HOR\u0130ZON: Topra\u011f\u0131 meydana getiren katmanlara ad\u0131 verilir.
\nTOPRAK: Toprak ta\u015flar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla horizon meydana gelen, i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, hava ve su bulunan, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi organik madde ve minerallerle bitkilere besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan gev\u015fek yer \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Topra\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan ba\u015fl\u0131ca unsurlar, kum, kil, kalker, organik maddeler, su ve havad\u0131r.
\nHUMUS:Organik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle bunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesiyle meydana gelen, mikroorganizmalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin olan, organik maddedir. <\/p>\n
TA\u015eLARIN PAR\u00c7ALANMASIKAYA\u00c7(KAYA, TA\u015e): Bir veya birden fazla mineralin birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fan maddelere kaya\u00e7 (kaya, ta\u015f) ad\u0131 verilir. Yerk\u00fcrenin temel malzemesini ta\u015flar meydana getirir.
\n1.Kimyasal \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme:
\n\u00d6zellikle s\u0131cak ve nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde meydana gelir. Genel olarak ta\u015flar\u0131n su taraf\u0131ndan eritilmesidir. Bunun sonucunda ta\u015flar\u0131n kimyasal bile\u015fimlerinde de\u011fi\u015fme meydana gelir. Kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmede temel etkenler, nem miktar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kt\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi artt\u0131r\u0131r. Bu nedenlerle en fazla ekvatoral, muson ve okyanusal iklim alanlar\u0131nda meydana gelir. Kolay \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen kalker, jips, dolomit ve kaya tuzu gibi karstik ta\u015flar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu alanlarda kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme daha fazla ve h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n2.Fiziksel (Mekanik ) \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme:
\nTa\u015flar\u0131n kimyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131nda herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fme meydana gelmeden, ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131larak ufalanmas\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli etken, s\u0131cakl\u0131k farklar\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 mekanik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi artt\u0131r\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, \u00e7\u00f6l ikliminin egemen oldu\u011fu alanlarda ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu karasal iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Donma ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme, buz, tuz ve k\u00f6k \u00e7atlamas\u0131, \u0131s\u0131nma ve kuruma, ta\u015flar\u0131n b\u00fcz\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp genle\u015fmesi mekanik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi olu\u015fturan ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerdir.
\n3.Biyolojik \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclme:
\nCanl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n salg\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131 salg\u0131lar, organik asitler ve bitki k\u00f6klerinin ta\u015f aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7atlaklara girerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmeleri ve sonu\u00e7ta ta\u015f\u0131 par\u00e7alamalar\u0131 ile meydana gelir. \u00d6zellikle bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, ormanlar\u0131n zengin oldu\u011fu s\u0131cak ve nemli sahalarda etkili olur.
\nTOPRAK OLU\u015eUMUNU ETK\u0130LEYEN FAKT\u00d6RLER
\n1.\u0130klim: S\u0131cakl\u0131k ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f toprak olu\u015fumunu etkiler. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ta\u015flar\u0131n ufalanma ve humus olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecini belirler. Nem, toprak y\u0131kanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcrecini etkiler. Topraktaki tuz ve kire\u00e7 miktar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.
\n2.Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc: K\u00f6kleri ve organik asitler sayesinde ayr\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r, toprakta organik madde olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flar, humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zenginle\u015fme imk\u00e2n\u0131 verir, topraklar\u0131n zemine tutunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak erozyona u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.
\n3.Yer \u015fekilleri: E\u011fim, y\u00fckselti ve bak\u0131 toprak olu\u015fumunu etkiler. E\u011fimli arazilerde toprak olu\u015fumu daha yava\u015ft\u0131r. Yama\u00e7larda topraklar erozyon gibi sebeplerden dolay\u0131 daha incedir. Y\u00fckselti iklim elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini belirleyerek toprak olu\u015fumunda etkili olur. Bak\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015flenme s\u00fcresini ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyerek topra\u011f\u0131n nemlili\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fumunu etkiler.
\n4.Ta\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi(Ana kaya): Topra\u011f\u0131 meydana getiren ana kaya, par\u00e7alanma s\u00fcrecini, topra\u011f\u0131n rengini, organik bak\u0131mdan zenginli\u011fini ve su ge\u00e7irimlilik oran\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m ta\u015flardan olu\u015fan topraklar daha su ge\u00e7irimlili\u011fi fazla olan kumlu topraklar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kil ve kire\u00e7 oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan ana kayalar, koyu renkli ge\u00e7irimli topraklar\u0131 meydana getirir.
\n5.Zaman: Toprak \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrelerde olu\u015fumunu tamamlamaktad\u0131r. Tam bir toprak olu\u015fumu binlerce y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Olu\u015fum s\u00fcresi kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiler.
\nTOPRA\u011eI OLU\u015eTURAN KATMANLAR (HOR\u0130ZON)
\nToprak kesitinde A, B, C ve D olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt katman (horizon)bulunur.
\nA Horizonu: En \u00fcstte yer al\u0131r. Organik maddeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin ve genellikle koyu renklidir. Su ve besin maddelerinin en fazla bulundu\u011fu, bitkilerin yeti\u015fti\u011fi ve k\u00f6klerinin en fazla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 katmand\u0131r.
\nB Horizonu: A kat\u0131 ile birlikte as\u0131l toprak kat\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirir. \u00dcstte y\u0131kanan tuz ve kil gibi maddelerin birikti\u011fi katt\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu katmana birikim katman\u0131 ad\u0131 da verilir
\nC Horizonu: Ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n tam olara ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi, ana kayan\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7alardan meydana gelir.
\nD Horizonu:Ana kayan\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
TOPRAK \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130
\n1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan toprak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sistemine g\u00f6re topraklar \u00fc\u00e7 ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r
\nA.TA\u015eINMI\u015e TOPRAKLAR (AZONAL): Topraklar\u0131n, e\u011fimli sahalarda, olu\u015ftu\u011fu ana kaya \u00fczerinden, akarsu, r\u00fczg\u00e2r, buzullar ve di\u011fer d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin etkisiyle ta\u015f\u0131narak, e\u011fimin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde birikmesiyle olu\u015fur. Al\u00fcvyon, l\u00f6s, moren, kol\u00fcvyal, litosoller ve regoseller ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f topraklard\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f topraklar, organik ve mineraller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin topraklard\u0131r.
\nAl\u00fcvyon: E\u011fimli sahalardan akarsu ve sel sular\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rarak ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ince malzemelerin akarsular\u0131n e\u011fiminin ve ta\u015f\u0131ma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda birikmesiyle meydana gelirler. Mineral bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin topraklard\u0131r. Geni\u015f tabanl\u0131 vadilerde, deltalarda ve ova tabanlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak bulunurlar. Tar\u0131msal de\u011feri b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Yurdumuzun en verimli tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 al\u00fcvyonlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanlard\u0131r.
\nL\u00f6s: R\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 kurak ve yar\u0131 kurak b\u00f6lgelerde bulunan topraklard\u0131r.
\nMoren: Buzullar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklard\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k alanlarda ve kutup b\u00f6lgelerinde bulunan topraklard\u0131r. En az bulunan toprak \u00e7e\u015fididir.
\nKol\u00fcvyal Topraklar: Da\u011fl\u0131k alanlarda ayr\u0131\u015fan materyalin da\u011f eteklerinde birikmelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r.
\nLitosol: Kol\u00fcvyal alanlarda ince malzemelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla geriye kalan ta\u015fl\u0131 topraklard\u0131r.
\nRegosol: Volkanik arazilerde kol\u00fcvyal depolar \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan kumlu topraklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B.YERL\u0130 TOPRAKLARI (ZONAL): E\u011fimin az oldu\u011fu, d\u00fcz alanlarda, olu\u015ftu\u011fu yerde bulunan topraklard\u0131r. Olu\u015ftu\u011fu alana ait t\u00fcm \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131rlar. \u0130klim, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc, organizmalar, ana kayan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve yer \u015fekillerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olu\u015furlar. Bu topraklar\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in yer \u015fekillerinin sade veya hafif engebeli olmas\u0131 iyi bir drenaj sisteminin olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bunlara Klimatik topraklar ad\u0131 da verilir.
\nYerli topraklar ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar:
\n1.NEML\u0130 B\u00d6LGE TOPRAKLARI: Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazla, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn zengin oldu\u011fu alanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Verimli topraklard\u0131r. Humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin fakat y\u0131kanman\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle mineral bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir topraklard\u0131r.
\nLaterit Topraklar: Ekvator ve d\u00f6nenceler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cak ve nemli iklim b\u00f6lgelerinde olu\u015furlar. Fazla y\u0131kanma nedeniyle humus miktar\u0131 az verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\nTundra Topra\u011f\u0131: Kutup alt\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda donmu\u015f haldedir. Yaz mevsiminde erimelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak batakl\u0131k halini al\u0131r, tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli topraklar de\u011fildirler.
\nPodzol Topra\u011f\u0131: Tundra ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde, so\u011fuk ve nemli b\u00f6lgelerde i\u011fne yaprakl\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu alanlarda olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u0131kanmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak besin bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir, verim de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan topraklard\u0131r.
\nKahverengi Orman Topra\u011f\u0131: Orta ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n nemli, \u0131l\u0131man ve geni\u015f yaprakl\u0131 ormanlarla kapl\u0131 sahalar\u0131nda olu\u015fmu\u015f topraklard\u0131r. Humus\u00e7a zengin, verimli topraklard\u0131r.
\nTerra-Rossa Topraklar\u0131: Akdeniz ikliminin etkili oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde, kalkerli araziler \u00fczerinde olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r. Kalkerin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi demir oksit nedeniyle k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renklidirler.
\n2.KURAK VE YARI KURAK B\u00d6LGE TOPRAKLARI: Ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n az, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131f ve buharla\u015fman\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu kurak b\u00f6lgelerde olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f azl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak toprakta y\u0131kanma azd\u0131r. Bu nedenle tuz ve kire\u00e7 oran\u0131 fazlad\u0131r. Yar\u0131 nemli b\u00f6lgelerde olu\u015fan topraklar bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn(stepler) \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi nedeniyle humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin verimli topraklard\u0131r.
\n\u00c7ernozyomlar (Kara Topraklar): Orta ku\u015fakta, yar\u0131 nemli step sahalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Esmer renkli, humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin \u00e7ok verimli topraklard\u0131r.
\nKestane ve Kahve Renkli Step Topraklar\u0131: Orta ku\u015fakta karalar\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinde, az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan step sahalar\u0131nda olu\u015fur. Humus birikimi az, verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00d6zellikle tah\u0131l tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur.
\n\u00c7\u00f6l Topraklar\u0131: Humus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fakir topraklard\u0131r. Kurakl\u0131k ve buharla\u015fma nedeniyle tuz ve kire\u00e7 toprak y\u00fczeyini kaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Verimsiz topraklard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
C.\u0130NTRAZONAL(ANA KAYANIN ETK\u0130L\u0130 OLDU\u011eU TOPRAKLAR):
\nBu topraklar\u0131n olu\u015fumunda \u00f6zellikle yer \u015fekilleri ve ana materyal etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Bu topraklarda \u00e7o\u011funlukla sadece A ve C horizonlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nKalsimorfik topraklar:
\n\u2014Vertisoller: Killi ve kire\u00e7li, i\u015flenmesi zor ve su tutma kapasitesi y\u00fcksek olan topraklard\u0131r.
\n\u2014Rendzina: Kire\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin, koyu renkli ve i\u015flenmesi kolay olan topraklard\u0131r.
\nKumlu Topraklar: Volkanik, ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m veya gev\u015fek kum ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanlarda olu\u015fan topraklard\u0131r. Su tutma kapasiteleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\nTuzlu(Halomorfik) Topraklar: Kurak ve yar\u0131 kurak b\u00f6lgelerde yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131nda eriyik halde gelen tuz ve karbonatlar\u0131n, suyun buharla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda birikmesiyle olu\u015fan toraklard\u0131r. Y\u00fczeylerinde tuzun meydana getirdi\u011fi beyaz bir kabuk bulunur.
\nBatakl\u0131k (Hidromorfik)Topraklar: Su ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 batakl\u0131k ve sazl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda toprak s\u00fcrekli olarak su alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Su alt\u0131nda hidrojen ve iyon yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan topraklarda asitle\u015fme meydana gelir.
\nT\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE TOPRAK \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130
\n**Yurdumuzda \u00e7e\u015fitli iklim tiplerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, di\u011fer etmenlerle beraber farkl\u0131 toprak tiplerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.
\n1.Yar\u0131 kurak iklimin etkili oldu\u011fu, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Kahverengi Step topraklar\u0131,
\n2.Akdeniz ikliminin etkili oldu\u011fu, Akdeniz, Ege ve G\u00fcney Marmara k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda terra-rossa topraklar\u0131
\n3.Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, podzolik topraklar,
\n4.Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Akdeniz ve Ege\u2019nin ormanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda, Kahverengi orman topraklar\u0131,
\n5.Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Erzurum ve Kars \u00e7evresinde, \u00c7ernozyom topraklar\u0131,
\n6.Tuz g\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresinde \u00e7\u00f6l topraklar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
HOR\u0130ZON: Topra\u011f\u0131 meydana getiren katmanlara ad\u0131 verilir. TOPRAK: Toprak ta\u015flar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla horizon meydana gelen, i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, hava ve su bulunan, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi organik madde ve minerallerle bitkilere besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan gev\u015fek yer \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Topra\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan ba\u015fl\u0131ca unsurlar, kum, kil, kalker, organik maddeler, su ve havad\u0131r. HUMUS:Organik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle bunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesiyle meydana …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[2808,2926,4098,3302,4096,4095,2925,4101,3297,4099,4097,4100,3814],"class_list":["post-1444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-aluvyon","tag-bitki-ortusu","tag-biyolojik-cozulme","tag-col-topraklari","tag-horizon","tag-horizon-ve-toprak-olusumunu-etkileyen-faktorler","tag-iklim","tag-kahverengi-orman-topragi","tag-kimyasal-cozulme","tag-los","tag-toprak","tag-tundra-topragi","tag-yer-sekilleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1444"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1444\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}