G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, elementlerin periyodik tablosunda simgesi Ag olan, beyaz, parlak, k\u0131ymetli bir metalik element. Atom numaras\u0131 47, atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 107,87 g d\u0131r. Ergime noktas\u0131 961,9\u00b0C, kaynama noktas\u0131 1950\u00b0C ve \u00f6zg\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da 10,5 gr\/cm3 t\u00fcr. \u00c7o\u011fu bile\u015fiklerinde +1 de\u011ferliklidir. Ag sembol\u00fc Latince argentum kelimesinden gelir.<\/p>\n
Tarih<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri bilinmekle birlikte yine de alt\u0131n ve bak\u0131rdan sonra ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Alt\u0131n az olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yan\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle daha \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca tabii halde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f az olup, \u00e7ok derinlerde bulunuyordu. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn M.\u00d6. 3100 y\u0131llar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar ve M.\u00d6. 2500 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7inliler ve Persler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Yunan tarihinde Atina\u2019daki g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerine rastlan\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 800 y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Nil nehri havalisinde para olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ilk olarak Romal\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flemeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 iddia edilmektedir. End\u00fcstri ilerledik\u00e7e daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve saf olmayan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f filizleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nisbette bak\u0131r, kur\u015fun ve \u00e7inko \u00fcretimindeki yan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden elde edilir.<\/p>\n
Bulunu\u015fu<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok eskiden g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerlerinde az miktarda bulunan do\u011fal g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde ediliyordu. Do\u011fal g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f; saf veya daha \u00e7ok alt\u0131n, bak\u0131r, civa ve di\u011fer metallerle ala\u015f\u0131mlar halinde bulunuyordu. Norve\u00e7\u2019te, G\u00fcney Peru\u2019da, Colorado\u2019da kaz\u0131larda i\u015flenmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fcl\u00e7eler bulunmu\u015ftur. \u0130spanya\u2019da 1860\u2019ta sekiz tonluk bir k\u00fcl\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, daha \u00e7ok yer kabu\u011funa da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bile\u015fikler halinde bulunur. En \u00e7ok rastlanan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f filizleri; argentit (Ag2S) ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f klor\u00fcr (AgCl) olmaktad\u0131r. Arsenik veya antimonla kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f s\u00fclf\u00fcr filizleri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dcretimi<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, tarihte \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle cevherlerinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En eski metodlardan biri, kur\u015funla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemidir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f cevherleri veya saf olmayan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kur\u015fun veya kur\u015fun filizleriyle basit bir f\u0131r\u0131nda eritilir ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f-kur\u015fun kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 elde edilir. Buradan da kolay bir \u015fekilde saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kazan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer bir y\u00f6ntem de, amalgama metodudur. \u00c7amur haline getirilen g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f cevherleri, tuz ve civayla muamele edilerek, elementel g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elde edilir. Bundan ba\u015fka, siyanat y\u00f6ntemi gibi ba\u015fka g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elde etme y\u00f6ntemleri de geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi yans\u0131tan, d\u00f6v\u00fclebilen, s\u00fcnek bir metaldir. Bir gram g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften 2 km uzunlu\u011funda ince tel \u00e7ekilebilir. Elektrik sistemde k\u00fcp ve alt\u0131gen olarak kristallenir. Koordinasyon say\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131 oldu\u011fu hallerde, yakla\u015f\u0131k atom \u00e7ap\u0131 1,444 ansgtr\u00f6m de\u011ferini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Atmosferde oksitlenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mukavemet g\u00f6sterir. Bak\u0131rdan daha zor, alt\u0131ndan ise daha kolay oksitlenir. Standart elektrot potansiyeli 0,7978 V dur. Asitlere ve birka\u00e7 organik maddeye kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat nitrik asit ve deri\u015fik s\u0131cak s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asitte kolayca eritilir. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve bir\u00e7ok k\u00fck\u00fcrt bile\u015fikleriyle hemen birle\u015fir. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fya \u00fczerindeki kararman\u0131n sebebi, havadaki hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr ve yumurta gibi baz\u0131 yiyeceklerde bulunan k\u00fck\u00fcrtt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Periyodik tabloda a\u011f\u0131r metaller grubu i\u00e7inde yer alan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6zellikleri bak\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine benzemekle beraber bak\u0131r, \u00e7o\u011fu bile\u015fiklerinde iki de\u011ferlikli olmas\u0131 ile g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kolay paslanmaz. Elektrik ve \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi iletir. Fakat, \u00e7ok yumu\u015fak olup, mekanik kuvvete kar\u015f\u0131 direnci azd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca atmosferde parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybederek donukla\u015f\u0131r. Bu sebepten daha sert di\u011fer metallerle ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 halinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kadmiyum ve \u00e7inko ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlar, parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f kaybeder. Buna antimon ve kalay ilave edilirse, bu parlakl\u0131k ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k daha da artar. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn di\u011fer metallerle yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu daha bir\u00e7ok ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlar end\u00fcstride saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften \u00e7ok daha fazla kullan\u0131l\u0131r,\u00e7ok pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenlerindendir.<\/p>\n
Bile\u015fikleri<\/p>\n
g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bile\u015fiklerinde ekseriyetle bir (+1) de\u011ferlidir. Bilinen pek\u00e7ok bile\u015fi\u011finden \u00f6nemlileri \u015funlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f oksit (Ag2O): G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f nitrat \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi, sodyum veya potasyum hidroksit ile muamele edilirse, kahverengi bir \u00e7\u00f6kelti meydana gelir. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildir ve 300\u00b0C’nin \u00fczerine \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa, tamamen g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f s\u00fclf\u00fcr (Ag2S): Do\u011fada argentit minerali halinde bulunur. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tuzunun \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi \u00fczerinden hidrojen s\u00fclf\u00fcr ge\u00e7irmekle elde edilen kararl\u0131 bir bile\u015fiktir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f nitrat (AgNO3): En \u00f6nemli g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tuzudur. Renksiz a\u011f\u0131r kristaller te\u015fkil eder. T\u0131pta da\u011flamak maksad\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Si\u011fil tedavisinde \u00e7ok iyidir. Ayr\u0131ca deriyi ve organik maddeleri karartmada tercih edilir. Deriyi karartt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan “cehennem ta\u015f\u0131” ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suda ve alkolde kolayca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, bir\u00e7ok g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bile\u015fiklerinin elde edilmesinde ilkel madde olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler; ba\u015fta foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere, m\u00fcrekkepler, sa\u00e7 boyas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplamac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f siyan\u00fcr (AgCN): G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tuzuna sodyum veya potasyum siyan\u00fcr\u00fcn ilave edilmesiyle meydana gelen zehirli beyaz bir tuzdur. Alkali siyan\u00fcrlerle kompleks siyan\u00fcrler te\u015fkil eder. Bu tuzlar da kaplamac\u0131l\u0131kta \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f halojen\u00fcrler: G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f klor\u00fcr (AgCl), g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f brom\u00fcr (AgBr), g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f iyod\u00fcr (AgI); g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f nitrat \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine halojen tuzlar\u0131 ilavesiyle elde edilirler. Hepsi de \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 hassas olup, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k end\u00fcstrisinde \u00f6nemli yerleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elektri\u011fi \u00e7ok iyi ge\u00e7irdi\u011finden ve kolayca tel haline geldi\u011finden, elektrik teli olarak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Fakat nadir bulunmas\u0131 ve k\u0131ymeti dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, art\u0131k bu ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn daha ziyade s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 \u00fcretiminde, ayna yap\u0131m\u0131nda, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta, baz\u0131 ila\u00e7lar ve ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f paralar, %90 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, %10 bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fyada somg\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f (%92,5 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f + %07,5 bak\u0131r) kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Saf g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda asetik asit, boyalar ve foto\u011fraf maddeleri elde etmede de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Keza toz halinde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, cam ve ah\u015fab\u0131 elektrik iletkeni yapmak i\u00e7in yeni seramik tipi kaplama i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f zeolitler, acil durumlarda, deniz suyundan i\u00e7ilebilir su elde etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplama <\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplanacak par\u00e7alar, anodu g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olan elektrolitik banyoda katoda ba\u011flan\u0131rlar. Banyodaki elektrolit, sodyum arjantisiyan\u00fcr, NaAg(CN)2 veya benzeri bir kompleks g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tuzudur. Bu t\u00fcr elektrolitler di\u011ferlerine, mesela g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f nitrata (AgNO3) g\u00f6re kaplanacak y\u00fczeyin daha d\u00fczg\u00fcn kaplanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcst \u00fcste birka\u00e7 kat kaplama yap\u0131lacaksa, her bir kat temizlenip, parlat\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra di\u011fer kat kaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fya nas\u0131l temizlenir? <\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fya y\u00fczeyinde kararma meydana getiren g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f s\u00fclf\u00fcr (Ag2S), \u00e7o\u011fu kez bir a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 toz kullan\u0131larak temizlenir. Bu y\u00f6ntemle y\u00fczeyden g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 e\u015fya i\u00e7in pek zararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemekle birlikte, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplamalar i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildir. Temizleme, kimyasal yoldan basitle\u015ftirilerek:<\/p>\n
3Ag2S + 2Al \u2192 Al2S3 + 6Ag<\/p>\n
\u015feklinde ifade edilebilen bir seri tepkimeden istifade edilerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u015f\u00f6yle hareket edilir: Suyun bir litresine bir yemek ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r sodas\u0131 ve bir ka\u015f\u0131k sofra tuzu kat\u0131larak, emaye bir kap i\u00e7inde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti, kaynar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa getirilir. Kab\u0131n dibine al\u00fcminyum bir tabak konulur. Bunun \u00fczerine her taraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131na dikkat edilerek g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fya yerle\u015ftirilir. \u00dc\u00e7 dakika kaynat\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fler s\u0131cak suda durulan\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fler temiz ve parlak hale gelir. Burada elektro-kimyasal bir reaksiyon meydana gelmekte, soda-tuz \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi elektrolit g\u00f6revi yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f standard\u0131<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n standard\u0131 gibi, temel para biriminin g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir para sistemidir. Bu standarda g\u00f6re, di\u011fer paralar, istendi\u011finde, hi\u00e7bir k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya gidilmeden g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fe \u00e7evrilebilir. Keza g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikke bas\u0131m\u0131, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn serbest\u00e7e ithal ve ihra\u00e7 edilebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak d\u00fcnyada g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f standard\u0131 uygulayan hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, elementlerin periyodik tablosunda simgesi Ag olan, beyaz, parlak, k\u0131ymetli bir metalik element. Atom numaras\u0131 47, atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 107,87 g d\u0131r. Ergime noktas\u0131 961,9\u00b0C, kaynama noktas\u0131 1950\u00b0C ve \u00f6zg\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da 10,5 gr\/cm3 t\u00fcr. \u00c7o\u011fu bile\u015fiklerinde +1 de\u011ferliklidir. Ag sembol\u00fc Latince argentum kelimesinden gelir. Tarih G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri bilinmekle birlikte yine de alt\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2796,4793,4791,4794,4608,4792,2216,4129,4713],"class_list":["post-1806","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atmosfer","tag-dogal-gumus","tag-gumus-elementi","tag-gumus-kaplama","tag-hidrojen-sulfur","tag-nil-nehri","tag-periyodik-tablo","tag-sulfur","tag-sulfurik-asit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1806","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1806"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1806\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1806"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1806"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1806"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}