Demir, atom numaras\u0131 26 olan bir elementtir. Simgesi Fe dir (Lat. Ferrum dan).<\/p>\n
Demir, yerkabu\u011funda en \u00e7ok bulunan metaldir. Yerk\u00fcrenin merkezindeki s\u0131v\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011fin de tek bir demir kristali oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmekle birlikte, demir nikel ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olma ihtimali daha y\u00fcksektir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezindeki bu kadar y\u00fcksek miktardaki yo\u011fun demir k\u00fctlesinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131na etki etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Demir metali, demir cevherlerinden elde edilir ve do\u011fada nadiren elementel halde bulunur. Metalik demir elde etmek i\u00e7in, cevherdeki safs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n kimyasal red\u00fcksiyon yoluyla uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 gerekir. Demir, asl\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde karbonlu bir ala\u015f\u0131m olarak kabul edilebilecek olan \u00e7elik yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Konu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Demir, t\u00fcm metaller i\u00e7inde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131land\u0131r ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada \u00fcretilen metallerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k\u00e7a %95’ini olu\u015fturur. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyat\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek mukavemet \u00f6zellikleri demiri, otomotiv, gemi g\u00f6vdesi yap\u0131m\u0131, ve binalar\u0131n yap\u0131sal bile\u015feni olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131nda vazge\u00e7ilmez k\u0131lar. \u00c7elik, en \u00e7ok bilinen demir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olup, demirin di\u011fer kullan\u0131m formlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
* Pik demir: %4\u2013%5 karbon ve de\u011fi\u015fen oranlarda safs\u0131zl\u0131klar (S, Si, P gibi) i\u00e7erir. Demir cevherinden d\u00f6kme demir ve \u00e7eli\u011fe giden yolda bir ara \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n
* D\u00f6kme demir: %2\u2013%4 aras\u0131nda karbon, %1 \u2013 %6 silisyum, ve az miktarda manganez i\u00e7erir. Pik demirde bulunan ve malzeme \u00f6zelliklerini olumsuz etkileyen, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve fosfor gibi emp\u00fcriteler, kabul edilebiir seviyelere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1420\u20131470K aras\u0131ndaki ergime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, her iki bile\u015feninin ergime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile demir ve karbon birlikte \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmalar\u0131 durumunda ilk ergiyen \u00fcr\u00fcn olur. Mekanik \u00f6zellikleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, bile\u015fiminde bulunan karbonun ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 forma ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. ‘Beyaz’ d\u00f6kme demirlerde karbon sementit veya demir karb\u00fcr \u015feklindedir. Bu sert ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan bile\u015fik, beyaz d\u00f6kme demirleri sertle\u015ftirir fakat darbelere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131ks\u0131z k\u0131lar. \u00d6te yandan, ‘gri’ d\u00f6kme demirlerde karbon, serbest ince grafit pulcuklar\u0131 halindedir ve bu da, keskin kenarl\u0131 grafit pulcuklar\u0131n\u0131n gerilim artt\u0131rma karakterinden dolay\u0131 malzemeyi k\u0131r\u0131lgan yapar. Gri d\u00f6kme demirin daha yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan ‘s\u00fcnek demir’de ise, malzemenin tokluk ve mukavemetini artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, d\u00f6kme demirin az miktarda magnezyum ile muamele edilip grafit pulcuklar\u0131n\u0131n \u015feklinin k\u00fcresel veya nod\u00fcler hale d\u00f6nmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
* Karbon \u00e7eli\u011fi: %0.4\u2013%1.5 aras\u0131nda karbon ile az miktarlarda manganez, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, fosfor, ve silisyum i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
* D\u00f6v\u00fclebilir d\u00f6kme demir: %0.2 den daha az karbon i\u00e7erir, tok ve d\u00f6v\u00fclebilr bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
* Ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7elik: de\u011fi\u015fen miktarlarda karbonun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, krom, vanadyum, molibden, nikel, tungsten gibi di\u011fer metalleri de i\u00e7erir ve daha \u00e7ok yap\u0131sal alanlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Demir-\u00e7elik metalurjisindeki son geli\u015fmeler, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli mikro-ala\u015f\u0131mland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7eliklerin (‘HSLA’ veya ‘y\u00fcksek mukavemet, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131m’ \u00e7elikleri) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7elik ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zeli\u011fi, \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlardaki ala\u015f\u0131m elementi ilavesiyle \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek mukavemet ve toklu\u011fun elde edilebilmesidir.<\/p>\n
* Demir(III) oksit: bilgisayarlarda manyetik depolama \u00fcnitelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e <\/p>\n
Demirin ilk kullan\u0131m\u0131na dair i\u015faretler, m\u0131zrak u\u00e7lar\u0131, b\u0131\u00e7ak ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyas\u0131 \u015feklinde olup S\u00fcmerlere ve eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara kadar (yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 4000 y\u0131llar\u0131) dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.3500 ile M.\u00d6.2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Mezopotamya, Anadolu, ve M\u0131s\u0131r civar\u0131nda ergitilmi\u015f demirden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f objeler daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Bu objelerin i\u00e7eri\u011finde nikele rastlanmamas\u0131 da meteor ta\u015flar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Ancak bunlar\u0131n kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok t\u00f6rensel olmas\u0131, demirin o \u00e7a\u011flarda alt\u0131ndan bile daha pahal\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130lyada’da sava\u015f silahlar\u0131 bronzdan yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n demir ingotlar ticarette kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re o \u00e7a\u011flarda demir, bak\u0131r’\u0131n safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir yan \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak (‘s\u00fcnger demir’) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve devrin metalurji bilgisi, demiri yeni ba\u015ftan \u00fcretmeye yetmemektedir.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.1600 ile M.\u00d6.1200 y\u0131llar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde demirin Orta Do\u011fu’da giderek artan bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr, fakat gene de bronzun yerini alamaz.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.1200 ile M.\u00d6.1000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu’da, ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7 ve silah yap\u0131m\u0131nda bronzdan demire h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ge\u00e7i\u015f ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda demir i\u015fleme teknolojisinde kaydedilen bir geli\u015fme de\u011fil, bronz yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kalay\u0131n arz\u0131nda ya\u015fanan kesinti yatmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6relerinde de\u011fi\u015fik zamanlarda ya\u015fanan bu ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci, yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n, ‘Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fareti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Bu simge, demirin, silahlar\u0131n metali oldu\u011funu, sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mars’\u0131 i\u015faret etmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Bronzdan demire ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir ba\u015fka ke\u015fif de karb\u00fcrizasyon olmu\u015ftur. Karb\u00fcrizasyonun kelime anlam\u0131 demire karbon ilavesi prosesidir. Demir, s\u00fcnger demir \u015feklinde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tekrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde katlanarak d\u00f6v\u00fclmek suretiyle i\u00e7erdi\u011fi curufun k\u00fctleyi terketmesi ve karbonun oksitlenmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak d\u00f6v\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6kme demirin \u00e7ok az karbon i\u00e7ermesi nedeniyle su verme ile sertle\u015ftirilmesi pek kolay olmamaktayd\u0131. Orta Do\u011fu insanlar\u0131, d\u00f6kme demiri, odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde uzun s\u00fcre \u0131s\u0131t\u0131p daha sonra su veya ya\u011fda su vererek \u00e7ok daha sert bir \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, \u00e7eli\u011fin y\u00fczeyine sahipti ve yava\u015f yava\u015f yerini almaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 bronzdan \u00e7ok daha sert ve daha az k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00c7in’de Zhou hanedan\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131na do\u011fru (M.\u00d6.550), olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f ocak teknolojisi nedeniyle yeni bir demir \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1300K s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015fan y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131n yapabilmeleri, \u00c7inlilerin d\u00f6kme demir (veya pik demir) \u00fcretmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Hindistan’da demirin kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 M.\u00d6.250 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar geri gider. Delhi’de Kutup kompleksindeki \u00fcnl\u00fc demir direk, saf demirden (%98) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup bug\u00fcne kadar bozulmadan gelebilmi\u015f ve paslanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Demir, karbonla birlikte 1420\u20131470K s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131 ergiyik %96,5 demir ve %3,5 karbon i\u00e7eren bir ala\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn ince detayl\u0131 \u015fekiller halinde d\u00f6k\u00fclebilirse de, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi karbonun \u00e7o\u011funu uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla dekarb\u00fcrize edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, i\u015flenebilmek i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131r.
\n \u0130sve\u00e7 demir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan kalma bir balta. Gotland’da (\u0130sve\u00e7) bulunmu\u015ftur.
\n \u0130sve\u00e7 demir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan kalma bir balta. Gotland’da (\u0130sve\u00e7) bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Avrupa’da d\u00f6kme demirin geli\u015fimi, ergitme \u00fcnitelerinde 1000K nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in epeyce ge\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da, orta \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda demir, s\u00fcnger demirin d\u00f6v\u00fclerek d\u00f6kme demire d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle elde edilmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6kme demirin Avrupa’da ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130sve\u00e7’in Lapphyttan ve Vinarhyttan b\u00f6lgelerinde 1150 ve 1350 y\u0131llar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Bu geli\u015fimin Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan Rusya \u00fczerinden bu b\u00f6lgelere getirildi\u011fi \u015feklindeki hipotezler do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, top g\u00fcllelerine olan talep art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte d\u00f6kme demir pazar\u0131 olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk demir izabe (ergitme) i\u015flemlerinde, hem \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 hem de red\u00fckleme arac\u0131 olarak odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiltere’sinde a\u011fa\u00e7 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131yla birlikte alternatif olarak kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Abraham Darby’nin bu bulu\u015fu end\u00fcstri devrimi i\u00e7in gerekli olan enerji kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Demir, atom numaras\u0131 26 olan bir elementtir. Simgesi Fe dir (Lat. Ferrum dan). Demir, yerkabu\u011funda en \u00e7ok bulunan metaldir. Yerk\u00fcrenin merkezindeki s\u0131v\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011fin de tek bir demir kristali oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmekle birlikte, demir nikel ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olma ihtimali daha y\u00fcksektir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezindeki bu kadar y\u00fcksek miktardaki yo\u011fun demir k\u00fctlesinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131na etki etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Demir …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4818,1477,2564,2261,2247,4817,3600,2142,4819,3601,2963],"class_list":["post-1829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-alasimli-celik","tag-anadolu","tag-demir-elementi","tag-element","tag-karbon","tag-karbon-celigi","tag-manganez","tag-metaller","tag-metalurji","tag-nikel","tag-yerkabugu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1829","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1829"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1829\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}