Yerin derinliklerini inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumu Big Bang teorisine g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumu 5 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\n D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumundan bug\u00fcne kadar ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu\u011fu safhalara Jeolojik Devirler denir. <\/p>\n
IV. Zaman (Kuaterner) \u0130lk insan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale bo\u011faz\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Epirojenik y\u00fckselme g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.
\n III. Zaman (Neozoik) Alp-Himalaya k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015ftu. \u015eiddetli volkanik olaylar. Linyit,Tuz, Petrol, Borasit yataklar\u0131 olu\u015ftu
\n II. Zaman (Mezozoik) Tortula\u015fma ve birikme meydana geldi. K\u0131talar olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n I. Zaman (Paleozoik) Kaledonya ve Hersinyan k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015ftu.
\n \u0130lkel Zaman K\u0131ta \u00e7ekirdekleri olu\u015fmu\u015f, ilkel canl\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/p>\n
Yerin yap\u0131s\u0131 incelendi\u011finde Yerkabu\u011funun farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip 3 katmandan olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlar; 1) Yerkabu\u011fu (Ta\u015fk\u00fcre) 2) Manto (ma\u011fma) 3) \u00c7ekirdek<\/p>\n
1) YERKABU\u011eU (Ta\u015fk\u00fcre): Bu katman tamamen kat\u0131 halde olup ortalama kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 33 km\u2019dir. Bu katmanda s\u0131cakl\u0131klar 33 m de 1Co artar. Yo\u011funluk bu katmanda en azd\u0131r. Sial ve Sima olmak \u00fczere 2 katmana ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n S\u0130AL katman\u0131 Silisyum ve Alimunyumdan olu\u015fur Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n alt\u0131nda az okyanuslar\u0131n alt\u0131nda incedir.
\n S\u0130MA katman\u0131 Silisyum ve Magnezyumdan olu\u015fur. Yo\u011funluk ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 denizlerin alt\u0131nda fazla da\u011flar\u0131n alt\u0131nda incedir.
\n 2) MANTO (Magma): Bu katman tamamen lavlardan olu\u015fur. Yo\u011funluk ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k fazlad\u0131r.
\n 3) \u00c7EK\u0130RDEK: Yo\u011funluk ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k max seviyededir.\u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f \u00e7ekirdek olmak \u00fczere 2 ye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yerkabu\u011funu Olu\u015fturan Ta\u015flar
\n Kat\u0131 halde olan yer kabu\u011fu ta\u015flardan ibarettir. Bu ta\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 3 gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz.
\n 1) P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck (Magmatik \u2013 Volkanik) Ta\u015flar:
\n Yeralt\u0131nda bulunan lav maddesi yerin \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 boyunca yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar ve kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Bu ta\u015flara denir. E\u011fer lav maddesi yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131rsa d\u0131\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck, ula\u015famaz yerin i\u00e7inde kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa i\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n \u0130\u00e7 P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar: Bazalt, Andezit, Obsidyen,T\u00fcf
\n D\u0131\u015f P\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fck ta\u015flar: Granit, Siyenit,Diyorit,Gabro<\/p>\n
2) Tortul Ta\u015flar: D\u0131\u015f kuvvetler taraf\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131nan malzeme deniz ve g\u00f6l diplerinde \u00fcst \u00fcste birikerek ta\u015fla\u015f\u0131r. Kat\u0131la\u015fan bu maddeler tortul ta\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Tortul ta\u015flar\u0131 en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi i\u00e7lerinde fosil bulunmas\u0131 ve tabakal\u0131 olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 3 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar;
\n a) Fiziksel (Mekanik) Tortul ta\u015flar: Sular taraf\u0131ndan eritilemeyen maddelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131nan malzemenin deniz ve g\u00f6l diplerinde birkmesiyle olu\u015furlar. \u00c7ak\u0131lta\u015f\u0131 (Konglomera), Kumta\u015f\u0131 (Gre), Kilta\u015f\u0131 (\u015ei\u015ft)<\/p>\n
b) Kimyasal Tortul Ta\u015flar: Sular taraf\u0131nda eritilip ta\u015f\u0131nan malzeme deniz ve g\u00f6l diplerinde birikerek bu t\u00fcr ta\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kalker (Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131), Traverten, Kayatuzu, Jips (Al\u00e7\u0131ta\u015f\u0131), Sark\u0131t, Dikit
\n c) Organik Tortul Ta\u015flar: Canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n toprak alt\u0131nda kalarak fosille\u015fmesi ile olu\u015furlar. Mercan Kalkeri, Tebe\u015fir, K\u00f6m\u00fcr ( Antrasit, Ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, Linyit, Turba)<\/p>\n
3) Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m (Metamorfik) Ta\u015flar: Toprak alt\u0131nda
\n bulunan ta\u015flar y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131nca maruz kal\u0131rsa de\u011fi\u015fime yani ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131ma u\u011frar. Bu olay sonucunda olu\u015fan ta\u015flara denir.
\n Kalker Mermer
\n Granit Gnays<\/p>\n
Yerkabu\u011funu olu\u015fturan Kuvvetler<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00c7 KUVVETLER DI\u015e KUVVETLER
\n 1) Epirojenik Hareketler 1) Akarsular
\n (K\u0131ta Olu\u015fumu) 2) R\u00fczgarlar
\n 2) Orojenik Hareketler 3) Buzullar
\n ( Da\u011f Olu\u015fumu ) 4) Dalga ve Ak\u0131nt\u0131lar
\n 3) Depremler
\n 4) Volkanizma<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00c7 KUVVETLER
\n Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yerin derinliklerinden alan kuvvetlerdir. Bunlar yap\u0131c\u0131 karakterdedir. D\u0131\u015f kuvvetler bunlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015fekilleri a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n 1) Epirojenik Hareketler (K\u0131ta Olu\u015fumu): Geni\u015f alanl\u0131 k\u0131ta ve okyanuslar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fckselme ve al\u00e7alma hareketidir. K\u0131ta ve okyanuslar aras\u0131nda bulunan dengeye \u0130zostatik denge denir. Bu denge bozuldu\u011fu zaman deniz ilerlemesi ve gerilemesi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2) Orojenik Hareketler ( Da\u011f Olu\u015fumu): Deniz ve g\u00f6l diplerinde biriken tortul malzeme tektonik hareketlere maruz kal\u0131rsa su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karak da\u011f olu\u015fumuna sebep olur. E\u011fer tortul malzeme yumu\u015fak ve esnek olursa tektonik hareketler esnas\u0131nda k\u0131vr\u0131lmaya u\u011frar ve k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. K\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131n y\u00fcksekte kalan k\u0131sm\u0131na Antiklinal, al\u00e7akta kalan vadilerine ise Senklinal ad\u0131 verilir. Kuzey Anadolu (karadeniz) da\u011flar\u0131 ve Toros da\u011flar\u0131 bu \u015fekildedir. S\u0131rada\u011f \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirler. <\/p>\n
Tortul malzeme sert yap\u0131da olursa Tektonik hareketler esnas\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. K\u0131r\u0131k hatlar\u0131na Fay hatt\u0131 denir. Bu da\u011flar\u0131n y\u00fcksekte kalan da\u011fl\u0131k alanlara Horst, al\u00e7akta kalan oval\u0131k alanlara ise Graben denir. Bu t\u00fcr da\u011flara T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ege b\u00f6lgesinde ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde Hatay civar\u0131nda rastlan\u0131r.
\n 3) Depremler (Seizma): Yerin derinliklerinde meydana gelen titre\u015fim hareketleridir. Depremin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yeri bir noktad\u0131r. Depremin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yerine i\u00e7 Merkez (Hiposantr), Depremin merkezine en yak\u0131n yerle\u015fim merkezine ise d\u0131\u015f merkez (episantr) denir.
\n Depremleri olu\u015fumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 3 gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz;
\n a) Volkanik Depremler: Volkanik patlamalar esnas\u0131nda olu\u015fan depremlerdir. Etki alan\u0131 dard\u0131r ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.
\n b) \u00c7\u00f6kme Depremleri: Karstik arazide (eriyebilen kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu arazi)
\n g\u00f6r\u00fclen depremlerdir. Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Etki alan\u0131 dard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Zonguldak \u00e7evresinde de k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n c) Tektonik Depremler: Fay hatlar\u0131 boyunca meydana gelen depremlerdir. Etki alan\u0131 geni\u015f , y\u0131k\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc fazlad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen deprem t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n Depremler d\u00fcnyada; Akdeniz \u00e7evresi, Pasifik okyanusu, Antil adalar\u0131, Japonya civar\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Aktif Deprem Hatlar\u0131
\n 1) Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hatt\u0131 (KAF): \u0130zmit k\u00f6rfezinden Aras vadisine kadar uzan\u0131r
\n 2) G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu Fay Hatt\u0131 (GAF): \u0130skenderun k\u00f6rfezinden Van g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn kuzeyine uzan\u0131r.
\n 3) Bat\u0131 Anadolu Fay Hatt\u0131 (BAF): Ege b\u00f6lgesinde k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131 da\u011flar boyunca uzan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Deprem Riski En Az Olan Yerler<\/p>\n
1) Konya \u00c7evresi
\n 2) Ta\u015feli Platosu
\n 3) Mardin E\u015fi\u011fi
\n 4) Y\u0131ld\u0131z da\u011flar\u0131
\n B\u00f6lge olarak en az deprem riski G.Do\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
4) Volkanizma: Yerin derinliklerinde bulunan k\u0131zg\u0131n lav\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olay\u0131na denir. Lav\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere Volkan denir. Volkanlardan kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz maddeleri \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde 800 yak\u0131n volkan vard\u0131r. Volkanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerler ile deprem hatlar\u0131 boyunca bir paralellik vard\u0131r.
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019da; Hasanda\u011f\u0131, Erciyes da\u011f\u0131, Melendiz, Karada\u011f,Karacada\u011f,
\n D.Anadolu\u2019da; A\u011fr\u0131 , S\u00fcphan, Nemrut, Tend\u00fcrek
\n G.Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da; Karacada\u011f
\n Marmara\u2019da; Uluda\u011f
\n Ege B\u00f6lgesinde; Kula \u00e7evresinde
\n Volkanik sahalar \u00e7ok tehlikeli b\u00f6lgeler olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen topraklar\u0131n\u0131n verimli olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131k n\u00fcfusludur. Ayr\u0131ca volkan patlamalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Bak\u0131r,\u00c7inko,Manganez, Demir gibi madenler olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
DI\u015e KUVVETLER
\n Kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015ften alan kuvvetlerdir. \u0130\u00e7 kuvvetler sonucu olu\u015fan \u015fekilleri yok eder bu y\u00fczden y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 kuvvetler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Toprak Olu\u015fumu
\n Yerkabu\u011funu olu\u015fturan anakaya \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fik fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisi ile par\u00e7alan\u0131r ve topra\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Toprak 2 t\u00fcrl\u00fc olu\u015fur.
\n a) Fiziksel \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme: G\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ta\u015flar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00e7ok su buhar\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6llerde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise denizden uzak i\u00e7 kesimlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n b) Kimyasal \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme: Su buhar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu yerlerde suyun ta\u015flar\u0131 eritmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu deniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda fazlad\u0131r.
\n Toprak: \u0130\u00e7inde canl\u0131 art\u0131klar\u0131 bulunan yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ufalanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne denir. Toprak i\u00e7inde bitki art\u0131klar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan organik k\u00f6kenli verimli maddelere Humus denir. Topraklar 2 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n A) Yerli Topraklar: Ta\u015flar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde fiziksel ve kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye u\u011framalar\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\n Nemli b\u00f6lgelerde topraktaki Humuslar y\u0131kanarak topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131na s\u0131zar ve bitki bunlardan yararlanamaz. Bu ise verimi azalt\u0131r. Kurak b\u00f6lgelerde ise y\u0131kanma azd\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kire\u00e7 ve tuzlar toprakta birikerek verimi azalt\u0131rlar. Verimli toprakta y\u0131kanman\u0131n orta derecede olmas\u0131 gerekir.
\n Yerli topraklar\u0131 Nemli ve Kurak B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131 diye ikiye ay\u0131rabiliriz.
\n 1)Nemli B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131:
\n a) Laterit Toprak: S\u0131cak-Nemli b\u00f6lge topra\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u0131kanma fazla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir ve verimsizdir. Ekvatoral b\u00f6lgede ve D. Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7ay \u00fcretimine uygundur.
\n b) Podzol Toprak: So\u011fuk- Nemli b\u00f6lge topra\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Sibirya ve Kanada civar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Bat\u0131 karadeniz de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n c) K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Topraklar(Terra Rosa): Akdeniz iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde ve kalkerler \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Demiroksitten dolay\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renklidir. Akdeniz, Ege ve G\u00fcney Marmara b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n d) Kahverenkli Orman Topraklar\u0131: Orta ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n nemli b\u00f6lgelerinde yayvan yaprakl\u0131 ormanlarla kapl\u0131 sahalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ormanl\u0131k sahalarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n e) Tundra Topraklar\u0131: Kutuplara yak\u0131n 60-70o enlemleri \u00e7evresinde Tundra ikliminde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Batakl\u0131klar halinde bulunur tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir. \u00dclkemizde g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n
2)Kurak B\u00f6lge Topraklar\u0131:
\n a) \u00c7ernozyum Topraklar\u0131 (Kara Toprak) : Step b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fazla y\u0131kanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in humus ve mineral bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengindir. Bu nedenle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en verimli topraklar\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Erzurum \u2013 Kars y\u00f6resinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n b) Kestane Renkli Step Topraklar\u0131: Bozk\u0131r bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu yerlerde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc kuru k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck otlar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in humus bak\u0131m\u0131nda fakirdir. Tuz ve kire\u00e7 fazlad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve G.Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n c) \u00c7\u00f6l Topraklar\u0131: \u00c7ok az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131p fazla y\u0131kanmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7lerinde kire\u00e7 ve tuz oran\u0131 fazlad\u0131r. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in humus yoktur,tar\u0131m yap\u0131lamaz. Tuz g\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde rastlan\u0131r.
\n B) Ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Topraklar: Akarsu, R\u00fczgar ve Buzulun a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklard\u0131r. Bu topraklar\u0131n bile\u015fiminde \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli mineraller oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7ok verimli topraklard\u0131r. Akarsuyun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 topra\u011fa Al\u00fcvyon, R\u00fczgar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 topra\u011fa L\u00f6s ve Buzulun ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 topra\u011fa ise Moren (Buzulta\u015f) denir.<\/p>\n
EROZYON VE \u00d6NEM\u0130
\n Verimli toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sel sular\u0131 ve r\u00fczgarlar gibi d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin etkisi ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r. Kurak ve Yar\u0131kurak b\u00f6lgelerde bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcnden yoksun yerlerde \u00e7ok etkilidir.
\n * Erozyon verimli tar\u0131m arazilerinin daralmas\u0131na ve baraj g\u00f6llerinin dolmas\u0131na neden olur. \u00dclkemizde en \u00e7ok Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tahrip edildi\u011fi \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve G. Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerimizde yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n Erozyonu Artt\u0131ran Fakt\u00f6rler
\n 1) Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn olmamas\u0131
\n 2) Arazinin engebeli ve e\u011fimli olu\u015fu
\n 3) Topra\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u015flenmesi
\n 4) Meralar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlat\u0131lmas\u0131
\n 5) Topra\u011f\u0131n e\u011fime paralel s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi
\n 6) Yang\u0131nlar ve ani su ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131
\n 7) Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n d\u00fczensiz olmas\u0131
\n Erozyonu Azaltan Fakt\u00f6rler
\n 1) A\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131
\n 2) Meralar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 otlatmamak
\n 3) \u00dcr\u00fcnleri n\u00f6betle\u015fe ekmek
\n 4) Tarlalar\u0131 e\u011fime dik s\u00fcrmek
\n 5) E\u011fimli arazilerde sekiler (tara\u00e7alar) yapmak
\n YERKAYMASI ( HEYELAN)
\n Toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ile birlikte alttaki ana kayan\u0131n da yer\u00e7ekimi etkisi ile a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru kaymas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Heyelan\u0131n sebepleri;
\n 1) Kuvvetli E\u011fim: Arazi e\u011fimli ise heyelan artar.
\n 2) Bol Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f: Bol su topra\u011f\u0131n kaymas\u0131na sebep olur.
\n 3) Tabakalar\u0131n E\u011fime Paralel Uzanmas\u0131: Tabakalar\u0131n e\u011fim do\u011frultusunda uzanmas\u0131 heyelan\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n 4) Killi Arazi: Killi topraklar su ile temasa ge\u00e7ti\u011finde kaygan hale gelir. Bu ise topra\u011f\u0131n kaymas\u0131na sebep olur.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Heyelan olay\u0131 en \u00e7ok ilkbahar ay\u0131nda Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Heyelan sonucu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru kayan tonlarca toprak e\u011fer bir akarsuyun \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kapat\u0131rsa Heyelan Set G\u00f6llerine sebep olur. \u00d6rn: Sera, Tortum, Zinav g\u00f6lleri<\/p>\n
A) AKARSULAR
\n Akarsu: Yer \u00fcst\u00fc sular\u0131n\u0131n belli bir yatak i\u00e7inde toplan\u0131p akmas\u0131na denir. Akarsuyun do\u011fdu\u011fu yere Kaynak, deniz veya g\u00f6le d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yere ise A\u011f\u0131z denir.
\n Akarsu Havzas\u0131: Bir akarsuyun b\u00fct\u00fcn kollar\u0131 ile birlikte sular\u0131n\u0131 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sular\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alana denir.
\n Su B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00c7izgisi: \u0130ki kom\u015fu akarsu havzas\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131ran s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r. Genelde da\u011flar\u0131n doruk k\u0131sm\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er.
\n Akarsu Debisi (Ak\u0131m\u0131): Bir akarsuyun herhangi bir kesitinden bir saniyede ge\u00e7en su miktar\u0131d\u0131r. m3\/sn olarak ifade edilir. Havzan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Buharla\u015fma miktar\u0131, Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, Y\u00fckselti- e\u011fim- Bak\u0131, akarsu yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irimlili\u011fi ile kar ve buz erimeleri akarsuyun ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.
\n Akarsu Rejimi: Bir akarsuyun su miktar\u0131nda y\u0131l i\u00e7inde meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fmelerdir. Bir akarsu y\u0131l boyunca ayn\u0131 miktarda su ta\u015f\u0131yorsa rejimi d\u00fczenli, su miktar\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fiyorsa rejimi d\u00fczensizdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki akarsular\u0131n rejimi D. karadeniz akarsular\u0131 hari\u00e7 hepsi d\u00fczensiz rejime sahiptirler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yerin derinliklerini inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumu Big Bang teorisine g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumu 5 milyar y\u0131l \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n olu\u015fumundan bug\u00fcne kadar ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu\u011fu safhalara Jeolojik Devirler denir. IV. Zaman (Kuaterner) \u0130lk insan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale bo\u011faz\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Epirojenik y\u00fckselme g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. III. Zaman (Neozoik) Alp-Himalaya k\u0131vr\u0131m da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015ftu. \u015eiddetli volkanik olaylar. Linyit,Tuz, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[4064,4062,4063,4071,4070,2107,4036,3847,4038,4061,4066,3158,4067,4069,2201,3602,3467,3928,4072,2175,3468,2964,2963,4068,4065],"class_list":["post-1430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-alimunyum","tag-big-bang","tag-borasit","tag-cokme-depremleri","tag-depremler","tag-dunya","tag-epirojenik-hareketler","tag-erozyon","tag-jeolojik-devirler","tag-jeomorfoloji-nedir","tag-kimyasal-tortul-taslar","tag-linyit","tag-organik-tortul-taslar","tag-orojenik-hareketler","tag-petrol","tag-silisyum","tag-tektonik-depremler","tag-tortul-taslar","tag-turkiyede-deprem-riski-en-az-olan-yerler","tag-tuz","tag-volkanik-depremler","tag-volkanizma","tag-yerkabugu","tag-yerkabugunu-olusturan-kuvvetler","tag-yerkabugunu-olusturan-taslar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1430"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1430\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}