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak) yak\u0131nsar; bu d\u00fczlem, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak d\u00fczlemidir. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, ikincil nesne-odak ve nesne-odak d\u00fczlemi tan\u0131mlanabilir.
\nB\u0130R NESNEN\u0130N YAKINSAK B\u0130R MERCEK ARACILI\u011eIYLA VER\u0130LM\u0130\u015e G\u00d6R\u00dcNT\u00dcS\u00dcN\u00dcN GEOMETR\u0130K OLARAK ELDE ED\u0130LMES\u0130. Basit olarak bir AB do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olan d\u00fcz bir nesne ve mercek konumu ve boyutlar\u0131 \u00e7izim yoluyla saptanabilen bir A\u2019 B\u2019 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc verir(\u00c7izim kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 noktalar ana eksenden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olsalar bile, Gauss ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi kabul edilir). Merce\u011fin ana ekseni \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir A noktas\u0131yla, bu eksene dik olan AB do\u011frusu se\u00e7ilir. Aranan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, merce\u011fin ana eksenine dik olan ve B noktas\u0131ndan B\u2019 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc bilindi\u011finden tam olarak saptanan bir A\u2019B\u2019 do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. B\u2019 elde etmek i\u00e7in, B\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kan demetin iki \u00f6zel \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131r(geometride, bir nokta, bilinen iki do\u011frunun kesi\u015fmesiyle tam olarak belirlenir);s\u00f6zgelimi, F noktas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nla, O optik merkezden ge\u00e7erek gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131n kullan\u0131labilir. Bu iki \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fme noktas\u0131, aranan B\u2019 noktas\u0131d\u0131r(B\u2019den ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, mercekten ge\u00e7tikten sonra B\u2019 noktas\u0131ndanda ge\u00e7erler). Nesnenin konumuna g\u00f6re g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ger\u00e7ek yada zahiridir.
\nIraksak mercekler:Ana eksene paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nl\u0131 bir demete F\u2019 noktas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yormu\u015f gibi olan \u0131raksak bir demet denk d\u00fc\u015fer; bu noktaya anag\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak denir. Ana nesne-odak ad\u0131 verilen birF noktas\u0131nda, zahiri olarak yak\u0131nsayacak bi\u00e7imde bir demetin mercek \u00fcst\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmesiyle, ana eksene paralel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir demet elde edilir. Yak\u0131nsak mercekteki gibi, \u0131raksak merceklerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak ve nesne-odak d\u00fczlemleri ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc-odak ve nesne-odak uzakl\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\nB\u0130R NESNEN\u0130N IRAKSAK B\u0130R MERCEK ARACILI\u011eIYLA VER\u0130LM\u0130\u015e G\u00d6R\u00dcNT\u00dcS\u00dcN\u00dcN GEOMETR\u0130K OLARAK ELDE ED\u0130LMES\u0130. Burada da yak\u0131nsak mercekler i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015flemin ayn\u0131s\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir:B noktas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan iki \u00f6zel \u0131\u015f\u0131n (s\u00f6zgelimi,biri O\u2019 dan, \u00f6teki F\u2019 den ge\u00e7en ) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Birincisi sapmaz;ikincisiyse ana eksene paralel olarak \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u0131\u015f\u0131n gibi sapar. Bu iki \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fme noktas\u0131, aranan B\u2019 noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Nesnenin konumuna g\u00f6re, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ger\u00e7ek yada zahiridir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ayna, insan\u0131n kendisini g\u00f6rmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 cam veya maden levhad\u0131r. Mercek ise i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en paralel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131ran ya da uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran saydam bir cisimdir. \u0130nsan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6rmesini g\u00f6z merce\u011fi sa\u011flar. G\u00f6rme bozuklu\u011funu gidermek i\u00e7in merceklerden olu\u015fan g\u00f6zl\u00fck tak\u0131l\u0131r. Foto\u011fraf makinesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 de, mercekle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Mikrokskop, teleskop ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00e7me ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda mercekler ve …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[3308,3310,2739,3311,3290,3307,3306,2736,3309,2728],"class_list":["post-1119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-ayna","tag-buyutec","tag-disbukey","tag-elektrostatik-mercek","tag-enerji","tag-gorme-bozuklugu","tag-mercek-ve-aynalar","tag-mikrokskop","tag-reflektor","tag-teleskop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1119"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1119\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1119"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}