TEMEL KAVRAMLAR<\/p>\n
01. Analitik Kavram\u0131<\/p>\n
Analitik kimya, bir maddenin bile\u015fenlerinin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerini i\u00e7erir. Analitik kimyada yap\u0131lan analizleri nitel analiz ve nicel analiz olarak iki gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz. Nitel analiz (kalitatif), \u00f6rne\u011fin hangi bile\u015fik, iyon veya element i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirlemeyi sa\u011flar. Nicel analiz (kantitatif) ise \u00f6rnekteki bile\u015fenlerin ba\u011flanma miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
01.01. Analitik \u0130\u015flemler<\/p>\n
Analizde kullan\u0131lan kantitatif y\u00f6ntemler i\u00e7inde ilk kullan\u0131lanlar (klasik y\u00f6ntemler), gravimetri ve volumetri olarak bilinir. Gravimetrik y\u00f6ntemde analiz edilen madde (analit) veya onun bir bile\u015fi\u011finin k\u00fctlesi belirlenir, volumetrik y\u00f6ntemde ise analitle tam tepkime veren bir maddenin \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin hacmi bulunur. <\/p>\n
Di\u011fer bir y\u00f6ntem ise enstr\u00fcmental y\u00f6ntemler (aletli analiz y\u00f6ntemleri) ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. \u00d6nemli enstr\u00fcmental y\u00f6ntemler, spektroskopik y\u00f6ntemler, elektroanalitik y\u00f6ntemler ve ekstraksiyon y\u00f6ntemleridir.<\/p>\n
01.02. Analiz \u0130\u00e7in Numunenin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 \u00f6rnekler de\u011fi\u015fen miktarda nem i\u00e7erirler. Baz\u0131 analizlerde bu yanl\u0131\u015f sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcrece\u011fi i\u00e7in nemin uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek 100-105oC\u2019 da sabit tart\u0131m elde edilinceye kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6rnek bu s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bozunuyorsa daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak adsorplanan maddeler uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
E\u011fer kat\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi kristal suyunu uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak analiz etmemiz gerekiyorsa \u00f6rne\u011fi, daha y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u0131s\u0131tmakta yarar vard\u0131r.
\n Kat\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline getirmek i\u00e7in ilk yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, o \u00f6rnek i\u00e7in do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer \u00f6rne\u011fin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi yava\u015f olur ise bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra su banyosunda ya da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 plaka \u00fczerinde yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0131s\u0131t\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 kat\u0131lar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi \u00e7ok zordur. Bu t\u00fcr maddeler, sodyum karbonat, sodyum peroksit, potasyum bis\u00fclfat, potasyum piros\u00fclfat, borik asit, boraks gibi eriti\u015f maddeleri ile \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r yani eriti\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Analiz yaparken sonucun do\u011frulu\u011fundan emin olmak i\u00e7in paralel \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Tart\u0131mlar ve seyreltmeler hassas yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
02. \u00c7\u00f6zeltiler <\/p>\n
\u0130ki veya daha fazla maddenin homojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6zelti denir. Genelde fazla miktarda bulunan maddeye \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, di\u011ferlerine ise \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen denir. Analitik kimyada genellikle s\u0131v\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. S\u0131v\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler, kat\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131da, s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131da veya gaz\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesiyle olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Gazlar\u0131n sudaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a azal\u0131r, bas\u0131n\u00e7 artt\u0131k\u00e7a artar. Birbirine benzer yap\u0131daki maddeler (polar) birbiri i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u00f6rne\u011fin alkol suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr, benzen (apolar) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez. Suyun, polar bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in iyi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcc\u00fcleri i\u00e7erisindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilirlikleri de\u011fi\u015fkendir. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme miktarlar\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fir. Herhangi bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta maksimum \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme miktar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilir. Bu maksimum, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme miktar\u0131 tan\u0131m olarak maddenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de g\u00f6sterir. Maddenin maksimum miktarda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline doygun \u00e7\u00f6zelti denir.
\n Doymam\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti bir kat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnebilece\u011fi maksimum de\u011ferden daha az miktarda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi ile olu\u015fur.
\n Doygun \u00e7\u00f6zeltidekinden daha \u00e7ok madde i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6zeltiye a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti denir. Bu durumda bir miktar kat\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyerek dipte kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Analitikte bir di\u011fer kavram seyreltik ve deri\u015fik \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerdir. Seyreltik \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler birim hacimde daha az mol i\u00e7ermektedir. Genel olarak \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler \u00f6nce deri\u015fik haz\u0131rlan\u0131r, daha sonra istenen deri\u015fim elde edilmek \u00fczere \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc eklenmek suretiyle seyreltilir.<\/p>\n
03. Deri\u015fim <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltideki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde miktar\u0131 deri\u015fim (konsantrasyon) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Deri\u015fim, y\u00fczde deri\u015fim, molarite, ppt, ppm ve ppb cinsinden ifade edilebilir. Bunlardan ba\u015fka mol kesri, mol y\u00fczdesi ve molalite gibi deri\u015fim tan\u0131mlar\u0131 da kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
03.01. Y\u00fczde deri\u015fim<\/p>\n
Y\u00fczde deri\u015fim \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde ifade edilir. Bunlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00fczde, hacimce y\u00fczde ve hacimde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00fczdedir.<\/p>\n
03.01.01. A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a Y\u00fczde (w\/w)<\/p>\n
A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00fcz birim \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a kesridir. <\/p>\n
% (w\/w) = \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g) \/ [\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde (g) +\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)] x100 <\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:
\n 250 ml % 10\u2019luk (w\/w) KCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlan\u0131r? <\/p>\n
E\u011fer \u00e7\u00f6zelti su ile haz\u0131rlanacaksa suyun yo\u011funlu\u011fu (d) 1,0 g\/mL oldu\u011fundan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131g\u0131 hacmine e\u015fittir.
\n % 10 = [x \/ (x +(250 \u2013x)] x 100<\/p>\n
x = 25 g \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen<\/p>\n
O halde bu \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda 25 gr KCl al\u0131n\u0131r, az miktarda suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek hacim 250 mL’ye tamamlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
03.01.02. Hacimce Y\u00fczde (v\/v) <\/p>\n
Hacimce y\u00fczde, hacimce 100 par\u00e7a \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin hacimce kesridir. V mL \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen ve V mL \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulundu\u011funda % (v\/v) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ifade edilir. <\/p>\n
%(v\/v) = (V\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen \/ V \u00e7\u00f6zelti) x 100 <\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:
\n 150 mL % 28\u2019lik (v\/v) sulu etil alkol \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlan\u0131r? <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm:
\n % 28 = (x \/ 150 mL) x 100
\n x = 42 mL
\n Sonu\u00e7ta 42 mL etil alkol al\u0131n\u0131r ve hacim su ile 250 mL ye tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
03.01.03. Hacimde A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a Y\u00fczde (w\/v)<\/p>\n
Hacimce 100 par\u00e7a \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a kesridir. Genel olarak w gram \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen v mL \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunuyorsa % (w\/v) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ifade edilir.<\/p>\n
%(w\/v) = ( w1 \/v).100 <\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:<\/p>\n
500 ml % 50 (w\/v) NaOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in ka\u00e7 gram NaOH gerekir? <\/p>\n
%(w\/v) = ( w1 \/v).100 <\/p>\n
%50 = (w1\/500) x 100
\n w1 = 250 g <\/p>\n
\u00d6yleyse 250 g NaOH tart\u0131l\u0131r, suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek hacim su ile 500 mL ye tamamlan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
03.02. Molarite<\/p>\n
Molarite, bir litre \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin mol say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. M ile g\u00f6sterilir
\n M = n (mol) \/ V
\n Analitik reaksiyonlarda madde tamamen ya da k\u0131smen iyonla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan denge an\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 deri\u015fiminde azalma olur.<\/p>\n
CH3COOH \u00f6rnek verecek olursak <\/p>\n
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 0.1M 0 0
\n De\u011fi\u015fim -x +x +x
\n Denge (0.1-x) M + x +x <\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek :
\n 2 g sodyum hidroksit (NaOH ) 500 mL su i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00f6zeltinin molaritesi nedir?
\n Ma (NaOH) = 23+ 16+1 = 40 g\/mol
\n n (mol) = m (g) \/ Ma (g\/mol) = 2 (g) \/ 40 (g\/mol)
\n n = 0,05 mol
\n M = n \/ V
\n M = 0,05 (mol) \/ 0,5 <\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 analitik i\u015flemlerde \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin yo\u011funlu\u011fu verilir. Ve burada molarite hesaplamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilir <\/p>\n
03.03. ppt (binde bir), ppm (milyonda bir )ve ppb (milyarda bir) Hesaplamalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Eser miktardaki \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerin deri\u015fimini belirtmek amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
ppt = (g \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen \/ g \u00e7\u00f6zelti ) x 103 <\/p>\n
ppm = mg \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen \/ L. <\/p>\n
ppb = ( g\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen\/ g. \u00e7\u00f6zelti )x 109 \u015feklinde ifade edilir. <\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK:
\n Bir su \u00f6rne\u011finin analizi sonucunda bulunan Na2+ deri\u015fimi 200 ppm olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. Sudaki sodyum kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n NaCl oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. NaCl\u2019 \u00fcn deri\u015fimi hesaplay\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zelti seyreltik oldu\u011fundan yo\u011funluk l g\/mL al\u0131nabilir. Bu durumda \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin litresinde 200 mg Na var demektir. <\/p>\n
n (mol) = m (g) \/ Ma (g\/mol) form\u00fcl\u00fcnden
\n \u00f6nce mol say\u0131s\u0131 bulunur. <\/p>\n
nNa2+ = ( 200 x10-3 g) \/ (23 g\/mol) = 8,70 x 10-3 mol <\/p>\n
V = 1 lt oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in n = M <\/p>\n
[Na2+] = 8,70 x 10-3 M <\/p>\n
Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda NaCl nin molaritesidir. <\/p>\n
03.04. Mol Kesri ve Mol Y\u00fczdesi<\/p>\n
Mol kesri, \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki bile\u015fenlerden birinin mol say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n toplam mol say\u0131s\u0131na oran\u0131d\u0131r. Genel olarak X ile g\u00f6sterilir. Bazen X, 100 ile \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131 olarak da ifade edilir, bu durumda mol y\u00fczdesinden s\u00f6z edilir. <\/p>\n
X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen = n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen \/ n toplam X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc = n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc \/ n toplam <\/p>\n
X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen + X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc = 1 dir. <\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK :
\n 1,5 mol metanol 50 g suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Elde edilen \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin metanol ve su y\u00f6n\u00fcnden mol kesri ve mol y\u00fczdeleri nedir?
\n CH3OH (32 g\/mol),H2O (18g\/mol) . <\/p>\n
n (mol) = m (g) \/ Ma (g\/mol) form\u00fcl\u00fcnden suyun mol say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulal\u0131m. <\/p>\n
n (mol) = 50 \/ 18 = 2,78 mol <\/p>\n
X etil alkol= (1,5 \/ (1,5+2,78)) = 0.350 <\/p>\n
% X etil alkol = 100 x 0.350 = 35,0 <\/p>\n
X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen + X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc = 1
\n X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc = 1 – X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen <\/p>\n
X \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc = 1 – 0.350 = 0,650 <\/p>\n
% X su = 100 x 0.650 = 65,0 <\/p>\n
03.05. Molalite <\/p>\n
1000 g \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin mol say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. m ile g\u00f6sterilir. <\/p>\n
m = (n \/ w) x 1000 <\/p>\n
03.06. Normalite <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltinin 1 ml\u2019sinde bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin milie\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ifadeyi litresindeki e\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131 olarakta belirtebiliriz. <\/p>\n
N = e\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131 \/ L <\/p>\n
E\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131: Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/ Tesir de\u011ferli\u011fi<\/p>\n
Tesir De\u011ferli\u011fi (TD): Asitlerin ortama verdi\u011fi H+ iyonu say\u0131s\u0131, bazlar\u0131n ortama verdi\u011fi OH- iyonu say\u0131s\u0131, tuzlar\u0131n ise ortama verdi\u011fi veya ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektron say\u0131s\u0131na tesir de\u011ferli\u011fi denir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin H2SO4 i\u00e7in bu de\u011fer 2 dir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit 2 tane H+ iyonunu sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine verebilir.<\/p>\n
NaOH, HNO3, HCl i\u00e7in bu de\u011fer 1 dir<\/p>\n
Molarite ve normalite aras\u0131nda<\/p>\n
N=Mx TD ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
TEMEL KAVRAMLAR 01. Analitik Kavram\u0131 Analitik kimya, bir maddenin bile\u015fenlerinin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerini i\u00e7erir. Analitik kimyada yap\u0131lan analizleri nitel analiz ve nicel analiz olarak iki gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz. Nitel analiz (kalitatif), \u00f6rne\u011fin hangi bile\u015fik, iyon veya element i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirlemeyi sa\u011flar. Nicel analiz (kantitatif) ise \u00f6rnekteki bile\u015fenlerin ba\u011flanma miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. 01.01. Analitik \u0130\u015flemler …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4553,4550,3575,2189,4554,2261,4551,4552,4555],"class_list":["post-1636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-analitik-islemler","tag-analitik-kimya","tag-bilesik","tag-cozeltiler","tag-derisim","tag-element","tag-iyon","tag-kantitatif","tag-yuzde-derisim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1636"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1636\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}