Milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan hayvanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 80’ini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Ekolojik sistemler bozulurken, pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam alan\u0131 yok edilmektedir. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 gezegenimizin en \u00f6nemli oksijen kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri durumdad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131talar \u00fcst\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck su deposu i\u015flevini g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Bu nedenle onlar\u0131n yok edilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck ekolojik felaketlere yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
Tropik Sera \u0130klimi
\n Yerk\u00fcreyi ikiye \u201cb\u00f6len\u201d Ekvator \u00e7izgisinin her iki yan\u0131nda yer alan b\u00f6lgeye tropik ku\u015fak denir. Buras\u0131 her zaman s\u0131cak (k\u0131\u015f ortalamas\u0131 20 derece\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcnde), ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve y\u0131l\u0131n 12 ay\u0131 bol g\u00fcne\u015f alan bir b\u00f6lgedir. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011finden mevsimler aras\u0131ndaki farklar da fazla de\u011fildir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcnd\u00fczle gece aras\u0131ndaki fark g\u00f6rece daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Tropik iklim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ve ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n ekolojik d\u00fczenini daha \u00e7ok y\u00fckseklik farklar\u0131 ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar belirler.
\n Ekvator \u00e7evresinde, \u0131s\u0131nan havan\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ku\u015fatan bir al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fur. Bunu dengelemek i\u00e7in kuzeydo\u011fudan ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan alize r\u00fczgarlar\u0131 eser. Is\u0131n\u0131p y\u00fckselen ve onun yerine gelen hava k\u00fctleleri 10. ve 25. enlemler aras\u0131nda kuzeye (temmuz) ve g\u00fcneye (ocak) do\u011fru gidip gelir. Bu hava hareketlerini ya\u011f\u0131\u015f izler. Kuzey Yar\u0131k\u00fcre\u2019de yaz aylar\u0131nda hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 kuzeye kay\u0131nca ya\u011f\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fer; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcneyde ya\u011f\u0131\u015f olmaz. Kuzeyde k\u0131\u015f olunca hava ak\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcneye kayar ve bu kez oralar\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131rken kuzey kurakla\u015f\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte, kurak ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 mevsimlerin birbirini izlemesi, tropik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n tipik \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. (Bu konuyla ilgili olarak, savanlar\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcme bak\u0131n\u0131z.) Tropik ku\u015fakta G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye dik olarak indi\u011fi zaman ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara zenit (doruk) ya\u011fmurlar\u0131 denir. Ekvator\u2019un 10\uf0b0 kuzey ve g\u00fcneyi aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgede kurakl\u0131k ya\u015fanmaz. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buradan uzakla\u015f\u0131l\u0131p d\u00f6nencelere yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve kurak mevsimler daha belirgin hale gelir. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 mevsimlerin uzay\u0131p, kurak mevsimlerin k\u0131salmas\u0131 hem bitkiler, hem de hayvanlar i\u00e7in dayan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor ko\u015fullar yarat\u0131r.
\n Ye\u015fil Cehennem
\nTropik ku\u015fak yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan yeridir. Bu b\u00f6lgeye y\u0131lda en az 1.500 mm ya\u011fmur d\u00fc\u015fer. Kamerun Da\u011f\u0131 (4.070 m) gibi baz\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda bu miktar 10.000 mm\u2019ye kadar \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k ise 25 derece dolay\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda bu ku\u015fak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip b\u00f6lgesi durumuna gelmi\u015ftir. Balta girmemi\u015f ormanlarda bitkiler y\u00fcksekliklerine g\u00f6re k\u00fcmelenir. En altta otlar ve s\u00fcr\u00fcnen bitkiler, onun \u00fcst\u00fcnde y\u00fcksek \u00e7al\u0131l\u0131klar, daha yukar\u0131da da 20-30 m y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki a\u011fa\u00e7lar yer al\u0131r. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n yapraklar\u0131 zeminin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc bir \u015femsiye gibi \u00f6rter. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda tek t\u00fck 2-3 m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir g\u00f6vde \u00fcst\u00fcnde 60-70 m\u2019ye y\u00fckselen a\u011fa\u00e7lara rastlan\u0131r. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6vdesini yakla\u015f\u0131k 100-200 m uzunlu\u011fundaki t\u0131rman\u0131c\u0131 bitkiler sarar. Dallardan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya, havadaki yo\u011fun nemden yararlanarak ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren, orkide gibi epifitler sarkar. Bu ormanlarda y\u00fckseklikleri 10 m\u2019ye, yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise 1 m\u2019ye ula\u015fan palmiyeler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu tabloyu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte meyveler veren a\u011fa\u00e7lar ve bambu gibi a\u011fa\u00e7 y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki otlar tamamlar. Bu ormanlarda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 5-30 milyon aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu konudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar hen\u00fcz ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bitkiler \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden otlar\u0131n kesilmesiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan yollar birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yeniden kapan\u0131r. Burada hava birdenbire karar\u0131r ve gece olunca s\u00fcr\u00fcnen ya da t\u0131rmanan hayvanlar \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar ve \u00f6t\u00fc\u015fler aras\u0131nda deliklerinden \u00e7\u0131kar. Ye\u015fil cehennemdeki bu konsere kurba\u011falar, ku\u015flar ve maymunlar da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Orman renkli kolibriler ve c\u0131rtlak sesli aralar gibi bir\u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 hayvan\u0131n da bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z sera havas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok s\u0131cak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fczde 80-90\u2019\u0131 bulan nem oran\u0131yla \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ve bunalt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Burada ekmek \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk k\u00fcflenir, tuz \u0131slan\u0131r ve teknik ara\u00e7lar inan\u0131lmaz bir h\u0131zla paslan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tehlikeli Boyutlara Ula\u015fan Bir Ya\u011fma
\n Tropik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavi bi\u00e7imleri ve a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 bulununcaya de\u011fin tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 beyaz adam\u0131n mezar\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. Bu nedenle bu ormanlar\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ller gibi y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca el de\u011fmemi\u015f olarak kalmas\u0131na \u015fa\u015fmamak gerek. Burada yeti\u015fen meyveler sera etkisiyle \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcrken, bu balta girmemi\u015f ormanlarda yaln\u0131zca Pigmeler, Amazon b\u00f6lgesinde de Yerliler ya\u015famay\u0131 becerebiliyor. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri kuzeyden Sudanl\u0131lar, g\u00fcneyden Bantular Afrika\u2019n\u0131n tropik ormanlar\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar koparmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar, bunu da \u00e7o\u011funlukla tarla a\u00e7mak amac\u0131yla orman\u0131 yakarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyorlar. T\u00fcm\u00fcyle yanmam\u0131\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00f6klerinin alt\u0131ndaki topra\u011f\u0131 \u00e7apayla biraz gev\u015fettikten sonra burada muz, manyok, yam, dar\u0131 ve tatl\u0131patates yeti\u015ftiriyorlar. Y\u00fcksek ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 nedeniyle topra\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7indeki mineraller \u00e7abucak ak\u0131p gidiyor ve topra\u011f\u0131n besleyicili\u011fi h\u0131zla azal\u0131yor. Afrikal\u0131lar bunun \u00fczerine tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6ylerini terk edip ba\u015fka bir yere gidiyorlar. Onlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu eski yeri ikincil bir orman al\u0131yor. Yerlilerin kendi gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu tar\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, beyaz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin kurdu\u011fu plantasyonlar da var, buralarda d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na sunulmak \u00fczere, kakao, kahve, muz, hindistancevizi, kola ve palmiye yeti\u015ftiriliyor. Eskiden Amazon b\u00f6lgesinin bir milyar insan\u0131 besleyebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrken bug\u00fcn ya\u011fmurlar\u0131n de\u011ferli besinleri al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve balta girmemi\u015f ormanlar\u0131n insanlar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fma edilmesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketlere neden olabilece\u011fi biliniyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan hayvanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 80’ini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Ekolojik sistemler bozulurken, pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam alan\u0131 yok edilmektedir. Bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funlu\u011fu nedeniyle tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 gezegenimizin en \u00f6nemli oksijen kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri durumdad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131talar \u00fcst\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck su deposu i\u015flevini g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Bu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1403,1406],"tags":[4220,2887,4222,4221,4219],"class_list":["post-1484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-odevler","category-sosyal-bilgiler-odevleri","tag-ekolojik-sistemler","tag-ekvator","tag-tropik-hastaliklar","tag-tropik-sera-iklimi","tag-tropikal-yagmur-ormanlari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1484","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1484\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}