Alt\u0131n, kimyada Au sembol\u00fc ile g\u00f6sterilen yumu\u015fak, parlak sar\u0131 renkte metalik bir element. Alt\u0131n\u0131n parlak sar\u0131 rengi, asitlere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fada serbest halde bulunabilmesi ve kolay i\u015flenebilmesi gibi \u00f6zellikleri, insanlar\u0131n ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e <\/p>\n
Tarihte bilinen kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 3200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, alt\u0131n darphanelerde e\u015fit boyda \u00e7ubuklar halinde \u00e7ekilerek para olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Au Latince Aurum kelimesinden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
Peru\u2019da M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na ait alt\u0131n ziynet e\u015fyalar\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlanm\u0131\u015f olup, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131ndaki Aztekler ve \u0130nkalar\u0131n da alt\u0131na tutkun olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131na \u00f6nem veren eski medeniyetler aras\u0131nda; Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131, Makedonyal\u0131lar\u0131, Asurileri, S\u00fcmerleri ve Lidyal\u0131lar\u0131 saymak yerinde olur.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6. 550 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Lidya Kral\u0131 Krezos, alt\u0131n\u0131 para olarak (sikke) bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve alt\u0131n\u0131n para olarak bas\u0131lmas\u0131 ile de ticaret artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehirler zenginle\u015fmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya yeni bir refah devresine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131nda \u0130skit ve Sormatlar\u0131n (M.\u00d6. 1000) milli kahramanlar\u0131 konu alan alt\u0131n toka yap\u0131m\u0131nda ileri olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l aralar\u0131nda ise alt\u0131n kase, vazo i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finde en g\u00fczel \u00f6rnekleri vermi\u015flerdir. Bu eserlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 New York, Morgan kolleksiyonunda te\u015fhir edilmektedir. T\u00fcrkler m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ettikten sonra alt\u0131ndan e\u015fya yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Alt\u0131n e\u015fyay\u0131 sadece s\u00fcs olarak kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bulunu\u015fu <\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyonlarda bulunur. Yer k\u00fcresinin tahminen 0,001 ppm (milyonda bir)ini te\u015fkil eder. Kalaverit (Au2Te4), silvanit (Au2Ag2Te6) ve krennerit (Au8Te6) mineralleri oldu\u011fu gibi bak\u0131r ve kur\u015fun minerallerinde de eser miktarlar\u0131 bulunabilir. Volkanik kuvarslar\u0131n i\u00e7inde, akarsular\u0131n kumlu yataklar\u0131nda toz ve k\u00fcl\u00e7e halinde bulunur.<\/p>\n
Elde edili\u015fi Alt\u0131n cevherleri, \u201cmetalik alt\u0131n ihtiva eden cevherler\u201d ve \u201cbile\u015fikleri halinde alt\u0131n ihtiva eden cevherler\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Metalik alt\u0131n i\u00e7eren cevherlerden alt\u0131n elde etmek i\u00e7in alt\u0131n i\u00e7eren k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kuvars par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme de\u011firmenlerinde hamur haline getirilir. Bu hamur i\u00e7inde alt\u0131n tanecikleri kolloidal halde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Buradaki \u00fcr\u00fcn malgama tekni\u011fi ile ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Malgamalanm\u0131\u015f hamurun konsantrasyonu artt\u0131r\u0131larak \u00e7ok seyreltik sodyum siyan\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zeltisiyle i\u015flenir. Sodyum siyan\u00fcr alt\u0131n ile reaksiyona girerek kompleks bile\u015fik meydana getirir:<\/p>\n
4Au + 8NaCN + 2H2O + O2 \u2192 4NaAu(CN)2 + 4NaOH<\/p>\n
Kompleks bile\u015fikteki alt\u0131n metalik \u00e7inko ile \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
2Na + 2Au(CN)2 + Zn \u2192 2Au + Na2Zn(CN)4<\/p>\n
Bu \u00e7\u00f6keltideki alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki maddeler, Kal metoduyla al\u0131n\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f de nitrik ve s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit etkisiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclerek geriye saf alt\u0131n kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bile\u015fikleri <\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n bile\u015fiklerinde +1 ve +3 de\u011ferlikli halde bulunur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bile\u015fiklerinden kolayca metalik hale indirgenebilir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n, AuCl, Au2S, AuCN gibi +1 de\u011ferlikli bile\u015fikleri sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde karars\u0131z olup, +3 de\u011fere y\u00fckseltgenir veya metalik hale indirgenir. Bununla beraber sodyum ve potasyum siyan\u00fcr ile verdi\u011fi kompleks tuzlar\u0131n\u0131n sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri haz\u0131rlanabilir ve end\u00fcstride \u00f6zellikle kaplamac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Organik tuzlar\u0131 da bilinmekte olup karars\u0131zd\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n +3 de\u011ferlikli bile\u015fikleri genellikle kararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
AuCl3 su, alkol ve eterde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta ve kaplamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
AuBr3 alkol ve eterde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 kimyasal analizlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n hidroksit, Au(OH)3, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 hassas kahverengi bir tozdur. Suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez, hidroklorik asit ve di\u011fer asitlerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr. Yald\u0131z yap\u0131m\u0131 ve kaplamac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n organik bile\u015fikleri genellikle dialkil tuzlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tuzlar R2AuX \u015feklindedir. Burada R organik molek\u00fcl X ise halojen, k\u00fck\u00fcrt, azot veya oksijendir.<\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 <\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcne kadar yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn alt\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin ve merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n elindedir. Gerek her \u00fclkede ka\u011f\u0131t para emisyonunun g\u00fcvencesi olarak, gerek milletleraras\u0131 bir \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak eskiden beri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan alt\u0131n, metalle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde de de\u011ferini korumaktad\u0131r. Kuyumculukta alt\u0131n\u0131n genellikle g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, palladyumlu, bak\u0131rl\u0131 veya platinli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Elektrik iletkenli\u011fi y\u00fcksek (bak\u0131r\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %70\u2019i oran\u0131nda) olan ve kolayca kimyasal tepkimelere girmeyen alt\u0131n en \u00e7ok elektrik ve elektronik sanayilerde ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n, terminallerin, bask\u0131 devrelerinin, transist\u00f6rlerin ve yar\u0131 iletken sistemlerin kaplanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 98\u2019ini yans\u0131tarak geri \u00e7evirebilen ince alt\u0131n levhalar, uzay elbiselerinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6z deliklerinde zararl\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardan korunmay\u0131 ve sun\u2019i uydular\u0131n y\u00fczeylerinde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n denetlenebilmesini sa\u011flar. B\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcro binalar\u0131n\u0131n pencerelerinde de gene ince levhalar halinde alt\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, yaln\u0131z estetik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, bu yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyin \u00e7evreyle \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Lal camlara parlak k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengini veren, cams\u0131 k\u00fctlenin i\u00e7inde kolloidal halinde da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ok az miktardaki alt\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 <\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini (kullan\u0131\u015f gayesine g\u00f6re) de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n-g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131: % 75 alt\u0131n, % 25 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ye\u015fil renkte olup m\u00fccevher yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
% 40 alt\u0131n % 60 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 beyaz renkte ve serttir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n-nikel ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131: M\u00fccevher yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan beyaz alt\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mda % 80 alt\u0131n, % 16 nikel, % 3 \u00e7inko ve % 1 bak\u0131r kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n-bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131: Para bas\u0131m\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kolayca i\u015flenebilir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n-palladyum ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131: Kolayca i\u015flenebilir. En fazla sertlik g\u00f6sterenler % 60-65 palladyum ihtiva edenlerdir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klardaki y\u00fcksek direnci sebebiyle potansiyometre yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n ayar\u0131: Alt\u0131n\u0131n kimyadaki safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cy\u00fczde\u201d ile, m\u00fccevhercilikteki safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u201ckarat\u201d veya \u201cayar\u201d terimleriyle ifade edilir. Buna g\u00f6re 24 ayar (veya karat) alt\u0131n % 100 saf alt\u0131n\u0131, 22 ayar ise % 91, 6 saf alt\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. 22 ayar alt\u0131n\u0131n % 8,4\u2019\u00fc di\u011fer metaller ile tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alt\u0131na g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ilavesi ye\u015filimsi, nikel ve platinin ilavesi beyaz, \u00e7inkonun ilavesi sar\u0131 ve bak\u0131r ilavesi de bak\u0131r miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re sar\u0131dan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya kadar de\u011fi\u015fen renkler kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n i\u015fi: Alt\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan heykel, kap, kacak, m\u00fccevher s\u00fcsleme ve paralar\u0131n hepsine verilen ad. Alt\u0131n metallerin en yumu\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve en kolay bi\u00e7imlendirilebilenidir. 10 gr alt\u0131n d\u00f6v\u00fclerek 11 m2\u2019lik ince bir levha veya \u00e7ekilerek 570 m uzunlu\u011funda ince bir tel elde edilebilir. En rahat \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilen metal olarak kalemle i\u015flenerek, kak\u0131larak, d\u00f6v\u00fclerek, oyularak, kabart\u0131larak, d\u00f6k\u00fclerek varak haline getirilip ah\u015fap, metal, deri ve par\u015f\u00f6men gibi ba\u015fka e\u015fyalar\u0131 kaplamada da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n suyu: Kral suyu olarak da bilinir. Hacimce bir birim deri\u015fik nitrik asit ile \u00fc\u00e7 birim deri\u015fik hidroklorik asitten olu\u015fan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mdan meydana gelir. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zebildi\u011finden alt\u0131n suyu ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n suyu (veya kral suyu), kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6zme i\u015flemlerinde baz\u0131 demir cevherlerini, fosfatl\u0131 kaya\u00e7lar\u0131, curuflar\u0131, nikel-krom ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, antimonu, selenyumu ve civa, arsenik, kur\u015fun ve kobalt s\u00fclf\u00fcrleri, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc az olan s\u00fclf\u00fcrleri \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n Standard\u0131 Sistemi
\n Do\u011fal haliyle alt\u0131nStandart para biriminin, belirli bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta alt\u0131n olarak kabul edildi\u011fi veya para de\u011ferinin belli a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta alt\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferine denk tutuldu\u011fu para sistemi. \u00dclke i\u00e7inde alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n benimsenmesi, milletleraras\u0131 seviyede de alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 sonucunu getirir. Alt\u0131n standard\u0131nda ya alt\u0131n sikkeler kanuni olarak para dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na girer veya ka\u011f\u0131t para, istendi\u011finde sabit bir fiyatla alt\u0131na \u00e7evrilebilir.<\/p>\n
Hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkede alt\u0131n standard\u0131 uygulanmasa da milletleraras\u0131 seviyede alt\u0131n standard\u0131 sistemi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalabilir. Bu durumda, ya alt\u0131n\u0131n kendisi veya sabit fiyat \u00fczerinden alt\u0131na \u00e7evrilebilen bir para birimi milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu sistemde, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 sabittir. D\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131, alt\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fclkeden \u00f6tekine ta\u015f\u0131nma maliyetini a\u015farak sabit alt\u0131n paritesinin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar veya alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse, kurlar resmi seviyeye d\u00f6n\u00fcnceye kadar, \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda alt\u0131n sikke ve k\u00fcl\u00e7e giri\u015f veya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Alt\u0131n standard\u0131 ilk defa 1821\u2019de \u0130ngiltere’de kondu. Bir\u00e7ok devre ge\u00e7irdikten sonra 1937\u2019ye gelindi\u011finde tam alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke kalmad\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131n\u0131n genellikle dolara veya alt\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sisteme ge\u00e7ildi. 1958\u2019de yeniden bir t\u00fcr alt\u0131n standard\u0131 sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6nde gelen Avrupa \u00fclkeleri milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6demelerde kendi paralar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na veya dolara serbest\u00e7e \u00e7evrilebilirli\u011fini garanti ediyorlard\u0131. Milli seviyede alt\u0131n standard\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ise hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Alt\u0131n, kimyada Au sembol\u00fc ile g\u00f6sterilen yumu\u015fak, parlak sar\u0131 renkte metalik bir element. Alt\u0131n\u0131n parlak sar\u0131 rengi, asitlere kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fada serbest halde bulunabilmesi ve kolay i\u015flenebilmesi gibi \u00f6zellikleri, insanlar\u0131n ilk\u00e7a\u011flardan beri ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Tarih\u00e7e Tarihte bilinen kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 3200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, alt\u0131n darphanelerde e\u015fit boyda \u00e7ubuklar halinde \u00e7ekilerek para olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4842,132,3598,2224,2257,2123,4843,2164,4844,4713,3152],"class_list":["post-1854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-altin-elementi","tag-amerika","tag-au","tag-azot","tag-cinko","tag-kukurt","tag-metalik-altin","tag-oksijen","tag-sodyum-siyanur","tag-sulfurik-asit","tag-volkanik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1854","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1854"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1854\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1854"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1854"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1854"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}