H\u00fccrenin temel k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 : H\u00fccre zar\u0131, sitoplazma ve \u00e7ekirdektir. \u00c7ekirdek i\u00e7erisinde kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan yap\u0131lar\u0131n vard\u0131r. Bilinen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccre, bakteridir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccreye deve ku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131n\u0131n sar\u0131s\u0131, en uzun h\u00fccreye de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 m uzunlu\u011funda olan sinir h\u00fccreleri \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. Baz\u0131 ilkel h\u00fccrelerde ise \u00e7ekirdek yoktur, kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan yap\u0131lar\u0131n sitoplazmada da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak bu ilkel canl\u0131larda bulunur. H\u00fccre organellerinden mitokondri, kloroplast ve kofulun sadece g\u00f6revlerini bilmeniz yeterlidir.
\n H\u00fccre Nedir?Canl\u0131lar\u0131n temel yap\u0131 ve i\u015flevsel birimi h\u00fccredir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar bir ya da daha fazla h\u00fccreden meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Kal\u0131t\u0131m materyali h\u00fccrede bulunur. Modern H\u00fccre Teorisi’ne g\u00f6re yeni h\u00fccreler varolan h\u00fccrelerin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fur.Bu teoriyi \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz: Canl\u0131larda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131sal ve i\u015flevsel faaliyeti h\u00fccrede g\u00f6rebiliriz. Yani bir h\u00fccre b\u00fcy\u00fcme, bo\u015falt\u0131m, \u00fcreme, hareket gibi, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u00f6zel i\u015flevleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na yerine getirebilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerin biraraya gelmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Tek bir h\u00fccreden meydana gelen amip, terliksi hayvan ve milyarlarca h\u00fccreden meydana gelen insan. Canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zelliklerinden birisi h\u00fccresel yap\u0131ya sahip olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6zelli\u011fimizin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan kromozomlar h\u00fccrede bulunur. Canl\u0131larda \u00e7ift kat zarla \u00e7evrili \u00e7ekirdek organelinin i\u00e7erisindedir. Kromozomlar sayesinde ana-babadaki \u00f6zellikler, gen\u00e7 h\u00fccrelere ve tabii ki yavrular\u0131na ge\u00e7er. H\u00fccrenin B\u00f6l\u00fcmleriH\u00fccre Zar\u0131Singer-Nicholson adl\u0131 iki bilim adam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan “Ak\u0131c\u0131-Mozaik Zar Modeli” ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Bu modele g\u00f6re h\u00fccre zar\u0131, tek katl\u0131 lipid tabakas\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015f, karbonhidrat ve protein molek\u00fclleri lipid tabakas\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc durumdad\u0131r. Lipid tabakas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli hareket halindedir.Stoplazma H\u00fccre zar\u0131 ile \u00e7ekirdek aras\u0131n\u0131 dolduran canl\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sudur. I\u00e7erisinde organel denilen \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revleri \u00fcstlenmi\u015f ve \u00f6zelle\u015fmi\u015f yap\u0131lar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mitokondri H\u00fccrenin enerji santralidir. Oksijenli solunumun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir. Kloroplast Sadece bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunan bu organel, fotosentezin yani besin \u00fcretiminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir. \u00c7ekirdek H\u00fccrenin en \u00f6nemli organeli ve y\u00f6neticisi konumundad\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131 \u00e7ift kat zarla \u00e7evrili, i\u00e7erisi ise karyoplazma denilen s\u0131v\u0131 madde ile doludur. Ayr\u0131ca kromozomlar ve \u00e7ekirdek\u00e7ik de burada bulunur. Hayvan ve bitki h\u00fccresi \u00f6zellikleri ve organellerin g\u00f6revleri H\u00dcCRE
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerini ve hayat olaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131na biyoloji denir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre teorisi
\n1)B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n2)H\u00fccreler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket ettikleri halde birlikte i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.
\n3)H\u00fccreler b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar.gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile olur.
\n\u2022 En basit \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli yada en karma\u015f\u0131k tek h\u00fccreli Volvox\u2019 tur.
\n\u2022 Volvox’ ta i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r ama doku olu\u015fumu yoktur.
\n\u2022 Tek h\u00fccrelilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplulu\u011fa koloni denir.
\n\u2022 Bilinen en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccre deve ku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131d\u0131r.Bilinen en uzun h\u00fccre ise sinir h\u00fccresidir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre 3 k\u0131s\u0131mda incelenir.1) H\u00fccre zar\u0131 2) Sitoplazma 3) \u00c7ekirdek
\n1) H\u00dcCRE ZARI
\n\u2022 Ya\u011f,protein az miktarda karbonhidrattan olu\u015fur.H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131-mozaik zar modeli ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.Bu modele g\u00f6re zar; ya\u011f denizinde y\u00fczen proteinlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\n\u2022 Madde giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 proteinler \u00fczerindeki porlardan olur.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri : Canl\u0131d\u0131r,saydamd\u0131r,esnektir ve se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri : H\u00fccreyi da\u011f\u0131lmaktan korur.H\u00fccreye \u015fekil verir.H\u00fccreyi d\u0131\u015f etkilerden korur.Madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini sa\u011flar.
\n\u2022 Zar\u0131n se\u00e7ici-ge\u00e7irgen olmas\u0131 onun canl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre \u00e7eperi cans\u0131zd\u0131r,esnek de\u011fildir,tam ge\u00e7irgendir.H\u00fccrenin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r, h\u00fccreye \u015fekil verir.\u00dczerindeki deliklere ge\u00e7it denir.Sel\u00fclozik yap\u0131dad\u0131r.Prokaryot h\u00fccrelerde de bulunur ama yap\u0131s\u0131 sel\u00fclozik de\u011fildir.
\n2) S\u0130TOPLAZMA
\n\u2022 \u0130ki k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r.
\na) S\u0131v\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m:Su,protein,ya\u011f,karbonhidrat,mineral,vitamin,RNA \u00e7e\u015fitleri,n\u00fckleotidler,ATP ve
\nenzimler gibi organik ve inorganik maddelerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.G\u00f6revi:1) Biyokimyasal reaksiyonlar i\u00e7in zemin olu\u015fturmak.2) Organellere yatakl\u0131k etmek.3) Rotasyon ve sirk\u00fclasyon hareketleri ile organellerin hareketini sa\u011flamak.
\nb) Organeller:\u00d6zel yap\u0131 ve g\u00f6revi olan sitoplazmik cisimlerdir.
\nM\u0130TEKONDR\u0130
\n\u2022 Oksijenli solunum yaparak enerjinin \u00fcretildi\u011fi ve depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.
\n\u2022 Enerji ihtiyac\u0131 fazla olan kas,sinir ve karaci\u011fer gibi h\u00fccrelerde say\u0131s\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r. Bulunduklar\u0131 h\u00fccreninde enerjiye en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde toplan\u0131rlar.
\n\u00d6RNEK:Sinirlerin sinaps b\u00f6lgelerinde,spermlerin kuyruklar\u0131nda ve kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lma b\u00f6lgelerinde
\n\u00e7ok bulunur.
\n Kloroplast
\n\u2022 Bitkiye ye\u015fil rengini verir.
\n\u2022 Fotosentez yaparak besin \u00fcretir.
\n\u2022 B\u00fct\u00fcn bitki h\u00fccrelerinde bulunmaz.\u00d6RNEK:K\u00f6kte.
\nKOFUL
\n\u2022 Hayvansal h\u00fccrelerde az ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,bitkisel h\u00fccrelerde ise gen\u00e7ken k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fcrler.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tuzlu art\u0131klar kofullarda biriktirilir.
\n\u2022 H\u00fccre i\u00e7i osmatik bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve pH’\u0131 ayarlar.
\n\u2022 Kofulda bulunan su turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 olu\u015fturarak h\u00fccreye diklik ve diren\u00e7 verir.
\n\u2022 Metabolizman\u0131n aktiflik derecesini belirler.E\u011fer koful b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sitoplazmada miktar\u0131 \u00e7ok ise
\nmetabolizma yava\u015flar.
\n3) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK
\n\u2022 H\u00fccreyi y\u00f6netir.H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flar.Kal\u0131t\u0131m bilgisini ta\u015f\u0131r.4 b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.H\u00fccrenin Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve G\u00f6revleri <\/p>\n
CANLILIK H\u00dcCREYLE BA\u015eLAR :
\n1- Canl\u0131lar\u0131n Ortak \u00d6zellikleri :
\n\u00c7evremizdeki varl\u0131klar canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z varl\u0131klar olarak iki grupta toplan\u0131rlar.
\nCans\u0131z varl\u0131klar kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halindeki maddelerden olu\u015fur.
\nCanl\u0131 varl\u0131klar insanlar, hayvanlar ve bitkilerden olu\u015fur. Canl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n tamam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6zelliklere canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zellikleri denir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen \u00f6zellikler ise ortak de\u011fildir. (Fotosentez yapma, yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme, iskelete sahip olma\u2026).
\nCanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ortak \u00d6zellikleri \u015eunlard\u0131r ;
\n1- H\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fma.
\n2- Beslenme.
\n3- B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fme.
\n4- Hareket etme.
\n5- Solunum yapma.
\n6- Bo\u015falt\u0131m yapma.
\n7- \u00c7o\u011falma yani \u00fcreme.
\n8- \u0130rkilme yani tepki verme.
\n2- H\u00fccrenin Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve G\u00f6revleri :
\nBir canl\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 birimine h\u00fccre denir. (Bir canl\u0131n\u0131n canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6steren en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 birimine h\u00fccre denir).
\nDo\u011fada ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n tamam\u0131 h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Canl\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 tek bir h\u00fccreden, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e7ok say\u0131da h\u00fccreden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Her canl\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan h\u00fccrelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Canl\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturan h\u00fccrelerin g\u00f6revlerine g\u00f6re \u015fekli ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc farkl\u0131 olabilir. (Bilinen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccre, bakteridir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccre deve ku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131n\u0131n sar\u0131s\u0131, en uzun h\u00fccre de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 m uzunlu\u011funda olan sinir h\u00fccreleri \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir).
\nH\u00fccre g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemeyip mikroskopla incelenir. Mikroskopla canl\u0131lar\u0131 ilk inceleyen bilim adam\u0131 L\u00f6venhuk\u2019 tur. (16.yy da terzilik yaparken b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7te kuma\u015flar\u0131 incelerken mikroskobu bulmu\u015ftur). L\u00f6venhuk inceledi\u011fi g\u00f6l suyunda tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nH\u00fccre ilk defa 1665 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131 Robert Hook taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015ftur. Robert Hook \u015fi\u015fe mantar\u0131n\u0131 incelerken g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bo\u015f odac\u0131klara (bal pete\u011fi \u015feklinde) h\u00fccre ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.
\na) H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131na G\u00f6re Canl\u0131 \u00c7e\u015fitleri :
\nDo\u011fada ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n tamam\u0131 h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Canl\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 tek bir h\u00fccreden, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00e7ok say\u0131da h\u00fccreden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle canl\u0131lar h\u00fccre say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar ve \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar olarak iki grupta toplan\u0131rlar.
\n1- Tek H\u00fccreli Canl\u0131lar :
\nTek bir h\u00fccreden olu\u015fan canl\u0131lara tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar denir. Bakteriler, amip, mantarlar, \u00f6glena, terliksi hayvan (paramesyum) ve mavi \u2013 ye\u015fil algler tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n2- \u00c7ok H\u00fccreli Canl\u0131lar :
\n\u00c7ok say\u0131da h\u00fccreden olu\u015fan canl\u0131lara \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lar denir. \u0130nsanlar, hayvanlar, bitkiler \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lard\u0131r. \u00c7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda dokular bulunur).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00fccrenin temel k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 : H\u00fccre zar\u0131, sitoplazma ve \u00e7ekirdektir. \u00c7ekirdek i\u00e7erisinde kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan yap\u0131lar\u0131n vard\u0131r. Bilinen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccre, bakteridir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fccreye deve ku\u015fu yumurtas\u0131n\u0131n sar\u0131s\u0131, en uzun h\u00fccreye de yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 m uzunlu\u011funda olan sinir h\u00fccreleri \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. Baz\u0131 ilkel h\u00fccrelerde ise \u00e7ekirdek yoktur, kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan yap\u0131lar\u0131n sitoplazmada da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[3345,3347,2532,3344,2531,3343,2465,2538,3346,2466,2164,2483],"class_list":["post-1129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-akici-mozaik-zar-modeli","tag-canlilarin-ortak-ozellikleri","tag-cekirdek","tag-hucre-nedir","tag-hucre-zari","tag-hucrenin-temel-kisimlari","tag-kloroplast","tag-koful","tag-lipid","tag-mitokondri","tag-oksijen","tag-sitoplazma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1129"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1129\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}