Haritadaki alan,<\/p>\n
Haritadaki Alan = Ger\u00e7ek Alan \/ \u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda)2<\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ile ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : Ger\u00e7ek alan\u0131 590.4 km2 olan g\u00f6l 1 \/ 1.200.000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritada ka\u00e7 cm2 g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
Orant\u0131yla \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re ;<\/p>\n
1 cm 12 km’yi g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
1 cm2 144 km2’yi g\u00f6steriyorsa
\n x cm2 590.4 km2’yi g\u00f6sterir.
\n ——————————————————–
\n x = 590.4 \/ 144 = 4.1 cm2 dir.<\/p>\n
Form\u00fclle \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
Haritadaki Alan = Ger\u00e7ek Alan \/ \u00d6l\u00e7ek2 (Payda)<\/p>\n
Haritadaki Alan = 590.4 \/ (12)2<\/p>\n
Haritadaki Alan = 590.4 \/ 144 = 4.1 cm2<\/p>\n
UYARI : Haritalardaki alan hesaplan\u0131rken \u00f6l\u00e7ek paydas\u0131n\u0131n karesi mutlaka al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek Hesaplama <\/p>\n
Harita ve arazi \u00fczerindeki uzunluklar\u0131n verildi\u011fi sorularda \u00f6l\u00e7ek,<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) = Harita Uzunlu\u011fu \/ Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk<\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : Arazi \u00fczerindeki 84 km’lik uzunluk, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi bilinmeyen haritada 7 cm g\u00f6sterildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, haritan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi nedir?<\/p>\n
Orant\u0131yla \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
84 km cm’ye \u00e7evrilir.
\n 7 cm 8.400.000 cm’yi g\u00f6steriyorsa
\n 1 cm x cm’yi g\u00f6sterir.
\n ———————————————–
\n x = 1 * 8.400.000 \/ 7 = 1.200.000 cm’dir.
\n \u00d6l\u00e7ek : 1 \/ 1.200.000’dir.<\/p>\n
Form\u00fclle \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) = Harita Uzunlu\u011fu \/ Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk
\n \u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) = 7 \/ 8.400.000
\n \u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) = 1.200.000 cm
\n \u00d6l\u00e7ek : 1 \/ 1.200.000’dir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek Hesaplama
\n Harita ve arazi \u00fczerindeki alanlar\u0131n verildi\u011fi sorularda \u00f6l\u00e7ek <\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) = Haritadaki Alan \/ Ger\u00e7ek Alan kesrinin karek\u00f6k\u00fc<\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : Ger\u00e7ek Alan\u0131 4375 km2 olan bir g\u00f6l, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi bilinmeyen haritada 7 cm2 g\u00f6sterildi\u011fine g\u00f6re haritan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi nedir?<\/p>\n
UYARI : Harita ve arazi \u00fczerindeki alanlar\u0131n verildi\u011fi sorularda \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi hesaplarken kare k\u00f6k almay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n
E\u011fim Hesaplama :<\/p>\n
E\u011fim : Topo\u011frafya y\u00fczeyinin yatay d\u00fczlemle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ya e\u011fim denir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fim,<\/p>\n
E\u011fim = Y\u00fckseklik (m) * 100 \/ Yatay Uzakl\u0131k <\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ile hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : A – B aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k 1 \/ 600.000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritada 4 cm g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Aralar\u0131ndaki y\u00fckselti fark\u0131 1200 m. oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, A ile B aras\u0131ndaki e\u011fim binde (%o) ka\u00e7t\u0131r?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm A B aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek uzakl\u0131k;
\n 4 * 6 = 24 km oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re,<\/p>\n
E\u011fim = Y\u00fckseklik Fark\u0131 (m) \/ Yatay Uzakl\u0131k (m) * 1000 <\/p>\n
E\u011fim = 1200 \/ 24.000 * 1000<\/p>\n
E\u011fim = %o 50’dir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : E\u011fim y\u00fczde (%) olarak hesaplan\u0131rken 100 ile, binde (%o) olarak hesaplan\u0131rken 1000 ile \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Harita Bilgisi<\/p>\n
Harita, Plan, Kroki<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki bir yerin ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, kroki, plan ya da harita olarak d\u00fczleme aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Harita : D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn belli bir oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclerek d\u00fczleme aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fekline harita denir.
\n Bir \u00e7izimin harita \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yabilmesi i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n
– Ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme g\u00f6re \u00e7izilmesi,
\n – Arazi \u00fczerindeki uzunluklar\u0131n belli bir oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : Ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm temel al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan \u00e7izimlerin harita \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6l\u00e7ek) bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Plan : Bir yerin ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn belli bir oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclerek d\u00fczleme aktar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Plan bir t\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kroki : Bir yerin ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7eksiz olarak d\u00fczleme aktar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Haritalarda Bozulmalar<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi harita \u00e7izimini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmektedir. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00fczleme aktar\u0131rken \u015fekillerde, alanlarda, uzunluk ve a\u00e7\u0131larda bozulmalar olur. Bu nedenle k\u00fcresel y\u00fczeyi d\u00fczleme aktarmak i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7izim y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.
\n \u00d6zellikle yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekillerini g\u00f6steren haritalar tam olarak ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmazlar. Engebesi fazla, geni\u015f alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi haritalarda hata pay\u0131 artar. Az engebeli, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6steriminde hata pay\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
UYARI : D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi harita \u00e7izimini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n
– Engebeli ve geni\u015f alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi haritalarda bozulmalar fazlad\u0131r.
\n – Engebesiz ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi haritalarda bozulmalar azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Projeksiyon<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n k\u00fcreselli\u011fi nedeniyle, haritalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hatalar\u0131 en aza indirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in yerk\u00fcrenin paralel ve meridyen a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirli kurallara g\u00f6re d\u00fcz bir ka\u011f\u0131da ge\u00e7irilmesi gerekir. Bu sisteme projeksiyon denir.<\/p>\n
Projeksiyon Sistemleri<\/p>\n
– Alan Koruyan Projeksiyon<\/p>\n
Alan koruyan projeksiyon ile \u00e7izilen haritalarda, \u015fekil, a\u00e7\u0131 ve uzunluk oranlar\u0131 bozulur. Ancak, paralel daireleri ile meridyenler aras\u0131ndaki alanlar bozulmadan, orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczleme ge\u00e7irilir. B\u00f6ylece ger\u00e7ek alan korunmu\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
– A\u00e7\u0131 Koruyan Projeksiyon<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131 koruyan projeksiyon ile \u00e7izilen haritalarda, meridyenler ile paraleller aras\u0131ndaki 90\u00b0\u2019lik a\u00e7\u0131k iler kara ve denizlerin \u015fekilleri korunur. Ancak, bunlar\u0131n alanlar\u0131 bozulur. Bu tip haritalarda kutup b\u00f6lgelerine do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e, kara ve denizlerin alan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
– Uzunluk Koruyan Projeksiyon<\/p>\n
Uzunluk koruyan projeksiyon ile \u00e7izilen haritalarda, merkezden \u00e7evreye do\u011fru t\u00fcm y\u00f6nlerdeki uzunluklar\u0131n oran\u0131 korunur. A\u00e7\u0131 ve alan korunmaz.<\/p>\n
Harita \u00c7izimi <\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgenin haritas\u0131 \u00e7izilirken \u00f6ncelikle;<\/p>\n
– B\u00f6lgenin enlem ve boylam\u0131n\u0131n,
\n – Haritan\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131n\u0131n,
\n – Haritan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Harita yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak \u00e7izim y\u00f6ntemi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131 ve harita i\u015faretleri ise haritan\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n
Harita Elemanlar\u0131 <\/p>\n
T\u00fcm haritalarda bulunmas\u0131 gereken 5 temel eleman vard\u0131r. Bunlar, enlem-boylam, \u00f6l\u00e7ek, harita anahtar\u0131 (lejant), ba\u015fl\u0131k ve \u00e7er\u00e7evedir.<\/p>\n
Enlem-boylam : Haritas\u0131 yap\u0131lacak alan\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle enlem ve boylamlar\u0131 belirlenir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc haritan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, bu alan\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fine ve kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir. <\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek : Haritan\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenmelidir.<\/p>\n
Harita Anahtar\u0131 (Lejant) : Haritada kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel i\u015faretlerin ne anlama geldi\u011fini g\u00f6steren b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Her haritan\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 i\u015faretler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fl\u0131k : Haritan\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeli, haritay\u0131 tan\u0131tmaya yeterli, a\u00e7\u0131k ve k\u0131sa olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7er\u00e7eve : T\u00fcm haritalarda, haritas\u0131 yap\u0131lacak alan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir i\u00e7 \u00e7er\u00e7eve ve di\u011fer harita elemanlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan d\u0131\u015f \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Harita \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi<\/p>\n
Harita \u00fczerinde belli iki nokta aras\u0131ndaki uzunlu\u011fun, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki ayn\u0131 noktalar aras\u0131ndaki uzunlu\u011fa oran\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, ger\u00e7ek uzunluklar\u0131 harita \u00fczerine aktar\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin : Bo\u011faz K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekte 1074 m olan iki aya\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131 uzakl\u0131k, \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi bilinmeyen bir haritada yakla\u015f\u0131k 0.5 cm g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Haritan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini bulmak i\u00e7in harita \u00fczerindeki uzunlu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek uzunlu\u011fa oranlar\u0131z.
\n Buna g\u00f6re haritan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1\/200.000’dir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ek = Harita \u00dczerindeki Uzunluk \/ Arazi \u00dczerindeki Uzunluk (Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk)<\/p>\n
Kesir \u00d6l\u00e7ek<\/p>\n
Haritalardaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131n\u0131 basit kesirle ifade eden \u00f6l\u00e7ek t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
1 \/ 25.000 , 1 \/ 500.000, 1 \/ 1.000.000 birer kesir \u00f6l\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n
Kesir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, pay ile paydan\u0131n birimleri ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Uzunluk birimi olarak santimetre (cm) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin : 1 \/ 1.000.000 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde, arazi \u00fczerindeki 1.000.000 cm (10 km)’lik uzunluk harita \u00fczerinde 1 cm g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7izgi (grafik) \u00d6l\u00e7ek<\/p>\n
Haritalardaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izgi grafi\u011fi \u00fczerinde g\u00f6steren \u00f6l\u00e7ek t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n Kesir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir ve santimetre (cm)’nin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm uzunluk birimleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kesir \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi \u00c7izgi \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe \u00c7evirme
\n Kesir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, \u00e7izgi \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe \u00e7evirirken \u00f6nce 1 cm’nin ka\u00e7 km’yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bulunur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : 1 \/ 2.500.000 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde 1 cm 25km’yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00e7izgi \u00f6l\u00e7ekte de 1 cm 25 km’yi g\u00f6stermelidir.
\n Bir do\u011fru par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00e7izilerek e\u015fit aral\u0131klara b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00dczerine, 1 cm 25 km’yi g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde de\u011ferler yaz\u0131l\u0131r.
\n S\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n sol taraf\u0131ndaki aral\u0131k 25 km’den daha k\u0131sa uzunluklar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesine yarayacak bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7izgi \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi Kesir \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe \u00c7evirme<\/p>\n
\u00c7izgi \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi kesir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe \u00e7evirirken \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin uzunlu\u011funun, toplam ka\u00e7 km’yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bulunur. 1 cm’nin ka\u00e7 km’yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini bulmak i\u00e7in orant\u0131 kurulur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin : \u00c7izgi \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin uzunlu\u011fu 5 cm’dir.<\/p>\n
5 cm 20 km g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine g\u00f6re
\n 1 cm x km’yi g\u00f6sterir.
\n —————————————-
\n x = 20 \/ 5 = 4 km<\/p>\n
Bulunan de\u011fer cm’ye \u00e7evrilir.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re kesir \u00f6l\u00e7ek 1 \/ 400.000’dir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : \u00c7izgi \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi kesir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fe \u00e7evirirken, grafi\u011fin sonundaki uzunluk birimine dikkat etmemiz gerekir.<\/p>\n
Harita T\u00fcrleri<\/p>\n
Harita ya\u015fam\u0131n her alan\u0131nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 ara\u00e7lar olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Bir kentin imar plan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, karayolu, demiryolu ya da k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in en uygun yerin belirlenmesi, arkeoloji, co\u011frafya gibi bir\u00e7ok alanda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda haritalardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Haritalar konular\u0131na ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklerine g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Konular\u0131na G\u00f6re Haritalar<\/p>\n
Konular\u0131na g\u00f6re haritalar, kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re genel haritalar ve \u00f6zel haritalar olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Genel Haritalar <\/p>\n
Toplumun geni\u015f kesimi taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131labilen haritalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Topo\u011frafya Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
\u0130zohips (e\u015f y\u00fckselti) e\u011frisi y\u00f6ntemi ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. Araziyi \u00f6l\u00e7ekleri oran\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterirler. \u00d6l\u00e7ekleri 1 \/ 20.000 ile 1 \/ 500.000 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. 1 \/ 20.000’den b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli olanlar kadastro i\u015flerinde ve askeri ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu haritalardan \u00f6l\u00e7ek, uzunluk alan ve e\u011fim hesaplamada yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Fiziki Haritalar<\/p>\n
Fiziki haritalar, yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn kabart\u0131 ve \u00e7ukurluklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren orta ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritalard\u0131r.
\n Fiziki haritalar haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken e\u015f y\u00fckselti ve e\u015f derinlik e\u011frileri geni\u015f aral\u0131klarla ge\u00e7irilir. Bu aral\u0131klar \u00e7e\u015fitli renklerle boyan\u0131r. Y\u00fckseltiler genellikle ye\u015fil, sar\u0131 ve kahverenginin \u00e7e\u015fitli tonlar\u0131 ile, derinlikler ise a\u00e7\u0131ktan koyuya mavi rengin tonlar\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
– Siyasi ve \u0130dari Haritalar
\n Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde veya bir k\u0131tada bulunan \u00fclkeleri, bir \u00fclkenin idari b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, yerle\u015fim merkezlerini g\u00f6steren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalardan uzunluk ve alan bulmada yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak yer \u015fekilleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilemez.<\/p>\n
– Duvar ve Atlas Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik haritalard\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00e7ekleri 1 \/ 1.100.000’dan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u0131talar\u0131 veya \u00fclkeleri g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel Haritalar <\/p>\n
Belirli bir konu i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
– Araziden Yararlanma Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgede arazinin nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalar yard\u0131m\u0131yla ekili-dikili alanlar\u0131n, \u00e7ay\u0131r ve mera alanlar\u0131n\u0131n, orman alanlar\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile kayal\u0131k, batakl\u0131k gibi kullan\u0131lmayan alanlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilir. Tar\u0131m\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de bu haritalarda g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
– Ekonomi Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomik \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6steren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalar yard\u0131m\u0131yla end\u00fcstri kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc, say\u0131s\u0131, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilir.<\/p>\n
– Hidrografya Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgenin su potansiyeli (akarsular, g\u00f6ller, yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131, kaynaklar) hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalar yard\u0131m\u0131yla akarsular\u0131n drenaj tipi, ak\u0131m miktar\u0131, kanallar, g\u00f6l sular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri, yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc, kaynaklar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 ve verimlilik derecesi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130zoterm Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgede, e\u015f s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren e\u011friye izoterm denir.
\n \u0130zotermler yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00e7izilen izoterm haritalar\u0131ndan, bir b\u00f6lgedeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinilir.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in, bu haritalar s\u0131cakl\u0131k basamaklar\u0131na uygun olarak renklendirilir. S\u0131cak yerler i\u00e7in k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n tonlar\u0131 so\u011fuk yerler i\u00e7in mavinin tonlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Jeomorfoloji Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgedeki \u015fekillenme s\u00fcreci yani i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkisiyle olu\u015fan yer \u015fekilleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren haritalard\u0131r.
\n Bu haritalarda faylar, yama\u00e7lar, vadi t\u00fcrleri, birikinti konileri, sekiler, ovalar ve daha bir \u00e7ok yer \u015fekli taranarak g\u00f6sterilir. Yer \u015fekillerinin kolay ay\u0131rt edilmesi amac\u0131yla bu haritalar renklendirilir.<\/p>\n
– N\u00fcfus Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ya da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki n\u00fcfusun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalarda n\u00fcfus da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 noktalama ile g\u00f6sterilir. N\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu haritalar\u0131 ise renklendirilir.<\/p>\n
– Toprak Haritalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bir b\u00f6lgenin toprak \u00f6zellikleri ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren haritalard\u0131r. Bu haritalardan, yeti\u015ftirilecek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin belirlenmesi, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak topraklardan daha iyi verim al\u0131nabilmesi gibi bir \u00e7ok konuda yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7eklerine G\u00f6re Haritalar<\/p>\n
– B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6l\u00e7ekli Haritalar
\n \u00d6l\u00e7ekleri 1 \/ 200.000’e kadar olan bu haritalarda :<\/p>\n
\u2022 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 fazlad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Birim d\u00fczlemde g\u00f6sterilen ger\u00e7ek alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 E\u015fy\u00fckselti e\u011frileri aras\u0131ndaki y\u00fckselti fark\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n Planlar ve topo\u011frafya haritalar\u0131 bu gruba girer.<\/p>\n
– Orta \u00d6l\u00e7ekli Haritalar<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ekleri 1 \/ 200.000 ile 1 \/ 1.000.000 aras\u0131nda olan haritalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritalar g\u00f6re daha azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00d6l\u00e7ekli Haritalar<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7ekleri 1 \/ 1.000.000’dan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan haritalarda;<\/p>\n
\u2022 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 en azd\u0131r.
\n \u2022 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltme oran\u0131 en fazlad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Birim d\u00fczlemde g\u00f6sterilen ger\u00e7ek alan b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 E\u015fy\u00fckselti e\u011frileri aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 fazlad\u0131r.
\n Duvar ve atlas haritalar\u0131 bu gruba girer.<\/p>\n
Haritalarda Yer \u015fekillerinin G\u00f6sterilmesi<\/p>\n
Haritalarda Kullan\u0131lan \u00c7izim Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekillerini harita \u00fczerine aktarmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemler;<\/p>\n
– Kabartma Y\u00f6ntemi<\/p>\n
Kabartma y\u00f6ntemi ile yap\u0131lan haritalarda, y\u00fckseltiler belli oranda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Yer \u015fekilleri kabart\u0131larak g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
– G\u00f6lgelendirme Y\u00f6ntemi<\/p>\n
G\u00f6lgelendirme y\u00f6nteminde, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yer \u015fekilleri \u00fczerine 45 derece a\u00e7\u0131 ile geldi\u011fi kabul edilerek arazi yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde g\u00f6lgelerin a\u00e7\u0131k veya koyu olu\u015fu arazinin e\u011fimi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir.
\n G\u00f6lgelerin koyula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde e\u011fim azal\u0131r. Yer \u015fekilleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yard\u0131mc\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Tarama Y\u00f6ntemi<\/p>\n
Tarama y\u00f6ntemi ile yap\u0131lan haritalarda, yer \u015fekilleri k\u0131sa, kal\u0131n, s\u0131k ya da ince, uzun, seyrek \u00e7izgilerle taranm\u0131\u015f olarak g\u00f6sterilir.
\n E\u011fim artt\u0131k\u00e7a taramalar\u0131n boylar\u0131 k\u0131sal\u0131r, s\u0131kla\u015f\u0131r ve kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. E\u011fimin az oldu\u011fu yerlerde ise taramalar uzar, seyrekle\u015fir ve incelir. Taraman\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler ise d\u00fczl\u00fckleri g\u00f6stermektedir.
\n Tarama y\u00f6ntemi ile harita yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n zor olmas\u0131, y\u00fckselti, e\u011fim bulma gibi hesaplamalar\u0131n yap\u0131lamamas\u0131 gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Renklendirme Y\u00f6ntemi<\/p>\n
E\u015fy\u00fckselti e\u011frileriyle birlikte kullan\u0131lan bu y\u00f6ntemde y\u00fckselti ve derinlik basamaklar\u0131 renklerle g\u00f6sterilir. Fiziki haritalarda y\u00fckseltiler genellikle, ye\u015fil, sar\u0131 ve kahverenginin \u00e7e\u015fitli tonlar\u0131, derinlikler ise a\u00e7\u0131ktan koyuya mavi rengin tonlar\u0131 ile g\u00f6sterilir.
\n UYARI : Fiziki haritalarda kullan\u0131lan renkler, yer \u015fekillerini g\u00f6stermez. Y\u00fckselti ve derinlik basamaklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– \u0130zohips (E\u015f y\u00fckselti) E\u011frisi Y\u00f6ntemi<\/p>\n
Bu y\u00f6ntemle yap\u0131lan haritalarda yer \u015fekilleri izohipsler yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130zohips (E\u015f y\u00fckselti) E\u011frisi<\/p>\n
Deniz seviyesinden ayn\u0131 y\u00fckseklikteki noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren e\u011friye e\u015f y\u00fckselti (izohips) e\u011frisi, ayn\u0131 derinlikteki noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren e\u011friye e\u015f derinlik (izobath) e\u011frisi denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130zohips Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 (E\u015f Aral\u0131k)<\/p>\n
\u0130zohipsler haritalar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine uygun olarak belirlenen y\u00fckselti aral\u0131klar\u0131 ile \u00e7izilir. Bu aral\u0131\u011fa izohips aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da e\u015f aral\u0131k denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130zohipslerin \u00d6zellikleri <\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130zohipsler i\u00e7 i\u00e7e kapal\u0131 e\u011frilerdir.
\n \u2022 Her izohips, kendisinden daha y\u00fcksek izohipslerin \u00e7evresini dola\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Dik yama\u00e7larda izohipsler s\u0131k ge\u00e7er
\n \u2022 E\u011fimin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde izohipsler seyrek ge\u00e7er
\n \u2022 Doruk nokta ya da \u00fc\u00e7gen ile g\u00f6sterilir.
\n \u2022 \u00c7evresine g\u00f6re \u00e7ukurda kalan yerler yani \u00e7anaklar, i\u00e7e do\u011fru \u00e7izilen oklarla g\u00f6sterilir. <\/p>\n
UYARI : K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisinden 0 m e\u011frisi ge\u00e7er. Her e\u011fri, kendisinden daha y\u00fcksek izohipslerin \u00e7evresini dola\u015f\u0131r. \u0130zohipslerin s\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde e\u011fim artar.<\/p>\n
Haritalarda Yer \u015fekillerinin G\u00f6sterilmesi<\/p>\n
Yer \u015fekillerinin g\u00f6steriminde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem izohips y\u00f6ntemidir.
\n \u0130zohips y\u00f6ntemi ile yap\u0131lan haritalarda izohipslerin uzan\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re, tepe, s\u0131rt, boyun, yama\u00e7, vadi, delta gibi yer \u015fekillerini harita \u00fcst\u00fcnde tan\u0131mlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Tepe : Bir doruk noktas\u0131 ve onu \u00e7evreleyen yama\u00e7lardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131rt : \u0130ki akarsu vadisini birbirinden ay\u0131ran ve birbirine ters y\u00f6nde e\u011fimli y\u00fczeyleri birle\u015ftiren yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015feklidir. S\u0131rtlar\u0131n \u00fczeri d\u00fcz olabilece\u011fi gibi keskin de olabilir.<\/p>\n
Boyun : Birbirine ters y\u00f6nde a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki akarsu vadisinin en y\u00fcksek, iki doruk aras\u0131ndaki alan\u0131n en al\u00e7ak yerine boyun denir. Buralara bel ya da ge\u00e7it de denir.<\/p>\n
Yama\u00e7 : Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki e\u011fimli y\u00fczeylerdir.<\/p>\n
Vadi : Akarsuyun a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00fcrekli ini\u015fi bulunan, uzun, do\u011fal oluktur.<\/p>\n
Delta : Akarsuyun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddeleri denize ya da g\u00f6le ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde biriktirmesi ile olu\u015fan yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015feklidir.<\/p>\n
UYARI : \u0130zohipslerin “V” \u015feklini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde, a\u00e7\u0131k taraf akarsu ak\u0131\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. Akarsular\u0131n delta olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 yerlerde, izohipsler deniz veya g\u00f6l y\u00fczeyine do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yapar.
\n \u0130zohipsin “V” \u015feklini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde y\u00fckselti “V” nin a\u00e7\u0131k ucuna do\u011fru art\u0131yorsa s\u0131rt, sivri ucuna do\u011fru art\u0131yorsa vadi vard\u0131r.
\n Boyun olabilmesi i\u00e7in, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 iki tepe aras\u0131nda, birbirine ters y\u00f6nde uzanan iki akarsu vadisinin bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Profil \u00c7\u0131kartma<\/p>\n
Topo\u011frafya y\u00fczeyinin d\u00fc\u015fey d\u00fczlemde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara kesite topo\u011frafik profil denir.<\/p>\n
Profil e\u015f y\u00fckselti e\u011frisi y\u00f6ntemi ile yap\u0131lan haritalardan yararlanarak \u00e7izilir.<\/p>\n
Harita Hesaplamalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ek Uzunlu\u011fu Hesaplama<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ek uzunluk, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle arazi \u00fczerindeki uzunluk,<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk = \u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda) * Harita Uzunlu\u011fu<\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ile ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : 1 \/ 850.000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir haritada A – B kentleri aras\u0131 8 cm \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re iki kent aras\u0131ndaki ku\u015f u\u00e7u\u015fu uzakl\u0131k ka\u00e7 km’dir?<\/p>\n
Orant\u0131yla \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re, arazi \u00fczerindeki 850.000 cm haritada 1 cm g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.
\n 1 cm 850.000 cm’yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine g\u00f6re
\n 8 cm x cm’yi g\u00f6sterir.
\n —————————————————————-
\n x = 8 * 850.000 \/ 1 = 6.800.000 cm<\/p>\n
cm’yi km’ye \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in 5 basamak sola do\u011fru gitmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
6.800.000 cm = 68 km’dir.<\/p>\n
Form\u00fclle \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : <\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk = \u00d6l\u00e7ek * Harita Uzunlu\u011fu
\n Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk = 850.000 * 8
\n Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk = 6.800.000 cm = 68 km’dir.<\/p>\n
Haritadaki Uzunlu\u011fu Hesaplama<\/p>\n
Harita \u00fczerindeki uzunluk<\/p>\n
Harita Uzunlu\u011fu = Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk \/ \u00d6l\u00e7ek (payda)<\/p>\n
form\u00fcl\u00fc ile ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek : Arazi \u00fczerindeki 180 km’lik uzunluk 1 \/ 900.000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritada ka\u00e7 cm ile g\u00f6sterilir?<\/p>\n
Orant\u0131yla \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
1 \/ 900.000 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde,<\/p>\n
1 cm 9 km’yi g\u00f6steriyorsa
\n x cm 180 km’yi g\u00f6sterir.
\n ———————————-
\n x = 1* 180 \/ 9 = 20 cm’dir.<\/p>\n
Form\u00fclle \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm :<\/p>\n
\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re, arazi \u00fczerindeki 900.00 cm haritada 1 cm g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Harita Uzunlu\u011fu = Ger\u00e7ek Uzunluk \/ \u00d6l\u00e7ek (payda)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Haritadaki alan, Haritadaki Alan = Ger\u00e7ek Alan \/ \u00d6l\u00e7ek (Payda)2 form\u00fcl\u00fc ile ya da do\u011fru orant\u0131 kurularak hesaplan\u0131r. \u00d6rnek : Ger\u00e7ek alan\u0131 590.4 km2 olan g\u00f6l 1 \/ 1.200.000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli haritada ka\u00e7 cm2 g\u00f6sterilir. Orant\u0131yla \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm : \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6re ; 1 cm 12 km’yi g\u00f6stermektedir. 1 cm2 144 km2’yi g\u00f6steriyorsa x cm2 590.4 km2’yi g\u00f6sterir. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[3820,4006,2107,3196,3833,3076,4002,4003,4004,3751,3999,3761,4005,3752,3078,4000,4001],"class_list":["post-1405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-boylam","tag-cizgi-olcegi-kesir-olcege-cevirme","tag-dunya","tag-enlem","tag-harita","tag-harita-bilgisi","tag-harita-cizimi","tag-harita-elemanlari","tag-harita-olcegi","tag-harita-turleri","tag-haritadaki-alani-hesaplama","tag-izoterm-haritalari","tag-kesir-olcegi-cizgi-olcege-cevirme","tag-konularina-gore-haritalar","tag-kroki","tag-olcek-hesaplama","tag-plan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1405"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1405\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}