\nTARIM
\nGeni\u015f manada insan\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyerek \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirme faaliyetidir.
\nTar\u0131m\u0131 etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler
\n1. \u0130KL\u0130M: Her tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kendine has iklim iste\u011fi vard\u0131r.\u0130klimi etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler:
\n– Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131: Y\u0131lda 10 cm\u2019lik ya\u011f\u0131\u015f tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.
\n– Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejimi: Her \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131 rejime ayak uydurur.Pamuk, m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n yeti\u015fti\u011fi yerde yeti\u015fmez.
\n– S\u0131cakl\u0131k: S\u0131cakl\u0131k 10 derecenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse bitkinin hayat\u0131 tehlikeye girer.Zeytin, incir gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 isterken, elma, \u00fcz\u00fcm gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler so\u011fu\u011fa dayanabilir.S\u0131cakl\u0131k ortalamas\u0131 da her yerde ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 t\u00fcr bitkiler farkl\u0131 zamanlarda olgunla\u015f\u0131r.
\n– Y\u00fckselti: S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve nem oran\u0131 y\u00fckseltiye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.Y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a nem oran\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k azalaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bitkilerin yeti\u015fmesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.Yine Ekvator\u2019dan Kutuplar\u2019a gidildik\u00e7e tar\u0131m\u0131n y\u00fckselti s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. TOPRAK: Topraktaki humus, kire\u00e7 ve minerallerin oranlar\u0131 tar\u0131msal verimi artt\u0131r\u0131r.Bunlar\u0131n oranlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde iklim \u00f6nemli rol oynar.Nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde toprak y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan mineral oran\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.Kurak b\u00f6lgelerde ise toprakta \u00e7ok miktarda tuz ve kire\u00e7 birikir.Sonu\u00e7ta her iki durumda tar\u0131m\u0131 olumsuz etkiler.<\/p>\n
3. TARIM METOTLARI:
\na) Nadas: Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n yetersiz, iklimin karars\u0131z, sulama imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahalarda uygulan\u0131r. Tar\u0131m do\u011fal ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n bol oldu\u011fu zamanlarda iyi \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131n\u0131rken, az oldu\u011fu zamanlarda az \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131n\u0131r.Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan 1-2 y\u0131lda bir \u00fcr\u00fcn al\u0131n\u0131r.Bu metot ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcbre eksikli\u011fini de gidermek i\u00e7in uygulan\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Karadeniz hari\u00e7 di\u011fer yerlerde sulama yapmadan tar\u0131m yapmak zordur.Bu y\u00fczden en fazla \u0130\u00e7 ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\nb) Ekstansif (Yayg\u0131n): Tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f, n\u00fcfusun ise topraklara g\u00f6re az oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir metotdur.\u0130nsan ve hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131, kaba tar\u0131m metodu da denilen bu metot, \u00fclkemizde her tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesinde uygulan\u0131r.BDT, ABD, Arjantin, Kanada gibi \u00fclkelerde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nc) \u0130ntansif (Yo\u011fun): Modern yada makineli tar\u0131m da denilen bu metotta teknolojinin b\u00fct\u00fcn verim artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri uygulan\u0131r.Birim alandan en y\u00fcksek verim elde edilen tar\u0131m metodudur.Tar\u0131m topraklar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, n\u00fcfusun ise fazla oldu\u011fu geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.\u00d6r: Hollanda, Japonya, \u0130sve\u00e7…
\nTar\u0131mda Verimi Etkileyen Fakt\u00f6rler
\n1. Sulama: Tar\u0131mda verimin artmas\u0131, y\u0131lda birden \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn alma, nadas alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, tar\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fal ko\u015fullardan kurtulmas\u0131 sulama ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Sulama yayg\u0131nla\u015f\u0131rsa;
\n– Nadasa b\u0131rak\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n oran\u0131 azal\u0131r.
\n– \u00dcretimde s\u00fcreklilik sa\u011flanabilir.
\n– Topraklar\u0131n miras yoluyla b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6\u00e7ler \u00f6nlenir.
\n– \u00dcretimdeki dalgalanmalar \u00f6nlenir.
\nT\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ancak %40\u2019\u0131 sulanabilmektedir.Demek ki sulama tar\u0131msal faaliyetler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.
\n2. G\u00fcbreleme: Verimi artt\u0131ran \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerdendir.Do\u011fal ve yapay olmak \u00fczere \u00fcretimi geni\u015f \u00e7apta artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmas\u0131 do\u011fal g\u00fcbrenin (tezek) artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Suni g\u00fcbre ise pahal\u0131d\u0131r.\u0130lk suni g\u00fcbre Karab\u00fck Demir-\u00c7elik Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.Daha sonra Mersin, \u0130zmir, Band\u0131rma, K\u00fctahya, Samsun, \u0130stanbul ve Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur.G\u00fcbrenin hammaddesi olan fosfat, g\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da (Maz\u0131da\u011f\u0131) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131maktad\u0131r.Suni g\u00fcbre yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ithal edilmektedir.
\n3. Tohum Islah\u0131: B\u00f6lgedeki iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lacak ve verimi en y\u00fcksek olan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7meye denir.Bug\u00fcn gen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yoluyla y\u00fcksek verim kapasitesine sahip tohumluklar elde edilmektedir.T\u00fcrkiye bu\u011fday \u00fcretiminde 100-150 kg. \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ederken, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler ise 400 kg. \u00fcr\u00fcn almaktad\u0131r.1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda tohum \u0131slah\u0131 sayesinde \u00fcretimde b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar olmu\u015ftur.\u00d6rne\u011fin, arpada tokak, pamuk da ise akala gibi.
\n4- Toprak analizi:Her bitkinin kendine has bir toprak iste\u011fi vard\u0131r.Bu durum toprak analizini ve topra\u011f\u0131n cinsini belirlemeyi gerektirir.\u00d6rne\u011fin, patates, havu\u00e7 gibi bitkiler gev\u015fek yap\u0131l\u0131, kumlu toprak ister.\u00c7ay, m\u0131s\u0131r ve f\u0131nd\u0131k gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler tuzlu,kire\u00e7li topraklar\u0131 istemez.Toprak analizi i\u00e7in Toprak Su Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n5- Makinele\u015fme: \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn zaman\u0131nda ekimi, hasad\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek verim i\u00e7in tar\u0131mda makinele\u015fme gerekir.\u00dclkemizde makinele\u015fme ancak 1950\u2019den sonra artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Ancak karabasan ihtiyac\u0131 devam etmektedir.\u00dclkemizde tar\u0131m\u0131n yeterince makinele\u015fmemesinin sebepleri:
\n– Makine fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131,
\n– Yer yer i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ucuza mal olmas\u0131,
\n– Makinele\u015fmeye elveri\u015fli olmayan arazilerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\nNOT: Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Karadeniz ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerimizde yer\u015fekilleri makinele\u015fmeyi olumsuz etkiler.Tar\u0131mda sulama k\u0131rsal kesimden kente g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc azalt\u0131rken, makinele\u015fmeyi artt\u0131r\u0131r.
\n6- Zirai M\u00fccadele: Hastal\u0131k ve ha\u015fereler zamanla \u00fcretimde verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Hatta yabani otlar bile verimi azaltmaktad\u0131r.Bu nedenle zirai m\u00fccadele verimi artt\u0131rma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.Bu ama\u00e7la Zirai M\u00fccadele Te\u015fkilat\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftur.Yine zirai m\u00fccadele ad\u0131na bitkinin yeti\u015fmeden \u00f6nce tohumun ila\u00e7lanmas\u0131ndan filizlenmesine, olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na ve hasat d\u00f6nemine kadar zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklere ve \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n7- \u00c7ift\u00e7inin E\u011fitimi: G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tar\u0131m, modern aletler, k\u0131ymetli tohum, hassas ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131m\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar \u00e7ift\u00e7inin e\u011fitimini gerektirmektedir.
\n8- Tar\u0131msal Kredi: \u00c7ift\u00e7inin tar\u0131msal alet ve ekipman, g\u00fcbre, tohum, ila\u00e7 temini i\u00e7in sermaye ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekir.Bu ama\u00e7la Ziraat Bankas\u0131, \u015eeker, Pamuk Bank gibi bankalar ile Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatifleri kurulmu\u015ftur.
\n9- Destekleme Al\u0131m\u0131 ve Pazar: \u00c7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi mal\u0131n\u0131 pazarda uygun fiyatla satmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn elinde kalmas\u0131, bozulmas\u0131 durumunda devletin \u00e7ift\u00e7inin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 gerekir.Bu ama\u00e7la devlet bir taban fiyat belirler ve destekleme al\u0131m\u0131 yapar.Destekleme al\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, incir, pamuk gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde uygulan\u0131rken so\u011fan, patates gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde uygulanmaz. Destekleme al\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde \u00fcretimde y\u0131llara g\u00f6re g\u00f6r\u00fclen dalgalanmalar engellenir.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE TARIMI ETK\u0130LEYEN FAKT\u00d6RLER
\n1- Do\u011fal Fakt\u00f6rler ( Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kurakl\u0131k )
\n2- Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri ( \u00dcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve \u00fcr\u00fcn sahas\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131 )
\n3- E\u011fimin Fazla Olmas\u0131:
\n– Tar\u0131m yap\u0131labilen alanlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\n– Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar halinde olmas\u0131,
\n– %80 \u2018inde erozyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\n– Makinele\u015fmenin tam sa\u011flanamamas\u0131.
\n4- Karasal \u0130klimin Olmas\u0131: ( Sulama sorunu )
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Toprak Durumu:
\nEkili-dikili arazi %30, \u00fcr\u00fcn vermeyen yerler %17, \u00e7ay\u0131r ve otlaklar %35, nadas %11, orman %14<\/p>\n
\u00dcR\u00dcNLER VE YET\u0130\u015eME \u015eARTLARI
\n\u0130hra\u00e7ta birinci s\u0131radaki \u00fcr\u00fcnler:
\n– Antep f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 %100
\n– F\u0131nd\u0131k %64
\n– Kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm
\n– Kuru incir
\n– Ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi<\/p>\n
A) TAHILLAR
\n1. Bu\u011fday: \u00c7imlenme d\u00f6neminde ilkbaharda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6neminde yaz\u0131n kurakl\u0131k ister.D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en geni\u015f tabii ekim alan\u0131na sahiptir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Karadeniz hari\u00e7 her yerde yeti\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen en fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yeti\u015fir.\u0130klime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fcretimde dalgalanmalar olur.O zaman duruma g\u00f6re bu\u011fday ithal edilir.Bu\u011fday y\u00fckselti artt\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r.Bu\u011fday t\u00fcketimi n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ihra\u00e7 edilmez.D\u00fcnyada bu\u011fday en fazla BDT, ABD, Hindistan, Kanada, Fransa ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\n2. Arpa: Bu\u011fdaydan sonra en \u00e7ok \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yeti\u015fir. Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da tah\u0131llar i\u00e7inde en fazla arpa yeti\u015fir.Arpa bu\u011fdaya g\u00f6re so\u011fu\u011fa daha fazla dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu\u011fdaydan daha \u00f6nce olgunla\u015f\u0131r.Arpa genel olarak bira ve yem sanayinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Ayr\u0131ca besin olarak da t\u00fcketilir.D\u00fcnyada en fazla, BDT, Kanada, ABD, Fransa, Almanya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\n3. \u00c7avdar: Arpa ve bu\u011fday\u0131n yeti\u015femedi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta yeti\u015fir.Fazla s\u0131caktan zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr.Genellikle besin maddesi ve hayvan yemi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En \u00e7ok \u0130\u00e7 ve Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yeti\u015fir.
\n4. Pirin\u00e7: B\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde bol su, olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6neminde s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve fazla emek isteyen bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Pirin\u00e7 \u00fcretimi genelde vadi tabanlar\u0131, akarsu boylar\u0131 ve delta ovalar\u0131nda fazlad\u0131r.\u00c7eltik tar\u0131m\u0131 sivrisine\u011fe ve s\u0131tma hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de pirin\u00e7 \u00fcretiminin %70\u2019i Edirne, Samsun, \u00c7orum ve Sinop\u2019ta yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada en fazla, \u00c7in, Hindistan, Endonezya, Banglade\u015f ve Japonya\u2019da yeti\u015fir.
\n5. M\u0131s\u0131r: Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk Bu\u011fday\u0131 dedikleri m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n anavatan\u0131 Amerika\u2019d\u0131r.Bol su, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k, nemli bir iklim ve \u00e7apalanma isteyen bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.M\u0131s\u0131r \u00fcretiminde yaz ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.Bu y\u00fczden Karadeniz iklimine uyum sa\u011flar.\u00dclkemizde sulama yap\u0131lan her yerde yeti\u015ftirilebilir.En fazla Akdeniz\u2019de yeti\u015fir.Sonra Karadeniz ve Marmara gelir.D\u00fcnyada birinci ABD, on ikinci T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir.
\nB) END\u00dcSTR\u0130 B\u0130TK\u0130LER\u0130
\nSanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde hammadde olarak kullan\u0131labilen tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine denir.
\n1. T\u00fct\u00fcn: Anavatan\u0131 Amerika\u2019d\u0131r.\u00c7imlenme d\u00f6neminde bol su, yapraklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcne\u015f ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k ister.Hafif e\u011fimli, kumlu, su ge\u00e7iren k\u0131ra\u00e7 topraklarda kaliteli t\u00fct\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirilir.Al\u00e7ak ovalarda daha \u00e7ok yeti\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen kalitesi bozuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devlet her yerde t\u00fct\u00fcn yeti\u015fmesine izin vermemektedir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en fazla Ege\u2019de (Manisa), sonra Karadeniz\u2019de (Samsun, Trabzon, Amasya, Tokat, Sinop, Bolu), daha sonra Marmara\u2019da (Bal\u0131kesir), ayr\u0131ca Hatay, Isparta, Ad\u0131yaman, Siirt, Malatya, Bitlis gibi illerde yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada en fazla \u00c7in, ABD, Hindistan, Brezilya, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\n2. Pamuk: \u00c7imlenme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde ya\u011f\u0131\u015f veya sulama, olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6neminde tam bir kurakl\u0131k ister.Al\u00fcvyal verimli ovalar\u0131 sever.Pamuk, tekstil ve ka\u011f\u0131t end\u00fcstrisinin temel hammaddesidir. \u00dclkemizde Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yeti\u015fmez.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 bazen Akdeniz, Bazen de Ege al\u0131r.Ancek \u00c7ukurova, Ege Ovalar\u0131, Antalya ve Amik Ovas\u0131 \u00fcretimin %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar.Geri kalan ise Elaz\u0131\u011f, Malatya, Bal\u0131kesir, I\u011fd\u0131r gibi yerlerden kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r.Pamu\u011fun yar\u0131s\u0131 ihra\u00e7 edilmektedir.D\u00fcnyada en fazla ABD, Hindistan, Brezilya, Brezilya, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\n3. \u015eekerpancar\u0131: Il\u0131k ve serin iklimleri seven, \u00e7e\u015fitli toprak \u015fartlar\u0131na uyan, so\u011fu\u011fa dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir bitkidir.30-35. derece enlemleri aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de her yerde en \u00e7ok \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yeti\u015fir.\u015eeker fabrikalar\u0131 genelde \u015fekerpancar\u0131 \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan yerlerin yak\u0131n\u0131na kurulmaktad\u0131r.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fekerpancar\u0131 \u00e7abuk bozulmaktad\u0131r.\u015eekerpancar\u0131ndan \u015feker, ispirto ve yem sanayinde yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.Ayr\u0131ca \u015feker fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda besi ve ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131 kesimlerinde yeti\u015fmemektedir.D\u00fcnyada en fazla Rusya, ABD, Fransa, Polonya, Almanya ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeti\u015fmektedir.
\n4. \u00c7ay: S\u00fcrekli ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve nemli b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fir.Yar\u0131 g\u00f6lgeli ve e\u011fimli arazileri sever. \u00dclkemizde 1940\u2019tan sonra \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.S\u00fcrekli ye\u015fil kalabilen bir bitkidir.Tabi ekim alan\u0131 en dar olan bitkimizdir.\u00dclkemizde Ordu \u2013 Rize aras\u0131nda yeti\u015fir.Endonezya, Seylan, Brezilya, Malezya, \u00c7in ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7ay \u00fcreticileridir.
\nC) YA\u011eLI B\u0130TK\u0130LER
\n1. Zeytin: S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 0 derecenin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu Akdeniz iklim \u015fartlar\u0131na uyar.Zeytin bir y\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn verir, di\u011fer y\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcn vermez.Ye\u015fil kalabilen bir bitkidir.Y\u00fcksek yerlerde yeti\u015fmez.\u00dclkemizde s\u0131ras\u0131yla en fazla Ege, Marmara, Akdeniz ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yeti\u015fir.En g\u00fczel ya\u011fl\u0131k zeytinler Edremit-Ayval\u0131k\u2019ta, sofral\u0131k zeytinler ise Gemlik\u2019te yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada \u0130talya, Yunanistan, \u0130spanya, T\u00fcrkiye ve Fransa gelir.
\n2. Ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi: \u00c7imlenme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde ya\u011f\u0131\u015f, olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6neminde bol s\u0131cakl\u0131k ister.Ya\u011f ve \u00e7erezlik olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkamizde Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 hari\u00e7 her yerde yeti\u015fir.En fazla s\u0131ras\u0131yla Marmara ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu gelir.
\n3. Susam: Anayurdu Hindistan\u2019d\u0131r.Tropikal, subtropikal ve \u0131l\u0131man iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde yeti\u015fir.Ya\u011f \u00fcretimi yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Ege, Akdeniz ve Marmara gelir.
\n4. Keten \u2013 Kenevir: Il\u0131man bir iklim ve nemli bir toprak ister.Dokuma sanayinin hammaddesidir. Bunlar\u0131n lifleri \u00e7uval, halat, kot kemeri yar\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Ayr\u0131ca tohumlar\u0131ndan \u201cBezir ya\u011f\u0131\u201d elde edilir. Bezir ya\u011f\u0131 boya yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Sinop, Kastamonu, Zonguldak, Kocaeli \u00e7evresinde yeti\u015fir.
\n5. Ha\u015fha\u015f: Yazlar\u0131n s\u0131cak ve orta derecede ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanlarda yeti\u015fir.\u00dcretimi devlet kontrol\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sadece yedi ilde yeti\u015ftirilmektedir.Bunlar Afyon, K\u00fctahya, Denizli, U\u015fak, Burdur, Isparta ve Konya\u2019d\u0131r.Ha\u015fha\u015f ya\u011f, ila\u00e7, sabun ve uyu\u015fturucu yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n6. Yerf\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131: S\u0131cak ve nemli iklim \u015fartlar\u0131nda yeti\u015fir.Meyveleri toprak i\u00e7erisindedir.\u00dclkemizde II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.En fazla Akdeniz\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\nD) MEYVEC\u0130L\u0130K
\n1. F\u0131nd\u0131k: Serin ve nemli iklimleri sever.E\u011fimli yama\u00e7larda ve topraklarda yeti\u015fir.Don olay\u0131 ve kurak yaz \u015fartlar\u0131 verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en fazla Karadeniz\u2019de (Ordu), daha sonra en fazla Marmara\u2019da yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada en fazla T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130talya, \u0130spanya, \u0130ran ve ABD\u2019de yeti\u015fir.
\n2. \u00dcz\u00fcm: So\u011fuk iklim \u015fartlar\u0131na uygunluk g\u00f6sterir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin her yerinde yeti\u015febilir.Ekim alan\u0131 geni\u015ftir.\u00dcz\u00fcm ya\u015f, kuru, pekmez ve \u015farap olarak t\u00fcketilir.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Ege, G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve Marmara\u2019da yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada ya\u015f \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde yedinci, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00fcretiminde birinci s\u0131rada bulunmaktay\u0131z.
\n3. \u0130ncir: Akdeniz ikliminin bitkisidir.So\u011fu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131r.Yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ister.Tabii ekim alan\u0131 dard\u0131r.\u0130ncir \u00fcretimi en fazla Ege, daha sonra Akdeniz\u2019de yap\u0131l\u0131r.T\u00fcrkiye kuru incir \u00fcretiminde birinci, ya\u015f incir \u00fcretiminde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131radad\u0131r.
\n4. Turun\u00e7giller: Portakal, limon, mandalina, greyfurt gibi meyvelere denir.Akdeniz ikliminin tipik meyvesidir.Bu y\u00fczden k\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ister.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Akdeniz ve Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yeti\u015fir.Ayr\u0131ca Rize ve \u00e7evresinde de yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada Muson ve Akdeniz \u00fclkelerinde, ABD, Brezilya, Avustralya ve G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde yeti\u015fir.
\n5. Elma: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.Olgunla\u015fma d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcne\u015f ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k ister. Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi hari\u00e7 su ihtiyac\u0131 sulama ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde en fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde (Ni\u011fde, Nev\u015fehir, Konya), Karadeniz\u2019de (Amasya, Tokat) yeti\u015fir.D\u00fcnyada yedinci s\u0131rada bulunmaktay\u0131z.
\nNOT: \u00dclkemizde ayr\u0131ca ceviz, badem, kestane gibi kabuklu meyveler; armut, ayva, \u015feftali, kiraz, erik, vi\u015fne, kay\u0131s\u0131 gibi meyveler yeti\u015ftirilmektedir.
\nMeyveler aras\u0131nda ticari de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yanlar f\u0131nd\u0131k, \u00fcz\u00fcm, incir ve turun\u00e7gillerdir.
\nE) SEBZEC\u0130L\u0130K
\n\u00dclkemizde sebzecilik fazla geli\u015fmemi\u015ftir.Sebze s\u0131cakl\u0131k, sulama, g\u00fcbreleme, iyi toprak ve \u00e7ok emek ister.Sulama ile \u00fcretim artar.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Akdeniz, Ege, Marmara\u2019da yeti\u015ftirilir.\u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yaz kurakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n erken ba\u015flamas\u0131, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yetersiz olmas\u0131 sebzecili\u011fi olumsuz etkiler.\u00dcretilen sebzelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 taze, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kurutularak t\u00fcketilir.En fazla \u00fcretilen sebzeler:
\na) Yapra\u011f\u0131 yenenler: Lahana, p\u0131rasa, \u0131spanak, enginar
\nb) Meyvesi yenenler: Patl\u0131can, kabak, domates,biber, bamya
\nc) Baklagiller: Fasulye, bezelye, bekle, nohut, mercimek
\nd) Yumrulu olanlar: So\u011fan, patates, havu\u00e7, sar\u0131msak, turp
\n1. Patates: \u00dclkemizde bu\u011fdaydan sonra en fazla t\u00fcketilen \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc iklime ayak uydurur.\u00dclkemizde en fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da (Ni\u011fde, Konya, Kayseri), Karadeniz\u2019de (Samsun, Ordu, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Kastamonu) yeti\u015ftirilir.
\n2. So\u011fan: Patatesten sonra en fazla \u00fcretilen sebzedir.En fazla \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, Marmara ve Karadeniz\u2019de yeti\u015ftirilir.
\nNOT: Patates, so\u011fan gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde destekleme al\u0131m\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretimde dalgalanmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Ayr\u0131ca \u00fclkemizde mercimek, fasulye, nohut da yeti\u015ftirilir.
\nF) SERACILIK
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131narak, intansif tar\u0131m metotlar\u0131 uygulanarak, mevsiminden \u00f6nce veya sonra turfanda meyve ve sebze \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan faaliyete denir.\u00dclkemizde serac\u0131l\u0131k Akdeniz, Ege, Marmara ve k\u0131smen Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r.K\u0131\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 serac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.Bu y\u00fczden serac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7 kesimlerde yap\u0131lmaz.Yine G\u00fcney Marmara\u2019da, Yalova ve \u00e7evresinde \u00e7i\u00e7ek serac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nHAYVANCILIK
\nEkonomik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan hayvanlar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi, beslenmesi ve pazarlanmas\u0131 gibi i\u015flere hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k denir.\u00dclkemizde hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k halen tabiata ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\nHayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in;
\n1. Hayvan soylar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirilmeli: Hayvan say\u0131s\u0131 fazla olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir inek y\u0131lda 150-500 kg. s\u00fct verirken geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde 4000-5000 kg.vermektedir.Yine bir tavuk T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 40-60 yumurta verirken geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde 250 adedi bulmaktad\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde verimin ve kalitenin artmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvan soylar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirilmelidir.Bunun i\u00e7in ya melezle\u015ftirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131 ya da kaliteli et, s\u00fct veren hayvanlar ithal edilmelidir.Hayvan soylar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirmesi haralarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.
\n2. Otlaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve \u0131slah\u0131: Otlak dedi\u011fimiz meralar, hayvanlar\u0131n otland\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal otlaklard\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde 1950\u2019den sonra makinele\u015fmeyle birlikte otlaklarda daralma ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu y\u00fczden otlaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015funlar yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r:
\n– Otlaklar\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yasaklanmal\u0131,
\n– E\u011fimli otlaklar erozyona kar\u015f\u0131 korunmal\u0131,
\n– Otlaklara ek olarak yonca, bur\u00e7ak gibi otlar\u0131n ekimi yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n3. Besi ve ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131:
\nMera hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131: Do\u011fal otlaklarda yap\u0131lan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa denir.Et ve s\u00fct verimi ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.S\u00fct verimi meraya d\u00fc\u015fen ya\u011f\u0131\u015flarla ve otlar\u0131n ye\u015fermesine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fme g\u00f6sterir.
\nAh\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131: Islah edilmi\u015f veya iyi cins ithal hayvanlarla ah\u0131rda yap\u0131lan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa denir. Besi ve ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda et ve s\u00fct verimi daha y\u00fcksektir.Mera hayvanlar\u0131 g\u00fcnde 10-15 kg. s\u00fct verirken ah\u0131r hayvanlar\u0131 30-45 kg. s\u00fct verir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u015feker fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Tar\u0131msal faaliyetle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen hayvan besicili\u011fi \u00fclkemiz k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in ek gelir kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde iklim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc gitmesi hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz etkiler.
\nHayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisine Katk\u0131lar\u0131
\n– Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar.
\n– Milli gelirin %20\u2019sini olu\u015fturur.
\n– D\u0131\u015f ticaretimizin %15\u2019ini olu\u015fturur.
\n– Halk\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunur.
\n– Halk\u0131n beslenme ve giyinme ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar.
\n– Ta\u015f\u0131mada yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n– Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na g\u00fcbre sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n\u00dclkemizde yeti\u015fen hayvanlar\u0131 iki gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz:
\n1. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k: \u00dclkemizde gerek say\u0131 gerekse beslendi\u011fi alanlar\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nde gelir.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k Do\u011fu Karadeniz haricinde her yerde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\na) Koyun: \u00dclkemizde koyun en fazla \u0130\u00e7 ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu, Do\u011fu Anadolu g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi ile Marmara\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.Ba\u015fl\u0131ca koyun t\u00fcrleri ise \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n– K\u0131v\u0131rc\u0131k: Et verimi y\u00fcksektir.
\n– Da\u011fl\u0131\u00e7: Ege ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.Et verimi y\u00fcksektir.
\n– Karaman: Ege, \u0130\u00e7, Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.Kuyruklar\u0131 uzundur.
\n– Merinos: Et verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.Y\u00fcn\u00fc kalitelidir.En fazla Marmara\u2019da vard\u0131r.
\n– Sak\u0131z: \u0130nce kuyruklu olup, Ege ve \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\nb) Ke\u00e7i: \u0130kiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r;
\n– K\u0131l ke\u00e7isi: Eti, s\u00fct\u00fc, derisi ve k\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131l\u0131r.Koyuna g\u00f6re daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r ve daha fazla s\u00fct verir.En fazla Akdeniz\u2019de (Toroslar) ve Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.Ormanlara zarar verir.Bu y\u00fczden say\u0131s\u0131 azalt\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n– Tiftik (Ankara) ke\u00e7isi: T\u00fcyleri ince, uzun ve parlakt\u0131r.T\u00fcylerinin ekonomik de\u011feri vard\u0131r.Tiftik ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerimizdendir.En fazla \u0130\u00e7 ve G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada ise en fazla G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n2. B\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k: S\u0131\u011f\u0131r, manda, at, kat\u0131r, e\u015fek gibi hayvanlara b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan denir.Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler uzun boylu ot topluluklar\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, daha \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 fazla olan yerlerde b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u00d6r: Erzurum-Kars B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc.
\na) S\u0131\u011f\u0131r: Daha \u00e7ok nemli, ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 iklimlerde mera hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde yeti\u015ftirilir.\u00d6rne\u011fin, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Erzurum-Kars B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde yeti\u015ftirilir.Son y\u0131llarda Hollanda ve Danimarka\u2019dan getirilen iyi cins montofon inekleri ile ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada en fazla Rusya, ve ABD\u2019de yeti\u015ftirilir.
\nb) Manda: Akarsu, g\u00f6l kenarlar\u0131 yada batakl\u0131k alanlarda beslenir, suyu \u00e7ok seven bir hayvand\u0131r. S\u00fct\u00fc ya\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kaymak yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en fazla Karadeniz\u2019de beslenir.
\nNOT: – Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da mera, Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ise ah\u0131r hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n– Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k tar\u0131m\u0131n sigortas\u0131d\u0131r.Tar\u0131mdan dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131k hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla kapat\u0131l\u0131r.
\n3. K\u00fcmes Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131: Genelde k\u00f6yl\u00fclerimizin besledi\u011fi k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ekonomik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mazlar.Ancak son y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na kurulan tavuk \u00e7iftlikleri \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f, bu \u015fehirlerin et ve yumurta ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde en fazla Marmara\u2019da, sonra Ege\u2019de yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n4. \u0130pek B\u00f6cek\u00e7ili\u011fi: \u0130pek b\u00f6ce\u011fi denilen t\u0131rt\u0131l, dut yapra\u011f\u0131 ile beslenir.Salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ile ipek telleri olu\u015fur.En fzla Marmara\u2019da (Bursa, Gemlik, \u0130stanbul, Bal\u0131kesir, Bilecik) ve Denizli ile Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n5. Ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k: Ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k her b\u00f6lgemizde yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ege\u2019de di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere nazaran daha yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Karadeniz\u2019de ise gezici ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Bal\u0131 ile \u00fcnl\u00fc ileler; Hakkari, \u015eemdinli, Bitlis, Kars, Erzurum ,Konya, Mu\u011fla ve Ege\u2019de baz\u0131 illerdir.
\n6. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k: T\u00fcrkiye \u00fc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili ve say\u0131s\u0131z g\u00f6l ile akarsular\u0131 buluna bir \u00fclkedir.B\u00f6yle olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fmemi\u015ftirT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tutulan bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n %80\u2019i Karadeniz\u2019de k\u0131y\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindedir.En \u00e7ok tutulan bal\u0131k ise hamsidir.Bunun yan\u0131nda istavrit, palamut, l\u00fcfer, kalkan, mezgit, kefal, uskumru gibi bal\u0131k t\u00fcrleri bulunur.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimi \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta ileri \u00fclkeler \u0130ngiltere, Japonya ABD, Norve\u00e7, \u0130zlanda, Almanya gibi \u00fclkelerdir.Norve\u00e7 ve Japonya\u2019da y\u00fczey \u015fekillerinin engebeli olu\u015fu ve ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma alanlar\u0131 olmas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ;
\n– A\u00e7\u0131k deniz bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131,
\n– Zararl\u0131 bal\u0131k avlama y\u00f6ntemleri b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131 ve modern y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanmal\u0131,
\n– Depolama ve so\u011futucu ara\u00e7larla ta\u015f\u0131ma imkanlar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131,
\n– K\u0131y\u0131 kirlenmesi \u00f6nlenmelidir.
\nORMANCILIK
\nOrmanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n co\u011frafik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:
\nKaradeniz %27, Akdeniz %21, Marmara %19, Ege %16, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu %9, Do\u011fu Anadolu %7, G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu %1
\n\u00dclkemizde ormanlar\u0131n az olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri:
\na) Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n bilin\u00e7sizce kesimi,
\nb) Tar\u0131m alan\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan tahribatlar,
\nc) Bilin\u00e7li veya bilin\u00e7siz yang\u0131nlar ve hayvanlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi zararlard\u0131r.
\nNOT: – Ormanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 neme ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.Nemli b\u00f6lgelerde ormanlar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca bu gibi yerlerde orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00e7ok az g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n– Ormanlar\u0131n ana ve yan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n– Bat\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019de ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6nemli gelir kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\nOrmanlar\u0131n Faydalar\u0131
\n– Erozyonu \u00f6nler. \u2013 Havay\u0131 temizler.
\n– \u0130klim \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli etkiler yapar. \u2013 Nem sa\u011flar.
\n– Akarsu rejimlerini d\u00fczenleyici rol oynar. \u2013 Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
MADENC\u0130L\u0130K
\nEkonomik de\u011feri olan mineral ve elementlere maden denir.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de madencilik faaliyetleri 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan MEA ve Etibank taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.MEA ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapar, Etibank ise bulunan madeni i\u015fletir.Madenlerin olu\u015fumu ile jeolojik devirler aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki vard\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin, volkanik olaylarla krom, kur\u015fun, pirit, manganez, elmas gibi madenler, iklim de\u011fi\u015fmesiyle kayatuzu, jips gibi madenler ili\u015fkilidir.
\nBir madenin i\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in;
\n– Rezervin yeterli olmas\u0131, – Sermayenin yeterli olmas\u0131,
\n– Kalifiye ve teknik eleman\u0131n bulunmas\u0131. – Ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kolay olmas\u0131,
\n– Maden rezervi i\u00e7inde saf maden oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.
\nMaden rezervi: Toprak alt\u0131nda bulunan saf madendir.
\nMaden cevheri: Ekonomik de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan mineral ve elementlerdir.
\nMaden filizi: Topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131nda di\u011fer minerallerle bile\u015fik olu\u015fturan maden cevherine denir.
\nMaden tenoru: Madenin ta\u015f ve toprak i\u00e7indeki y\u00fczde olarak oran\u0131na denir.
\nTuvan\u00f6n cevheri: Topraktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat i\u015flenmemi\u015f madene denir.
\nBa\u015fl\u0131ca Madenlerimiz
\n1. Demir: Sanayinin en \u00f6nemli madenidir.T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan demir madeni, Ere\u011fli, Karab\u00fck ve \u0130skenderun Demir \u00c7elik Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda i\u015flenir.Demir madeni \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Malatya \u00e7evresi (Hekimhan, Divri\u011fi, \u00c7etinkaya), \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da (Kayseri, Sivas), Akdeniz\u2019de (Adana-Saimbeyli, Hatay), ayr\u0131ca Edremit, Eymir, Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de (Fundac\u0131k) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada ise BDT, ABD, Hindistan ve Avustralya \u00f6nde gelir.
\n2. Bak\u0131r: Elektrik ve elektronik sanayinin hammaddesidir.Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ihra\u00e7 edilir.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Kastamonu (K\u00fcre), Artvin (Murgul), Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da (Ergani) \u00e7ok miktarda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Bak\u0131rlar Samsun, Murgul ve Ergani\u2019de i\u015flenmektedir.D\u00fcnyada ise T\u00fcrkiye, ABD, Rusya ve \u015eili \u00f6nde gelir.
\n3. Krom: Demirin sertle\u015fmesinde ve paslanmaz \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Mu\u011fla (Fethiye, K\u00f6yce\u011fiz, Dalaman), Mersin, Adana ve Elaz\u0131\u011f (Guleman)\u2019d\u0131r.Krom Antalya Ferra-Krom Tesislerinde i\u015flenmektedir.D\u00fcnyada ise GAC, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6nde gelir.
\n4. Al\u00fcminyum (Boksit): Otomobil ve u\u00e7ak sanayinde, in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, mutfak e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve elektrikli ara\u00e7larda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Konya (Seydi\u015fehir), \u0130skenderun (Islahiye), Mu\u011fla (Milas), Gaziantep, Antalya ve Ad\u0131yaman\u2019d\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada en fazla Avustralya, Yeni Gine, \u00c7in ve ABD\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n5. Alt\u0131n: S\u00fcs ve ziynet e\u015fyas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan alt\u0131n, eskiden para olarak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Antakya, Ni\u011fde, Bal\u0131kesir, K\u00fctahya, Bursa, \u0130zmir ve \u00e7evresidir.D\u00fcnyada ise Yeni Gine\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.
\n6. Bor Mineralleri: Jet ve roket yak\u0131t\u0131, emaye, porselen, cam \u00fcretiminde, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Bal\u0131kesir (Bigadi\u00e7, Sand\u0131kl\u0131, Susurluk), Eski\u015fehir (Seyitgazi), K\u00fctahya (Emet) ve Bursa\u2019d\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada ise T\u00fcrkiye, ABD ve BDT \u00f6nde gelir.Kullan\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle ekonomimize katk\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n7. Civa: Tek s\u0131v\u0131 madendir.Zirai ila\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, alt\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131nda, ka\u011f\u0131t ve suni g\u00fcbre \u00fcretiminde, boya ve asit sanayinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.D\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminde birinci s\u0131rada bulunmaktay\u0131z.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: \u0130zmir (Karaburun-\u00d6demi\u015f), Manisa-Ala\u015fehir ve Konya (Saray\u00f6n\u00fc)\u2019d\u00fcr.
\n8. K\u00fck\u00fcrt: Zirai ila\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit \u00fcretiminde ve muhtelif kimya sanayinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Isparta (Ke\u00e7iborlu), K\u00fctahya (Simav), Denizli (Sarayk\u00f6y)\u2019d\u00fcr.
\n9. Kur\u015fun-\u00c7inko: \u0130kisi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k halde bulunur.Silah sanayi ve paslanmaz metal \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En fazla Giresun, Sivas, \u0130zmir, Kayseri ve Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da (Keban) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n10. Antinom: Cephane yap\u0131m\u0131nda, cam ve seramik sanayinde, renklendirme i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En fazla Bal\u0131kesir, K\u00fctahya, Bursa, \u0130zmir ve Tokat\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n11. Asbest (Amyant): \u00d6z \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 e\u015fyalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Kansorejen olmas\u0131 nedeniyle kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.En fazla Erzincan, Kars, A\u011fr\u0131, Malatya, Sivas ve U\u015fak\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n12. Barit: \u00c7e\u015fitli boyalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve sondaj \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Is\u0131y\u0131 emme ve so\u011futma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.Cam sanayinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En fazla Antalya, Mersin, Adana ve Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.
\n13. Fosfat: Suni g\u00fcbrenin hammaddesidir.D\u00fcnyada Fas, Tunus ve Cezayir\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde Mardin\u2019den (Maz\u0131da\u011f\u0131) \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.Yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ithal edilir.
\n14. Wolfram: Sert oldu\u011fu \u00f6zel sanayi \u00e7eli\u011fi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Demiryolu, i\u015f makineleri, u\u00e7ak, gemi ve uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En fazla Bursa (Uluda\u011f), K\u0131r\u0131kkale (Keskin), Elaz\u0131\u011f (Keban) ve Ni\u011fde\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.
\n15. L\u00fcle ta\u015f\u0131: Pipo ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sadece Eski\u015fehir\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n16. Manganez: \u00c7eli\u011fin sertle\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Ray ve karayolu ara\u00e7lar\u0131, k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En fazla U\u015fak, Afyon, Burdur, Mu\u011fla, Artvin, Adana, Antep, Sivas, Erzincan ve Trabzon\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n17. Nikel: Sanayide demir, bak\u0131r, al\u00fcminyum ile ala\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Tuzlu suya dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r.Bu nedenle gemi yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde Manisa ve Turgutlu\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n18. Oltu ta\u015f\u0131: Tesbih ve s\u00fcs ta\u015f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.Erzurum\u2019un Oltu il\u00e7esinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n19. Z\u0131mpara ta\u015f\u0131: Z\u0131mpara yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde \u0130zmir (Karaburun, Urla, \u00c7e\u015fme, \u00d6demi\u015f) ve Mu\u011fla\u2019da (Milas) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\n20. Tuz: Kayalardan, g\u00f6l ve deniz gibi durgun sulardan elde edilir.Tuz \u00fcretiminin %30\u2019u Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nden, %10\u2019u kayalardan, geri kalan\u0131 da \u0130zmir \u00c7amalt\u0131 Tuzlas\u0131\u2019ndan elde edilir.
\n21. Mermer: Heykel yap\u0131m\u0131nda, in\u015faat i\u015fleri ve s\u00fcslemede kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemiz mermer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir.Afyon, K\u00fctahya, Marmara Adalar\u0131, K\u0131r\u015fehir, Tokat, Bitlis ve \u0130zmir\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.
\nENERJ\u0130 KAYNAKLARIMIZ
\n1. Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc: I. zamanda olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.Enerjisi y\u00fcksektir.Demir-\u00e7elik sanayinin hammaddesidir. \u00dclkemizde Zonguldak\u2019ta (Ere\u011fli, Kozlu, Kilim) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada en fazla ABD, BDT, Polonya, G. Afrika, Avustralya ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k seviyesine gelmesini ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcne bor\u00e7ludur.
\n2. Linyit: Kalorisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.En zengin enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.III. zamanda olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.Evlerin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.En \u00e7ok elektrik enerjisi linyit ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan termik santrallerden elde edilir.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: K\u00fctahya (Tun\u00e7bilek, De\u011firmisaz, Tav\u015fanl\u0131, Seyit\u00f6mer), Mu\u011fla (Yata\u011fan), Manisa (Soma), Af\u015fin, Elbistan, Amasya (\u00c7eltek), Ankara (\u00c7ay\u0131rhan) ve \u00c7anakkale (\u00c7an)\u2019d\u0131r.
\nTermik Santraller:
\n– Kahramanmara\u015f (Af\u015fin-Elbistan) – K\u00fctahya (Seyit\u00f6mer-Tun\u00e7bilek)
\n– Zonguldak (\u00c7atala\u011fz\u0131) – Mu\u011fla (Yata\u011fan)
\n– Manisa (Soma) – \u0130stanbul (Ambarl\u0131)
\n3. Do\u011falgaz: Gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde az da olsa Trakya\u2019da (K\u0131rklareli, Babaeski, L\u00fcleburgaz) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r.\u00dclkemizde son y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde do\u011falgaz kullan\u0131m\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Rusya ithal etmekteyiz.
\n4. Petrol: \u00dclkemizde ilk petrol 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda Raman\u2019da bulunmu\u015ftur.Petrol \u00fcretimimiz t\u00fcketimimizin sadece %25\u2019ini kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r.\u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerler: Raman, Mardin, Ad\u0131yaman ve Diyarbak\u0131r \u00e7evresidir.En fazla ithalatta bulundu\u011fumuz \u00fclkeler \u0130ran, Irak, Arabistan, ABD, Rusya ve Venezuella\u2019d\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde petrol arama i\u015flerini TPAD y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir.En fazla petrol \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler: Orta Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri, Orta Asya \u00dclkeleri, ABD, \u00c7in, \u0130ngiltere, Kanada ve Meksika\u2019d\u0131r.
\n5. Uranyum ve Toryum: N\u00fckleer enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.MTA\u2019n\u0131n belirledi\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00fclkemiz uranyum y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengindir.Manisa-G\u00f6rdes\u2019te toryum, Ayd\u0131n-S\u00f6ke, Yozgat-Sorgun, Giresun ve Rize\u2019de ise uranyum \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada 600 civar\u0131nda n\u00fckleer santral vard\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131zdan Bulgaristan, Ermenistan, Ukrayna ve BDT\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n6. Jeotermal enerji: Buhardan elde edilen enerjidir.\u00dclkemizde Denizli (Sarayk\u00f6y), Ayd\u0131n (Germencik) ve Afyon\u2019da (G\u00f6cek) bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n7. Hidroelektrik enerji: Akarsular \u00fczerinde barajlar yap\u0131larak elde edilen enerjidir.Avrupa\u2019da Norve\u00e7\u2019ten sonra ikinci s\u0131rada bulunmaktay\u0131z.Do\u011fu Anadolu enerji potansiyeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birinci s\u0131radad\u0131r. Yap\u0131m\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f doksan kadar baraj\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r.
\n– Enerji \u00fcretiminde termik santrallerde \u00fcretilen enerjinin pay\u0131 hidroelektrik santrallerinkinden daha fazlad\u0131r.
\n– Termik santrallerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yak\u0131t ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, fuel-oil, motorin ve linyittir.
\n– Hamitabat ve Ambarl\u0131 Termik Santralleri do\u011fal gazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
END\u00dcSTR\u0130
\nHammaddenin mamul ve yar\u0131 mamul durumuna getirilmesi faaliyetlerine \u00fcretim, \u00fcretim tekni\u011fine de end\u00fcstri denir.Sanayile\u015fmede \u015fu fakt\u00f6rler \u00f6nemlidir:
\n1. Hammadde: Hammaddeler tar\u0131msal, hayvansal yada madensel olarak grupland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n2. Enerji: Petrol, elektrik, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, n\u00fckleer ve jeotermal kaynaklard\u0131r.
\n3. Sermaye: \u00dclkemiz sanayisi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.
\n4. \u0130\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc:
\n5. Ula\u015f\u0131m ve Pazar:
\nNOT: Sanayi yada end\u00fcstri Want\u2019\u0131n buharl\u0131 kazan\u0131 bulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Buharl\u0131 kazan\u0131n 1775\u2019te dokuma end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, 1804\u2019te buharl\u0131 lokomotiflerin icad\u0131, 1807\u2019de gemilerin yard\u0131m\u0131 ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz sanayinin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de End\u00fcstri
\nT\u00fcrkiye 1983 y\u0131l\u0131na gelinceye kadar d\u0131\u015f ticarette tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri satan ve sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri alan bir \u00fclkeydi.Oysa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u0131\u015f ticaret gelirimizin %75\u2019i sanayi mallar\u0131n\u0131n ihracat\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.Sanayi kollar\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u0131ras\u0131yla dokuma, g\u0131da ve di\u011ferleri gelir.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de End\u00fcstri Kollar\u0131
\n1. Dokuma ve giyim end\u00fcstrisi:
\na) Pamuk ipli\u011fi ve dokuma: Nazilli, Manisa, Denizli, Mersin, Tarsus, Adana, Antalya, Hatay ve Kahramanmara\u015f.
\nb) Y\u00fcn ipli\u011fi ve y\u00fcn kuma\u015f: Hereke.
\nc) Suni ipek ve kuma\u015f: \u0130stanbul ve Bursa
\nd) Tabi ipek ve kuma\u015f: \u0130stanbul, Gemlik ve Bursa.
\ne) Haz\u0131r giyim: \u0130stanbul.
\nf) Hal\u0131, kilim, battaniye: Isparta, Ladik, Kayseri, Sivas ve U\u015fak.
\n2. Besin end\u00fcstrisi:
\na) \u015eeker: \u015eeker fabrikalar\u0131 i\u00e7 kesimlerde kurulmu\u015ftur.
\nb) \u00c7ay: Trabzon-Rize aras\u0131nda elliye yak\u0131n \u00e7ay fabrikas\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nc) S\u00fct: \u0130ki bin be\u015f y\u00fcz civar\u0131nda s\u00fct fabrikas\u0131 vard\u0131r.\u00d6r: \u0130zmir, Edirne, Erzurum, Erzincan, Kars.
\nd) Un: Trakya ve i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\ne) Konserve: Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nf) Zeytin ya\u011f\u0131: Ege ve G\u00fcney Marmara\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r.D\u00fcnyada be\u015finci s\u0131raday\u0131z.
\ng) Ay\u00e7i\u00e7ek ya\u011f\u0131: Trakya, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu, G\u00fcney Do\u011fu Anadolu ve Ege\u2019de bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n3. Maden end\u00fcstrisi:
\na) Demir-\u00c7elik: Karab\u00fck, Ere\u011fli, \u0130skenderun, Sivas.
\nb) Al\u00fcminyum: Seydi\u015fehir.
\nc) Kur\u015fun ve \u00e7inko: Elaz\u0131\u011f (Keban) ve Kayseri.
\nd) Bak\u0131r: Murgul, Samsun ve Malatya.
\n4. Otomotiv end\u00fcstrisi:
\n1955\u2019te trakt\u00f6r montaj\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olup, \u015fu an %90 yerli \u00fcretime ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.Otomobil fab: \u0130stanbul, Bursa, \u0130zmir, \u0130zmit ve Adana.Kamyon fab: \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Konya ve Adana. Ayr\u0131ca Eski\u015fehir\u2019de lokomotif ve vagon fabrikas\u0131, Ankara\u2019da u\u00e7ak fabrikas\u0131, \u0130stanbul (Hali\u00e7, Hask\u00f6y, Pendik), G\u00f6lc\u00fck ve \u0130zmir (Alabay)\u2019da tersaneler bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n5. Kimya end\u00fcstrisi:
\na) \u0130la\u00e7: \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Ankara.
\nb) Petro-Kimya: Ba\u015fl\u0131ca rafineriler; K\u0131r\u0131kkale, Mersin (Ata\u015f), \u0130zmir (Alia\u011fa), \u0130zmit (\u0130pra\u015f) ve Batman\u2019d\u0131r.
\nc) Boya: \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir.
\nd) Lastik: \u0130zmit, Adapazar\u0131 ve K\u0131r\u015fehir.
\n6. \u00c7imento, seramik ve cam sanayi: \u0130n\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.
\na) \u00c7imento: \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, \u0130zmit, Ankara, Adana, Mersin, Yozgat, Ad\u0131yaman ve Eski\u015fehir.
\nb) Seramik: K\u00fctahya, \u00c7anakkale, Bilecik, \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmit.
\nc) Cam: \u0130stanbul (Pa\u015fabah\u00e7e), Mersin, K\u0131rklareli ve Sivas.<\/p>\n
T\u0130CARET
\n\u00dcretilen mal ve hizmet unsurunun al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131na ticaret denir.
\n1. \u0130\u00e7 Ticaret: \u00dclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde b\u00f6lge ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ticarettir.
\n\u0130\u00e7 ticarete etki eden hususlar:
\n– Sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n dengesiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 – N\u00fcfus da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar
\n– Her b\u00f6lgedeki tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin farkl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 – Ula\u015f\u0131m.
\n2. D\u0131\u015f Ticaret: Bir \u00fclkenin ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkeyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fe denir.D\u0131\u015f ticaretin para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u0131\u015f ticaret hacmi denir.D\u0131\u015f ticaret ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n– \u0130hracat: D\u0131\u015far\u0131ya yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 ekonomiyi olumlu etkiler.
\n– \u0130thalat: D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yap\u0131lan al\u0131mlard\u0131r.Ekonomiyi olumsuz etkiler.
\nNOT: \u0130hracat ithalattan fazla ise d\u0131\u015f ticaret fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 var demektir.Ekonomiyi olumlu etkiler.
\nD\u0131\u015f ticareti etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler:
\n– \u00dcr\u00fcn miktar\u0131 – \u0130\u00e7 t\u00fcketim
\n– \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kalitesi – Ula\u015f\u0131m sistemi
\n– \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131
\n\u00dcLKEM\u0130ZDE DI\u015e T\u0130CARET
\n1. \u0130lk y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihra\u00e7 ederken zamanla tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin miktar\u0131 artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen oran gerilemi\u015ftir.\u015eimdi d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihra\u00e7 ediyoruz.
\n2. \u0130thalatta ilk \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok miktarda sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri varken \u015fimdi daha \u00e7ok yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131 ithal edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu durum T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kalk\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015farettir.
\n3. \u015eu ana kadar en \u00e7ok d\u0131\u015f ticaret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fclke Almanya\u2019d\u0131r.G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Orta Do\u011fu ve Afrika \u00fclkeleriyle d\u0131\u015f ticarette \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur.
\nBa\u015fl\u0131ca \u0130hra\u00e7 \u00dcr\u00fcnlerimiz
\na) Tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri: Pamuk, f\u0131nd\u0131k, baklagiller, t\u00fct\u00fcn, kuru ve ya\u015f meyvelerdir.
\nb) Hayvan ve hayvansal \u00fcr\u00fcnler: Y\u00fcn, tiftik, deri ve yumurtad\u0131r.
\nc) Madenler: Krom, bak\u0131r, civa, demir ve bordur.
\nAyr\u0131ca hayvansal ve bit ya\u011flar, ipekli dokuma ve giyim e\u015fyalar\u0131, mobilya, cam, \u00e7imento, seramik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve ba\u015fl\u0131ca dayan\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131d\u0131r.
\nBa\u015fl\u0131ca \u0130thal \u00dcr\u00fcnlerimiz
\na) Fabrika kurmaya yarayan aletler, ara\u00e7lar – Petrol, ila\u00e7 ve kimyasal maddeler
\nb) Motorlu ara\u00e7lar – Tropikal k\u00f6kenli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdir.
\nc) Elektronik aletler <\/p>\n
ULA\u015eIM
\n\u0130nsanlar, hayvanlar, \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemeler ve cisimler ile haberlerin nakline denir.Ula\u015f\u0131m, Sanayi Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde kara ve deniz yolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131.Daha sonra motorlar\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesiyle demir yolu ve hava yolu ula\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 devreye girdi.Ula\u015f\u0131mdaki modern ara\u00e7lar ve ula\u015f\u0131lan h\u0131z sonucunda turizm, ticaret ve sosyal faaliyetler de geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\nUla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler
\n1. K\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerle i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda da\u011flar\u0131n uzan\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle ula\u015f\u0131m ge\u00e7itlerden sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n2. \u0130\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde ula\u015f\u0131m, geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fckler nedeniyle kolayd\u0131r.
\n3. Do\u011fuda ula\u015f\u0131m, y\u00fckselti ve engebenin fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle zordur.Bu y\u00fczden kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6nl\u00fc ula\u015f\u0131m sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n– Karayolu: En yayg\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.Yol yap\u0131m masraflar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli artmas\u0131 nedeniyle otobanlar \u00fclke geneline yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.En fazla trafik kazalar\u0131 karayolunda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n– Demiryolu: \u0130lk demiryolu 1866\u2019da Ayd\u0131n-\u0130zmir hatt\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan geli\u015fmeler sonucunda toplam demiryolu uzunlu\u011fu 8140 km.\u2019yi bulmu\u015ftur.Demir yolu kara \u00fczerinde en ucuz olan ula\u015f\u0131m sistemidir.
\n– Denizyolu: B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctlelerin uzak mesafelere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda denizyolu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en ekonomik ula\u015f\u0131m sistemidir.Ancak \u00fclkemizde fazla geli\u015fememi\u015ftir.Toplam 8333 km\u2019yi bulan limanlar\u0131m\u0131zda d\u00fczenli gemi i\u015fletmecili\u011fi geli\u015fememi\u015ftir.D\u00fcnya ticaret filosunda T\u00fcrkiye %0.6, Yunanistan %5, Libya %13.6 pay al\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli limanlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Mersin\u2019dir.Mersin, \u00f6nceleri Orta Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri ile olan ticarette \u00f6nemli iken g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini kaybetmi\u015ftir.
\n4. Havayolu: \u00dclkemiz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda en az pay\u0131 olan ula\u015f\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc havayolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksek sermaye ve teknoloji gerekmektedir.Hava ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek yolcu pay\u0131 i\u00e7 hatlard\u0131r.Elli \u00fc\u00e7 u\u00e7ak seferi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
TARIM Geni\u015f manada insan\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleyerek \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirme faaliyetidir. Tar\u0131m\u0131 etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler 1. \u0130KL\u0130M: Her tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kendine has iklim iste\u011fi vard\u0131r.\u0130klimi etkileyen fakt\u00f6rler: – Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131: Y\u0131lda 10 cm\u2019lik ya\u011f\u0131\u015f tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. – Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejimi: Her \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131 rejime ayak uydurur.Pamuk, m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n yeti\u015fti\u011fi yerde yeti\u015fmez. – S\u0131cakl\u0131k: S\u0131cakl\u0131k 10 derecenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3811,2256,3657,2264,2209,3809,3810,2925,3552,3549,3661,3791,2821,3808,3641,3807,3665,3792,3111],"class_list":["post-1310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-ambarli","tag-bakir","tag-bor-mineralleri","tag-demir","tag-dogalgaz","tag-fosfat","tag-hamitabat","tag-iklim","tag-krom","tag-maden","tag-madencilik","tag-nadas","tag-pamuk","tag-sekerpancari","tag-tarim","tag-tarimi-etkileyen-faktorler","tag-termik-santraller","tag-tohum-islahi","tag-turkiyenin-beseri-cografyasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1310"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1310\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}