Bir kimyasal olayda , olaya giren maddeler zaman i\u00e7inde t\u00fckenirken,olaydan \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fcr\u00fcnler artar.Baz\u0131 kimyasal olaylarda olaya girenler(reaktifler) h\u0131zl\u0131 azal\u0131rken,baz\u0131 olaylarda yava\u015f azal\u0131r.G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz bir\u00e7ok olayda bunu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Toz \u015feker,kesme \u015fekerden daha \u00e7abuk suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.Benzin,k\u00f6m\u00fcrden daha \u00e7abuk yanar.<\/p>\n
Kimyasal reaksiyonlar\u0131n h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en,mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen kimya dal\u0131na K\u0130MYASAL K\u0130NET\u0130K denir.
\n Bir kimyasal tepkimede birim zamanda harcanan ya da olu\u015fan madde miktar\u0131na o tep-kimenin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131 denir.Madde miktar\u0131 mol say\u0131s\u0131 , k\u00fctle veya deri\u015fim olarak ifade edilir-ken, zaman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olarak da tepkimenin cinsine g\u00f6re saniye,dakika,saat,g\u00fcn,ay gibi s\u00fcreler al\u0131nabilir. <\/p>\n
N2(g) + 3H2(g) \u00d2 2NH3(g) tepkimesini inceleyelim.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta al\u0131nan N2(g) ve H2(g) miktarlar\u0131 zamanla azal\u0131rken NH3(g) miktar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.Ancak, N2 gaz\u0131ndaki azalma H2 gaz\u0131ndaki azalmadan daha azd\u0131r.1 mol N2 aza-l\u0131rken 3 mol H2 azalmal\u0131d\u0131r,bu s\u0131rada 2 mol NH3 olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.Bu nedenle bir kimyasal tepkimede maddelerin denkle\u015fmi\u015f denklemdeki kat say\u0131lar\u0131 ile h\u0131zlar\u0131 do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.H\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131rken hangi maddeye g\u00f6re yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n
N2\u2019nin ortalama harcanma h\u0131z\u0131 = N2 miktar\u0131ndaki azalma\/ge\u00e7en zaman. Bu e\u015fitli\u011fi k\u0131saltmak i\u00e7in; <\/p>\n
Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131=TH, ge\u00e7en zaman rt ve madde miktar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in genellikle deri\u015fim(konsantrasyon) kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan rC yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Harcananlar i\u00e7in (-), olu\u015fanlar i\u00e7in (+) i\u015fareti yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T.H N2= -r[N2]\\rt T.H H2= -r[H2]\\rt T.H NH3= +r[NH3]\\rt e\u015fitlik-
\nleri elde edilir.Bu h\u0131zlar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fitlersek <\/p>\n
6 T.H N2=2 T.H H2=3 T.H NH3 e\u015fitli\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Bir kimyasal tepkimede herhangi bir maddenin h\u0131z\u0131 bilindi\u011finde di\u011ferlerinin h\u0131zlar\u0131 denklem yard\u0131m\u0131 ile hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta al\u0131nan madde miktarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re belli bir de\u011ferle ba\u015flar, zaman i\u00e7inde olaya giren maddeler azalaca\u011f\u0131ndan tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 da azal\u0131r.
\n Tepkime h\u0131zlar\u0131 genellikle zamanla ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mg(k) + 2HCl(suda) \u00d2 MgCl2(suda) + H2(g) tepkimesi incelendi\u011finde ,Mg miktar\u0131n\u0131n zamanla azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 H2 gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n zamanla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenir.<\/p>\n
Tepkimelerin h\u0131zlar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederken ortalama h\u0131z ifadesi kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.Belli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda harcanan ya da olu\u015fan miktar, her zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bir tepkimenin t an\u0131ndaki h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in; harcanan miktar\u0131n zamanla de\u011fi\u015fim e\u011frisinde , t an\u0131nda \u00e7izilen te\u011fetin e\u011fimi al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tepkime H\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi<\/p>\n
Bir kimyasal tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131, tepkimenin cinsine g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen, g\u00f6zlenebilen makro \u00f6zelliklerdeki de\u011fi\u015fim izlenerek belirlenebilir.Renk, bas\u0131n\u00e7, iletkenlik, \u0131s\u0131, pH vs. <\/p>\n
1.) Renk, koku, tat, \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fimi gibi fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerdeki de\u011fi\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 belirleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n
C2H4(g) + Br2(suda) \u00d2 C2H4Br2
\nrenksiz k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renksiz<\/p>\n
2.) Bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimi: Gaz faz\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepkimelerde tepkimeye giren gazlar\u0131n mol say\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin mol say\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fit de\u011filse bas\u0131n\u00e7taki de\u011fi\u015fim ile tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ebiliriz. <\/p>\n
H2(g) + Cl2(g) \u00d2 2HCl(g) rn=Sn \u00fcr\u00fcnler – Sn girenler<\/p>\n
oldu\u011fundan rn =2-(1+1)=0 mol say\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmedi\u011finden ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve hacimde bas\u0131n\u00e7 da de\u011fi\u015fmez. Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimi ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n
N2(g) + 3H2(g) \u00d2 2NH3(g) tepkimesinde rn =-2 oldu\u011fundan bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Tepkime \u00f6ncesi (H2 + N2 ) kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 h ise tepkime sonras\u0131nda h\/2 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. C\u0131va seviyesindeki d\u00fc\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/p>\n
3.) \u0130letkenlik de\u011fi\u015fimi: \u0130yon i\u00e7ermeyen s\u0131v\u0131lar elektri\u011fi iletmezler. Tepkimelerde iyonlar olu\u015fuyorsa iletkenlik artarken, iyonlar azal\u0131yorsa iletkenlik azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
NaCl(k) + H2O(s\u0131v\u0131) \u00d2 Na+(suda) + Cl-(suda) iletkenlik artar.<\/p>\n
Ag+(suda) + Cl-(suda) \u00d2 AgCl(k) iletkenlik azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4.) Is\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi: Tepkime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 (rH ) bilinen tepkimelerde \u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimi ile h\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir.
\n5.) pH de\u011fi\u015fimi: Asit ya da baz ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepkimelerde pH metre denilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc aletleri ile h\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir.
\n6.) Tepkimede Olu\u015fan Gaz Hacminin \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclerek H\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n Belirlenmesi: \u00d6zellikle gaz \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu tepkimelerde, sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7ta, \u00e7\u0131kan gaz\u0131n hacmi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek, tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 saptanabilir.\u00d6rne\u011fin;<\/p>\n
H2O2(s) \u00d2 H2O(s) + 1\/2O2(g) tepkimesinde \u00e7\u0131kan O2 gaz\u0131n\u0131n hacmi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek,<\/p>\n
Zn(k) + 2HCl(suda) \u00d2 ZnCl2(suda) + H2(g) tepkimesinde \u00e7\u0131kan H2 gaz\u0131n\u0131n hacmi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek buldu\u011fumuz hacim de\u011ferleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 zamana kar\u015f\u0131 grafi\u011fe ge\u00e7irilerek tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma Teorisi<\/p>\n
Bir kimyasal olayda olaya giren taneciklerin (atom,molek\u00fcl,iyon) \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilme-
\nleri i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren teoridir.Bu teoriye g\u00f6re \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan tanecikler:<\/p>\n
1.) Ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda z\u0131t y\u00f6nde ve uygun geometride \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n2.) Yeterli kinetik enerjiye sahip olarak \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Etkin \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma<\/p>\n
Her \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fmaz.\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerin kinetik enerjileri yeterli
\nolmal\u0131 ve uygun geometride \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmelidir. Etkin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 da artar.<\/p>\n
Aktifle\u015fme Enerjisi ( Aktivasyon Enerjisi )<\/p>\n
\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerin aktiflenmi\u015f kompleks ( \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilecek enerjiye sahip karars\u0131z ara \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr. ) olu\u015fturabilmeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden sahip olmalar\u0131 gereken minimum enerjiye aktifle\u015fme ya da e\u015fik enerjisi denir. Birimi kcal olup Ea \u015feklinde ifade edilir. Tepkimenin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki aktifle\u015fme enerjisine ileri aktifle\u015fme enerjisi Eai denir. Geri tepkimenin aktifle\u015fme enerjisine geri aktifle\u015fme enerjisi Eag denir. Aktifle\u015fme enerjisi daima pozitiftir.<\/p>\n
Kimyasal tepkimelerde enerji de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6steren grafiklere potansiyel enerji ( P.E. ) \u2013 Tepkime Koordinat\u0131 ( T.K ) grafikleri denir.<\/p>\n
X2(g) + Y2(g) \u00d2 2XY(g) + Is\u0131<\/p>\n
Ea tepkimesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini inceleyelim:<\/p>\n
\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma teorisine g\u00f6re, X-X molek\u00fclleri ile Y-Y molek\u00fclleri yeterli kinetik enerji ile ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda z\u0131t y\u00f6nde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra birbirine yakla\u015fan molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjileri potansiyel enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek aktiflenmi\u015f kompleks ( ara \u00fcr\u00fcn ) olu\u015ftururlar. Aktiflenmi\u015f kompleksin olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in kinetik enerjisi aktifle\u015fme enerjisine e\u015fit ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck olan molek\u00fcllerin uygun geometride \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili molek\u00fcllerin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, elektron bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n itme kuvvetleri yenilmeyece\u011finden aktiflenmi\u015f kompleks olu\u015famaz. Her \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015femez. Aktiflenmi\u015f kompleksin deneyle saptanamam\u0131\u015f y\u00fcksek enerjili karars\u0131z bir yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ya kendisini olu\u015fturan reaktiflere geri d\u00f6ner ya da reaktifler aras\u0131 ba\u011flar uzayarak koparken yeni olu\u015fan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011flar\u0131 k\u0131sal\u0131r, kararl\u0131 yap\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fur.
\nAktiflenmi\u015f kompleks olu\u015fumunda X\u2026X ba\u011flar\u0131 ve Y\u2026Y ba\u011flar\u0131 zay\u0131flay\u0131p X-Y ba\u011flar\u0131 kuvvetlenirse \u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
X2 ve Y2 molek\u00fcllerinin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nceki toplam potansiyel enerjileri a kcal olsun.X2 ve Y2 molek\u00fclleri birbirine yeterince yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elektron bulutlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ile yava\u015flama g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Sahip olduklar\u0131 kinetik enerjileri azalarak potansiyel enerjileri artar.Aktif-
\nlenmi\u015f kompleksin olu\u015ftu\u011fu noktada potansiyel enerji en y\u00fcksek seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.b kcal aktiflenmi\u015f kompleksin potansiyel enerjisidir.<\/p>\n
b kcal \u2013 a kcal fark\u0131 tepkimenin aktifle\u015fme enerjisidir.X2Y2 kompleksinde X-Y ba\u011flar\u0131 kuvvetlenirse a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u0131s\u0131 sal\u0131naca\u011f\u0131ndan, potansiyel enerji kinetik enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.Aktiflenmi\u015f kompleksin potansiyel enerjisi tamamen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kinetik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.c kcal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sahip oldu\u011fu toplam potansiyel enerjisidir.<\/p>\n
\u00dcr\u00fcnlerin potansiyel enerjisi ile, girenlerin potansiyel enerjileri aras\u0131ndaki fark tepkime entalpisini verir.<\/p>\n
\u00dcr\u00fcnlerin potansiyel enerjisi, girenlerin potansiyel enerjisinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan
\ntepkime ekzotermiktir<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki tepkimenin tersi olan;<\/p>\n
Is\u0131 + 2XY \u00d2 X2 + Y2 tepkimesini inceledi\u011fimizde, XY molek\u00fcllerinin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015farak X2 ve Y2 molek\u00fcllerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in, ba\u015flama noktas\u0131ndaki potansiyel enerjinin a kcal seviyesine gelmesi gerekir.Geri tepkime incelendi\u011finde tepkime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131sal olarak ileri tepkimenin rH\u2019\u0131na e\u015fit olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n i\u015fareti ( + ) olaca\u011f\u0131ndan endotermik tepkimedir. (rH);ileri tepkimenin aktifle\u015fme enerjisi Eai ile geri tepkimenin aktifle\u015fme enerjisi Eag aras\u0131ndaki fark kadard\u0131r. rH= Eai \u2013 Eag<\/p>\n
Tepkime H\u0131z\u0131na Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler<\/p>\n
Bir tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren fakt\u00f6rleri tart\u0131\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 tepkimelerin h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n ni\u00e7in birbirinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Bir kimyasal tepkime genelde, tepkimeye giren madde taneciklerinin, basit\u00e7e, birbirine eklenmesi olay\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tepkimeye giren madde taneciklerindeki ( molek\u00fcllerdeki )
\natomlar, kendilerini bir arada tutan ba\u011flar\u0131n kopmas\u0131 ile birbirinden ayr\u0131lacaklar ve sonra, olu\u015fturacaklar\u0131 maddelere g\u00f6re, yeni ba\u011flar olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere yeniden d\u00fczenleneceklerdir.
\n\u00d6yleyse, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 maddelerin atomlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve bu atomlardan yeni bile\u015fikler olu\u015fmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 kolayl\u0131kta olmayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, farkl\u0131 kimyasal tepkimelerin h\u0131zlar\u0131 da farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Denilebilir ki, tepkimeye giren maddeler atomlara ne kadar kolay ayr\u0131l\u0131rsa ( maddeler ne kadar karars\u0131zsa ) ve yeni bile\u015fikleri ne kadar kolay olu\u015ftururlarsa ( olu\u015fan bile\u015fikler ne kadar basit ise ), tepkime o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
1.) Tepkimeye Giren Maddelerin T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/p>\n
Bir kimyasal olay ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken olaya giren maddelerden \u00fcr\u00fcnlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmenin kolay olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in , az say\u0131da ba\u011f kopmal\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlenme olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.Olaya giren maddelerden ne kadar \u00e7ok ba\u011f kopuyorsa ve ne kadar \u00e7ok yeni ba\u011f olu\u015fuyorsa tepkime o kadar yava\u015ft\u0131r.Reaksiyona giren madde \u00e7e\u015fidi artt\u0131k\u00e7a tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130yonik yap\u0131daki maddelerin tepkime h\u0131zlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131n tepkimelerinin ayn\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131n tepkimelerinden h\u0131zl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Bu h\u0131z artmas\u0131 veya azalmas\u0131n\u0131n derecesi ayn\u0131 zamanda iyon y\u00fcklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile de orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin +1 y\u00fckl\u00fc bir iyon ile -1 y\u00fckl\u00fc bir iyonun etkile\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 +2 y\u00fckl\u00fc ve -1 y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonun etkile\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131ndan daha yava\u015f olma e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n
2.) Temas Y\u00fczeyi<\/p>\n
Bir tepkimede kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz fazlar\u0131nda maddeler bulunursa ya da t\u00fcm maddeler ayn\u0131 fazda de\u011filse bu t\u00fcr tepkimelere heterojen tepkimeler denir.Heterojen bir tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131, \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerin birbirleri ile temas etmesi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa artar.Toz \u015feker kesme \u015fekere g\u00f6re daha \u00e7abuk \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3.) Hacim ve Bas\u0131n\u00e7 <\/p>\n
Gaz faz\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir tepkimede kab\u0131n hacmi azalt\u0131l\u0131rsa her bir gaz\u0131n k\u0131smi bas\u0131nc\u0131 artar.Birim hacimdeki tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 artar, \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artar.\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 etkin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n
4.) S\u0131cakl\u0131k <\/p>\n
Bir tepkimede s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerin kinetik enerjisini artt\u0131r\u0131r.E\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fabilen tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 artar.Bu nedenle tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 artar.S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcm kimyasal tepkimelerin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131 \u2013 Kinetik Enerji grafi\u011finde bir tepkimede s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi T1 ve T2 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131nda e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fabilen tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.T1 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fabilen tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 az, T2 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok ise bu durumda T2 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, T1 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
5.) Kataliz\u00f6r<\/p>\n
Bir tepkimede, tepkimeye girip tepkime sonucu aynen a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan ve tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren maddelere kataliz\u00f6r denir.( Bir tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatan, hatta pratikte durduran baz\u0131 maddeler vard\u0131r.Bunlara da inhibit\u00f6r maddeler denir.)<\/p>\n
Kataliz\u00f6rler, homojen ve heterojen kataliz\u00f6rler diye ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.Homojen kataliz\u00f6rler
\ntepkiyen maddelerle ayn\u0131 fazda katalizleme g\u00f6revi yaparlar.<\/p>\n
\u00fc Kataliz\u00f6r denildi\u011finde genellikle tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131ran anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
\n\u00fc Kataliz\u00f6rler, tepkimenin izledi\u011fi yolu, mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek aktifle\u015fme enerjisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrler.
\n\u00fc Tepkime h\u0131z sabitinin (k) say\u0131sal de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirirler.
\n\u00fc Tepkime entalpisini de\u011fi\u015ftirmezler.( Eai ve Eag de\u011ferlerini ayn\u0131 oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcklerinden)
\n\u00fc Tepkimenin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ve verimini de\u011fi\u015ftirmezler.
\n\u00fc Kataliz\u00f6r, bir tepkimenin denge konumunu bozmaz.
\n\u00fc Kataliz\u00f6rler, bir tepkimenin potansiyel enerji de\u011fi\u015fim grafi\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirirler.
\n\u00fc Tepkime denklemleri yaz\u0131l\u0131rken kataliz\u00f6rler okun \u00fczerinde g\u00f6sterilirler.Tepkime birka\u00e7 ad\u0131mda y\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa (mekanizmal\u0131 ise) kataliz\u00f6r, bu basamaklardan birinde tepkimeye girer bir ba\u015fka basamakta de\u011fi\u015fmeden aynen \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
6.) Tepkime Mekanizmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
\u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma teorisine g\u00f6re, olaya giren maddelerin \u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda z\u0131t y\u00f6nde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini daha \u00f6nce belirtmi\u015ftim.Olaya giren tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ayn\u0131 anda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r.Tanecikler kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015farak ara \u00fcr\u00fcnler olu\u015ftururlar. Bu ara \u00fcr\u00fcnler ile ba\u015fka taneciklerin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fabilir.Bu \u015fekilde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar zinciri ile ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k tepkimeler sonucu \u00fcr\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131na Mekanizmal\u0131 tepkimeler denir.Mekanizmal\u0131 tepkimelerde her bir basama\u011fa ad\u0131m denir.Ad\u0131mlar\u0131n h\u0131zlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
En yava\u015f ad\u0131m\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131mlar\u0131n sonunda olu\u015fup di\u011fer ad\u0131mda harcanan maddelere ara \u00fcr\u00fcn denir.Ara \u00fcr\u00fcnler ana tepkimede (toplu denklem) yer almazlar.Bir tepkimenin mekanizmas\u0131 kataliz\u00f6r ile de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
7.) Deri\u015fim <\/p>\n
Bir tepkimede deri\u015fimin artmas\u0131 birim hacimdeki tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.Tanecik-
\nler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artaca\u011f\u0131ndan tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 artar.Deri\u015fimin tepkime h\u0131z\u0131na etkisi deneysel olarak incelenebilir.Tepkimelerin h\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 deri\u015fimin etkisinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tek ad\u0131mda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir tepkimede olaya giren taneciklerin deri\u015fimleri ile tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fundan,deri\u015fimlerinin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131, h\u0131z sabiti ad\u0131 verilen k say\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131larak h\u0131z denklemi elde edilir.<\/p>\n
H2(g) + Cl2(g) \u00d2 2HCl(g) tepkimesi tek ad\u0131mda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131,
\nH2 deri\u015fimi ve Cl2 deri\u015fimi ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
H\u0131z denklemi;<\/p>\n
T.H.= k.[H2].[Cl2] \u015feklinde yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
N2(g) + 3H2(g) \u00d2 2NH3 tepkimesi tek ad\u0131mda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.Bu tepkimenin h\u0131z denklemi ise; T.H=k.[N2].[H2]3 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Genel olarak; mX(g) + nY(g) \u00d2 XmYn tepkimesinde;<\/p>\n
H\u0131z denklemi; T.H=k.[X]m.[Y]n \u015feklinde ifade edilir.<\/p>\n
H\u0131z Sabiti(k): Her tepkime i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 olan bir sabittir.Tepkimenin cinsine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.k ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse tepkime o kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 olur.S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u2019n\u0131n say\u0131sal de\u011ferini artt\u0131r\u0131r.k, kataliz\u00f6rlere de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.k\u2019n\u0131n birimi h\u0131z denklemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Tepkime Derecesi: H\u0131z denkleminde yer alan maddelerin deri\u015fimlerinin \u00fcstlerinin toplam\u0131d\u0131r.(m+n) say\u0131lar\u0131 toplam\u0131 tepkimenin derecesini verir.<\/p>\n
m+n=0 ise s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131 derecedir.
\nT.H=k olur. ( kat\u0131 ve saf s\u0131v\u0131larda )<\/p>\n
H\u0131z denklemleri, her zaman tepkime denklemine bak\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamaz.Mekanizmal\u0131 tepkimelerde h\u0131z denklemi yava\u015f ad\u0131ma g\u00f6re yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.Ger\u00e7ekte her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tepkimenin h\u0131z denklemi, o tepkime ile ilgili deneysel h\u0131z verilerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.Tepkimeye giren maddelerin deri\u015fimleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildik\u00e7e tepkime h\u0131z\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen de\u011fi\u015fme h\u0131z denklemini verecektir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir kimyasal olayda , olaya giren maddeler zaman i\u00e7inde t\u00fckenirken,olaydan \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fcr\u00fcnler artar.Baz\u0131 kimyasal olaylarda olaya girenler(reaktifler) h\u0131zl\u0131 azal\u0131rken,baz\u0131 olaylarda yava\u015f azal\u0131r.G\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131zda g\u00f6zledi\u011fimiz bir\u00e7ok olayda bunu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.Toz \u015feker,kesme \u015fekerden daha \u00e7abuk suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr.Benzin,k\u00f6m\u00fcrden daha \u00e7abuk yanar. Kimyasal reaksiyonlar\u0131n h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en,mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen kimya dal\u0131na K\u0130MYASAL K\u0130NET\u0130K denir. Bir kimyasal tepkimede birim zamanda harcanan ya …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4970,4971,2158,4967,4539,4968,4972,4969],"class_list":["post-1934","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aktiflesme-enerjisi","tag-aktivasyon-enerjisi","tag-basinc","tag-kimyasal-reaksiyonlarin-hizlari","tag-kimyasal-tepkime","tag-tepkime-hizi","tag-tepkime-hizina-etki-eden-faktorler","tag-tepkime-hizinin-olculmesi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1934","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1934"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1934\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1934"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1934"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1934"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}