Yer kabu\u011fundaki levhalar\u0131n birbirine s\u00fcrt\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc birbirini s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirinin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi yerde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin dalgalar halinde yay\u0131larak yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sars\u0131nt\u0131ya deprem denir.
\n Depremler genellikle bir dakikan\u0131n alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrer fakat \u00fc\u00e7 dakika kadar s\u00fcren depremlere de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Deprem \u00c7e\u015fitleri :<\/p>\n
Depremler genelde levha hareketleri sonucu levhalar\u0131n biti\u015fme yerleri \u00fczerinde olur. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda volkanik patlamalar ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc sonucu olu\u015fan depremler de vard\u0131r.
\n Volkanik depremler ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc depremlerinin enerjileri azd\u0131r ve bu depremler b\u00f6lgesel olup genellikle fazla hasar vermezler.<\/p>\n
a) Tektonik Depremler :<\/p>\n
Levha hareketleri sonucu olu\u015fan depremlere tektonik depremler denir.
\n Yer kabu\u011funda yan yana olan levhalar\u0131n yanal hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki levhan\u0131n ayn\u0131 veya farkl\u0131 s\u00fcratle ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde veya z\u0131t y\u00f6nde kayarak hareket etmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131sa zaman dilimlerinde ani ve \u015fiddetli \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi meydana gelir. Yanal hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir levha di\u011ferine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda levhalar\u0131n aras\u0131nda kalan kayalar s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak yerlerinden oynar ya da k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Levhalar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki kayalar\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yerlerinden oynamas\u0131 sonucu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji depremlere neden olur.<\/p>\n
b) Volkanik Depremler :<\/p>\n
Ate\u015f k\u00fcrede bulunan magman\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda fiziksel ve kimyasal olaylar sonucunda olu\u015fan gazlar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu patlamalar sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen volkanik p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmelerin neden oldu\u011fu depremlere volkanik depremler denir.<\/p>\n
c) \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc Depremleri :<\/p>\n
Yeralt\u0131ndaki ma\u011faralarda k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve di\u011fer maden ocaklar\u0131nda tavanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesi ile olu\u015fan depremlere \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc depremleri denir.<\/p>\n
Depremle \u0130lgili Kavramlar :<\/p>\n
a) Fay ve Fay Hatt\u0131 :<\/p>\n
Yer kabu\u011funda levhalar\u0131n yanal hareketi s\u0131ras\u0131nda levha s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda olu\u015fan k\u0131r\u0131klara fay levha k\u0131r\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flama ve bitme noktas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki mesafeye fay hatt\u0131 denir. Fay hatt\u0131 ve levha ayn\u0131 kavramlar de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
b) Odak Noktas\u0131 :<\/p>\n
Yerin alt\u0131nda depremin meydana geldi\u011fi ve enerjinin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktaya odak noktas\u0131 (i\u00e7 merkez) denir.<\/p>\n
c) Merkez \u00dcss\u00fc :<\/p>\n
Deprem dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne en k\u0131sa yoldan ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fc noktas\u0131na merkez \u00fcss\u00fc denir. Merkez \u00fcss\u00fc odak noktas\u0131na \u00e7ok yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in depremin \u015fiddeti ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha fazlad\u0131r. Odak noktas\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a deprem dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n enerjisi azal\u0131r. Bu nedenle depremin merkez \u00fcss\u00fcnden uzak b\u00f6lgelerde depremin \u015fiddeti ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
d) \u00d6nc\u00fc Deprem :<\/p>\n
Ana depremden \u00f6nce meydana gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131lara \u00f6nc\u00fc deprem denir. \u00d6nc\u00fc deprem kendisinden sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck bir deprem meydana geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu adla adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
e) Art\u00e7\u0131 Deprem :<\/p>\n
Ana depremden sonra kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n yerlerine oturmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde meydana gelen ve ana depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen sars\u0131nt\u0131lara art\u00e7\u0131 deprem denir. Art\u00e7\u0131 depremlerin belli bir s\u00fcresi yoktur. Bir ay ya da bir y\u0131l s\u00fcresince zaman zaman tekrarlayabilir.<\/p>\n
f) Depremin B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc :<\/p>\n
Depremin merkezinde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin miktar\u0131na depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc denir. Depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sismograf denilen ara\u00e7la yer sars\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi sonucu bulunur. \u00dclkemizde \u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00dcniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi\u2019nde bulunan sismograflar sayesinde depremlerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri tespit edilmektedir. Sismograf sayesinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen deprem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Richter \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re derecelendirilir.<\/p>\n
g) Depremin \u015eiddeti :<\/p>\n
Depremin binalar ve insanlar \u00fczerinde meydana getirdi\u011fi hasar\u0131n derecesine depremin \u015fiddeti denir.
\n Depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u015fiddeti ayn\u0131 kavramlar de\u011fildir. B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck depremin kayna\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletleri ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi sonucu elde edilen de\u011ferdir. \u015eiddet ise deprem b\u00f6lgesindeki hasara g\u00f6re g\u00f6zlem sonucu belirlenen bir de\u011ferdir.
\n \u2022 Depremin \u015fiddeti depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne odak noktas\u0131n\u0131n derinli\u011fine merkez \u00fcss\u00fcne zemin yap\u0131s\u0131na ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n \u2022 Depremin \u015fiddeti depremin merkezinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015febilir.
\n \u2022 Bir depremin farkl\u0131 yerlerde farkl\u0131 \u015fiddet de\u011ferleri olabilir.
\n \u2022 Depremin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc artt\u0131k\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan dalgalar daha uza\u011fa yay\u0131larak etkiledikleri alan b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011finden depremin \u015fiddeti de artar.
\n \u2022 \u015eiddet de\u011feri I ve XII aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Romen rakamlar\u0131 ile ifade edilir. (Bu rakamlar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir matematiksel temeli yoktur b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle g\u00f6zlem bilgilerine dayan\u0131r).<\/p>\n
h) Deprem B\u00f6lgesi :<\/p>\n
Depremlere sebep olan levha hareketleri volkanik p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmeler gibi olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve faylar\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere deprem b\u00f6lgesi denir.
\n Levhalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fclkemiz Avrasya Arap ve Afrika levhalar\u0131n\u0131n etkisindedir. Bu levhalar\u0131n hareketlerinden dolay\u0131 \u00fclkemizde s\u0131k s\u0131k depremler olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0131) Deprem Tahmini :<\/p>\n
Deprem \u00f6ncesinde hafif sars\u0131nt\u0131larla meydana gelen \u00f6nc\u00fc depremlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 kuyu suyu seviyesindeki de\u011fi\u015fmeler radon gaz\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler gibi depremi haber veren i\u015faretler olsa da depremlerin ne zaman ve nerede olaca\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz bilinememektedir.
\n Depremlerin \u00f6nceden tahmin edilebilmesi i\u00e7in levha s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ve levha hareketlerinin niteli\u011fini do\u011fru olarak yorumlamak gerekir. (Bilim adamlar\u0131 depremleri \u00f6nceden belirleyebilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar).<\/p>\n
i) Deprem Bilimi (Sismoloji) :<\/p>\n
Depremlerin olu\u015fumunu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletlerini \u00f6l\u00e7me y\u00f6ntemlerini ve deprem ile ilgili di\u011fer konular\u0131 inceleyen ve de\u011ferlendiren bilim dal\u0131na sismoloji (deprembilim) bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim adamlar\u0131na ise sismolog (deprembilimci) denir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yer kabu\u011fundaki levhalar\u0131n birbirine s\u00fcrt\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc birbirini s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbirinin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi yerde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerjinin dalgalar halinde yay\u0131larak yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sars\u0131nt\u0131ya deprem denir. Depremler genellikle bir dakikan\u0131n alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrer fakat \u00fc\u00e7 dakika kadar s\u00fcren depremlere de rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deprem \u00c7e\u015fitleri : Depremler genelde levha hareketleri sonucu levhalar\u0131n biti\u015fme yerleri \u00fczerinde olur. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3471,3469,2988,3472,3465,3464,3470,2878,3473,3467,3468,3466,3462],"class_list":["post-1175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-artci-deprem","tag-cokuntu-depremleri","tag-deprem","tag-deprem-bilimi","tag-deprem-cesitleri","tag-deprem-turleri","tag-depremle-ilgili-kavramlar","tag-fay","tag-sismoloji","tag-tektonik-depremler","tag-volkanik-depremler","tag-volkanik-patlamalar","tag-yer-kabugu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1175"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1175\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}