Hidrojen ( H ) :
\nTicari g\u00fcbrelere azot ba\u011flanmas\u0131nda, kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n doyurulma i\u015fleminde (hidrojenasyon), metanol, amonyak ve hidroklorik asit gibi bile\u015fiklerin eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynak yap\u0131m\u0131nda, hidrojen balonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fi\u015firmede ve petrol\u00fcn i\u015flenmesinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u015fimdilik daha \u00e7ok roketlerde olmak \u00fczere yak\u0131t olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. “Hidrojen Yak\u0131t G\u00f6zeleri”, hidrojen gaz\u0131ndan elektrik enerjisi eldesi i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmekte olan bir teknolojidir. \u00c7evre dostu hidrojen, do\u011fal gaz ve benzine alternatif olarak kabul edilmesinin yan\u0131nda, kimyasal i\u015flemlerde, metal\u00fcrjide ve rafinerilerde de kullan\u0131labilecek niteliktedir. D\u00f6teryum ve trityum izotoplar\u0131 da, n\u00fckleer fisyon ve f\u00fczyon i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. Helyum (He):
\nZeplin ve balon gibi hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fi\u015firmede kullan\u0131m\u0131yla bilinen helyum gaz\u0131; kaynak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta, germanyum ve silisyum kristallerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, titanyum ve zirkonyum eldesinde, s\u00fcpersonik r\u00fczgar t\u00fcnellerinde ve derin dal\u0131\u015f t\u00fcplerinde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda ve n\u00fckleer enerji santrallerinde “so\u011futucu” olarak da \u00f6nemlidir. T\u00fcm elementler aras\u0131nda, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck erime ve kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 helyuma aittir. Makro \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bile atomik \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6stermesi nedeniyle “kuantum s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131” olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve \u0131s\u0131 iletkenli\u011fi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc derecede y\u00fcksek olan s\u0131v\u0131 helyum, manyetik rezonans g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemede (MRI) ve kanser te\u015fhisi i\u00e7in MRE’de de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yak\u0131n zamanda, s\u0131v\u0131 roket yak\u0131t\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmada da helyumdan faydalan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
3. Lityum (Li):
\nSeramik ve cam yap\u0131m\u0131nda, pil \u00fcretiminde, ya\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ve ala\u015f\u0131m sertle\u015ftirici maddelerin bile\u015fiminde, A vitamini sentezinde, n\u00fckleer santrallerde so\u011futucu g\u00f6revinde ve roketlerde itici kuvvet sa\u011flamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kat\u0131 elementler i\u00e7inde en y\u00fcksek \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131 kapasitesine sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, \u0131s\u0131 iletiminde kullan\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n bile\u015fiminde yer al\u0131r. Ancak, su ya da asit gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcksek bir patlama ya da parlama \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle sinir sistemi i\u00e7in zehirli etki g\u00f6stermesi nedeniyle, dikkatli kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Baz\u0131 lityum bile\u015fikleri, beyin rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve psikolojik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisinde kullan\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. Berilyum (Be):
\nY\u00fcksek oranda \u0131s\u0131 emebilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, hava ve uzay ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nda, ileti\u015fim uydular\u0131nda, n\u00fckleer santrallerde ve f\u00fcze yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, hafif metal ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcplerinin pencerelerinde ve saat zembereklerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek bir erime noktas\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131, hafifli\u011fi ve \u00e7elikten \u00e7ok daha esnek bir metal olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bilgisayar par\u00e7alar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda, jiroskoplarda ve in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde s\u0131k tercih edilen bir elementtir. Berilyumun bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 da, kaynak yap\u0131m\u0131nda, elektrik ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda ve elektrotlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Z\u00fcmr\u00fct ve akuamarin, berilyumun de\u011ferli kristal formlar\u0131d\u0131r. Berilyum ve tozlar\u0131, zehirli olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle akci\u011ferlerde kansere yol a\u00e7abilmektedirler.<\/p>\n
5. Bor (B):
\nAmorf bor, ay\u0131rt edici ye\u015fil rengi i\u00e7in pirotekni (fi\u015fek\u00e7ilik) alan\u0131nda ve ate\u015fleyici olarak roketlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tenis raketlerinin, n\u00fckleer santrallerde kullan\u0131lan reg\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 cam \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Borun en \u00f6nemli ticari bile\u015fi\u011fi, yal\u0131t\u0131m ama\u00e7l\u0131 cam elyaf\u0131n\u0131n ve bir a\u011fart\u0131c\u0131 olan sodyum perborat\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bor bile\u015fikleri de, borosilikat camlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tekstil alan\u0131nda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir di\u011fer bor bile\u015fi\u011fiyse, borik asittir. Elektri\u011fe ka\u015f\u0131 yal\u0131tkan davran\u0131rken, bir metalinkine benzer \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi g\u00f6steren boron nitrit bile\u015fi\u011fi, ayn\u0131 zamanda, kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir maddeyi elmas sertli\u011fine getirici \u00f6zelliktedir. Titanyum ve tungsten ile birlikte kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucunda, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ancak \u0131s\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li ala\u015f\u0131mlar elde edilir. Boron-10 izotopu, n\u00fckleer santrallerde ortamdaki n\u00f6tronlar\u0131 h\u0131zla emerek tepkimeleri yava\u015flatmak ya da durdurmak i\u00e7in, n\u00fckleer radyasyona kar\u015f\u0131 kalkan olarak ve n\u00f6tron belirleyici aletlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yak\u0131n zamanda artrit (eklem iltihab\u0131) tedavisinde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan bor bile\u015fikleri de umut vaat ediyor. G\u00f6z dezenfektanlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fiminde de bor bulunuyor.<\/p>\n
6. Karbon (C):
\nT\u00fcm organik bile\u015fiklerin yap\u0131s\u0131na giren karbon, s\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n dehidrasyonunda (sudan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda), ayr\u0131ca demir ve ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flenmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7elik yap\u0131m\u0131nda, n\u00fckleer tepkimelerin kontrol\u00fcnde, lastiklerin renklendirilmesinde, plastik sanayinde, boya pigmentlerinin eldesinde ve ya\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da bu elementten yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Kur\u015fun kalemlerde kullan\u0131lan grafit formu ve elmas formu, karbon elementinin iki \u00f6nemli allotropudur. Karbon-14 izotopu da, radyoaktif ya\u015f tayininde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Karbonun “fulleren” denen k\u00fcre bi\u00e7imli ya da “nanot\u00fcp” denen silindir bi\u00e7imli molek\u00fclleri de, son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle elektronik ve nanoteknoloji alanlar\u0131nda devrimsel ilerlemeler sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
7. Azot :
\nStandart s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda son derece kararl\u0131 olan ve atmosferin %78’ini olu\u015fturan azot gaz\u0131, besinlerin ve kimyasallar\u0131n saklanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ok so\u011fuk olan (-196\u00b0C) s\u0131v\u0131 azotsa, \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gereken dondurma i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sperm bankalar\u0131nda spermlerin dondurularak saklanmas\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 azotla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Ticari olarak en \u00e7ok de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan azot bile\u015fi\u011fi amonyakt\u0131r (NH3). G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc olan amonyak, g\u00fcbrelerin bile\u015fi\u011finde bulunan ve plastik end\u00fcstrisinde de \u00f6nemli yeri olan “\u00fcre” maddesinin eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Azot, proteinler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, organik bile\u015fiklerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir elementtir. Azotun t\u00fcm bile\u015fikleri, ya oksitleyici \u00f6zelliktedirler, ya da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc birer reaktiftirler. Bu nedenle de, uygun ko\u015fullarda \u015fiddetli tepkimeler verirler. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda TNT (trinitrotoluen), ve amonyum nitrat say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
8. Oksijen (O):
\nBitkilerin ve hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmeleri, solunum gaz\u0131 olan oksijenin (O2) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Atmosferin %21’i, oksijen gaz\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Hastanelerde, solunum rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6steren hastalar\u0131n tedavisi i\u00e7in de oksijen gaz\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde, kaynak yap\u0131m\u0131nda, suyun safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve beton eldesinde de oksijen kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Paslanma da, oksijenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
9. Flor (F):
\nFlor ve bile\u015fikleri, uranyum ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ticari kimyasal\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hidroflorik asit, ayd\u0131nlatma ampullerinin camlar\u0131 \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fleminde kullan\u0131l\u0131rken; son y\u0131llarda ozon tabakas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki zararl\u0131 etkilerinden dolay\u0131 \u00fcretimi ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan kloroflorokarbon gazlar\u0131 (CFC) havaland\u0131rma ve so\u011futma ayg\u0131tlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Teflon i\u00e7eri\u011finde de flor yer al\u0131r. Di\u015f macunlar\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011finde bulunan florit, belirli bir oran\u0131n alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, di\u015f \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcklerinin olu\u015fumunu \u00f6nler. Element halindeki flor, y\u00fcksek \u00f6zg\u00fcl itici g\u00fcc\u00fc nedeniyle, roketlerde itici kuvvet sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla denenmektedir.<\/p>\n
10. Neon (Ne):
\nAkla gelen ilk kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 renkli reklam ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131 olsa da; y\u00fcksek voltaj g\u00f6stergelerinde, paratonerlerde, dalga metre t\u00fcplerinde ve televizyon t\u00fcplerinde de neon kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Gaz lazerlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, helyumla birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 neon, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ticari olarak elde edilebilmekte ve so\u011futucu olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11. Sodyum (Na):
\nEczac\u0131l\u0131k, tar\u0131m ve foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sokak ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131nda, pillerde, cam yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve sofra tuzu (NaCl) eldesinde kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir bile\u015fendir. S\u0131v\u0131 sodyum, n\u00fckleer santrallerde so\u011futucu g\u00f6revinde de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya kabu\u011funun %2.6’s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan sodyum, d\u00fcnyada en bol bulunan alt\u0131nc\u0131 elementtir ve alkali metaller aras\u0131nda da en bol bulunan\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, do\u011fada element halinde rastlanmaz ve kuru sodyum kloridin (NaCl) elektrolizi yoluyla elde edilir. Metal hali, esterlerin (oksijenli asitler ve alkollerin tepkimesi sonucu olu\u015fan maddeler) ve \u00e7e\u015fitli organik bile\u015fiklerin eldesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kuvvetlendirilmesinde ve d\u00f6kme metallerin safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. NaK ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6nemli bir \u0131s\u0131 ileticisidir. Sodyum elementinin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli bile\u015fikleriyse soda k\u00fcl\u00fc (Na2CO3), kabartma tozu (NaHCO3) ve sodyum nitratt\u0131r (NaNO3).<\/p>\n
12. Magnezyum (Mg):
\nFoto\u011fraf makinelerinin g\u00f6vde ve fla\u015f kaplamalar\u0131nda, i\u015faret fi\u015feklerinde ve yang\u0131n bombalar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pirotekni alan\u0131nda yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u00fcminyumdan \u00fc\u00e7te bir oran\u0131nda daha hafif olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan u\u00e7ak ve f\u00fcze yap\u0131m\u0131nda faydalan\u0131l\u0131r. Eczac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bile\u015fikleri de vard\u0131r. \u0130tici \u00f6zellikteki bile\u015fiklerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00f6k\u00fcm demir yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve uranyum ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli metallerin tuzlar\u0131ndan safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015fleminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6mine tu\u011flalar\u0131n\u0131n, ayd\u0131nlatma ampullerinin, renk maddelerinin ve filtrelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da yeri vard\u0131r. Ye\u015fil bitkilerde bulunan klorofil yap\u0131s\u0131nda da yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
13. Al\u00fcminyum (Al):
\n\u00c7e\u015fitli mutfak aletlerinin ve dekorasyon malzemelerinin ana yap\u0131m maddesidir. Bak\u0131r, magnezyum ve di\u011fer metallerle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, saf halinden \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir. Bu nedenle de bu tip ala\u015f\u0131mlar; hafif ancak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc metallerin gerek duyuldu\u011fu, ba\u015fta f\u00fcze ve u\u00e7ak yap\u0131m\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc alanda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Teleskop aynalar\u0131 kaplamalar\u0131nda ve dekoratif ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da bu elementten yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektrik iletkenli\u011fi bak\u0131r\u0131n yaln\u0131zca %60’\u0131 kadar olsa da, hafif yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle elektrik iletim hatlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
14. Silisyum (Si):
\nSilisyum ya da silikon, kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 en geni\u015f olan elementlerden biridir. Kum ve kil formu, beton ve tu\u011fla yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na \u00e7ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir elementtir. Silikat formuysa, mine, emaye ve \u00e7anak-\u00e7\u00f6mlek yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7eli\u011fin bile\u015fimine de kat\u0131l\u0131r. Kusursuz mekanik, optik, termal ve elektriksel \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan en ucuz madde olan kum halindeki silika, cam\u0131n da esas bile\u015fenidir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 saf silisyum, bor, galyum, fosfor ya da arsenik ile g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi\u011finde; transist\u00f6rler, g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zeleri ve do\u011frultucular gibi, elektronik end\u00fcstrisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan silikon kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 elde edilir. Elektronik mikro\u00e7iplerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda yar\u0131iletken olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Diatomlar ve radyolaryalar gibi omurgas\u0131zlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f iskeletlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle de, ya\u015famsal \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu d\u0131\u015f iskeletler, daha sonra dibe \u00e7\u00f6kerek, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Bitkilerin ve insan iskeletinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda da silisyum bulunur. Silikon karbid (SiC), bilinen en sert maddelerden biridir.<\/p>\n
15. Fosfor (P):
\n\u00c7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131lan fosfor, sodyum ampullerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan camlar\u0131n eldesinde \u00f6nemlidir. Fosforik asit, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcbre eldesindeki kullan\u0131m\u0131yla, son y\u0131llarda tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r hale gelmi\u015ftir. Havai fi\u015fek, kibrit, deterjan ve di\u015f macunu yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan fosfor, zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lan \u00e7o\u011fu kimyasal\u0131n (pestisitlerin) bile\u015fiminde de bulunur. Canl\u0131larda h\u00fccre i\u00e7eri\u011finin ya\u015famsal bir bile\u015feni olarak, \u00f6zellikle sinir ve kemik dokular\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Kemik k\u00fcl\u00fcnden elde edilen kalsiyum fosfat, kabartma tozunun yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan mono kalsiyum fosfat\u0131n eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Trisodyum fosfat ise, sular\u0131n yumu\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131nda, temizlikte ve paslanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir fosfat bile\u015fi\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
16. K\u00fck\u00fcrt (S):
\nSiyah barutun ve pillerin temel bile\u015fenlerinden biri olan k\u00fck\u00fcrt, mantar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kimyasallar\u0131n (fungusitlerin) ve do\u011fal kau\u00e7u\u011fun yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Fosfat i\u00e7erikli g\u00fcbrelerin bile\u015fimine de kat\u0131lan k\u00fck\u00fcrt\u00fcn, ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan en fazla de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan bile\u015fi\u011fi s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asittir. S\u00fclfit ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, buharla dezenfekte i\u015flemlerinde ve kurutulmu\u015f meyvelerin a\u011fart\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ya\u011flar\u0131n, v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve iskelet i\u00e7in gerekli minerallerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle de, ya\u015famsal \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
17. Klor (Cl):
\nD\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde, i\u00e7me sular\u0131n\u0131n dezenfekte edilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, ka\u011f\u0131t yan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, boya maddelerinin, tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, \u00e7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7lar\u0131n, antiseptiklerin, b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin (insektisitlerin), \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerin, plastik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ve \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcketim malzemelerinin eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kloroflorokarbonlar (CFC), kloratlar ve kloroform gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli bile\u015fiklerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle, kimya end\u00fcstrisinde \u00f6nemli yer tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
18. Argon (Ar):
\nElektrikli ayd\u0131nlatma ampullerinde ve floresan t\u00fcplerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektrik arklar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan kesim ve kaynak i\u015flemlerinde, ayr\u0131ca, silikon ve germanyum kristallerinin \u00fcretiminde koruyucu soygaz olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Titanyum ve benzeri reaktif elementlerin eldesinde rol oynar. Radyasyon seviyelerini \u00f6l\u00e7en Geiger saya\u00e7lar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. Potasyum (K):
\nBitkilerin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir element olan potasyum, \u00e7o\u011fu toprak tipinin bile\u015fiminde yer al\u0131r ve g\u00fcbrelerin yap\u0131s\u0131na da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Cam, sabun, lens ve benzeri maddelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca yan\u0131c\u0131-patlay\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin bile\u015fiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sodyum ve potasyum ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (NaK), iyi bir \u0131s\u0131 ileticidir. Potasyumun \u00e7o\u011fu tuzu, hem kimyasal hem de ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r: \u00f6rne\u011fin, potasyum nitrat, potasyum karbonat, potasyum s\u00fclfat, vs.<\/p>\n
20. Kalsiyum (Ca):
\nToryum, uranyum ve zirkonyum gibi metallerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n dehidrasyonunda da kalsiyumdan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kemik, di\u015f, kabuk ve benzeri d\u0131\u015f iskelet yap\u0131lar\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bitkilerin b\u00fcnyesinde de bulunur. D\u00fcnya kabu\u011fundaki en bol be\u015finci element olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00e7ok reaktif olmas\u0131 nedeniyle asla element halinde bulunmaz. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131, jips ve floritin yap\u0131s\u0131nda da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
21. Skandiyum (Sc):
\nC\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n i\u00e7ine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzer \u00e7ok verimli bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu nedenle bu element, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rmalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Radyoaktif izotopu olan Sc-46, rafinerilerde ham petrol ve benzeri maddeler i\u00e7in iz s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 tespit edicilerde ve uzay end\u00fcstrisinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tohum ye\u015fertici kimyasallar\u0131n bile\u015fiminde de yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
22. Titanyum (Ti):
\n\u00c7e\u015fitli metallerle birlikte kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ala\u015f\u0131m elementidir. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, hafiflik, sa\u011flaml\u0131k ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 end\u00fcstrilerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Titanyum, \u00e7elik kadar dayan\u0131kl\u0131, ancak ondan %45 daha hafiftir. Al\u00fcminyumdansa %60 daha a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, 2 kat daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve asitlere kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olu\u015fu nedeniyle, \u00e7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Deniz suyuna kar\u015f\u0131 e\u015fsiz bir dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, deniz suyundan tatl\u0131 su elde edilen tesislerde ve tuzlu suya temas eden gemi donan\u0131m par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve kapat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, farkl\u0131 tipteki boyalar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na da kat\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yans\u0131tma \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6steren titanyum boyas\u0131ndan, \u0131s\u0131 nedenli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f kayb\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zlemevlerinde de yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Titanyum tetraklorit bile\u015fi\u011fi, camlar\u0131n renklendirilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Beyaz ve iyi kapat\u0131c\u0131 bir pigment olan titanyum dioksit (TiO2) de silgi, ka\u011f\u0131t, boya ve benzeri maddelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Safir ve yakut kristallerinin y\u0131ld\u0131z \u015fekilleri, i\u00e7eriklerindeki titanyum dioksitten ileri gelir.<\/p>\n
23. Vanadyum (V):
\nPaslanmaz \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131 maddesidir. \u00c7elik y\u00fczeylerinin titanyum kaplanmas\u0131 i\u015fleminde de, ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 element olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Vanadyum pentoksit bile\u015fi\u011fi, seramik yap\u0131m\u0131nda kataliz\u00f6r ve boya sabitleyici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u00fcperiletken m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, \u00e7ok dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eldesinde de kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
24. Krom (Cr):
\n\u00c7eli\u011fin sertle\u015ftirilmesinde, paslanmaz \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminde ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle otomobil par\u00e7alar\u0131nda ve kesici aletlerde korozyon \u00f6nleyici kaplama olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 da yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, tu\u011fla ve kal\u0131p yap\u0131m\u0131nda da ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmektedir. Krom, cama z\u00fcmr\u00fct ye\u015fili bir renk verir ve s\u0131k tercih edilen bir kataliz\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Yakut ve z\u00fcmr\u00fct\u00fcn rengini veren de krom elementidir.<\/p>\n
25. Manganez (Mn):
\nKuru pillerde depolarizat\u00f6r olarak ve cam \u00fczerinde demir kirlili\u011fi nedeniyle olu\u015fan ye\u015fil rengi yok etmede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ametist ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n rengini veren de manganezdir. \u00c7elik ve pil \u00fcretiminde, demiryolu makaslar\u0131n\u0131n ve kasalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca seramik sanayiinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir oksitleyici olan permanganat (MnO4), eczac\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda nicel analizlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir eser element olan manganez, \u00f6zellikle hayvanlarda B1 vitamini kullan\u0131m\u0131nda rol oynar.<\/p>\n
26. Demir (Fe):
\nBitkilerin ve hayvanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemli bir element olan demir, hemoglobin pigmentinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda da oksijen ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Saf halde demir olarak, s\u0131kl\u0131kla karbon ve di\u011fer metallerle ala\u015f\u0131m halinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faatlarda beton kolon, kiri\u015f ve y\u00fczeylerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7elik sanayiinin ana hammaddesidir.<\/p>\n
27. Kobalt (Co):
\nDemir, nikel ve di\u011fer metallerle birle\u015ftirilerek, “Alnico” ad\u0131 verilen ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda manyetiklenme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olan ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Manyetik ve paslanmaz \u00e7elik eldesinde, jet t\u00fcrbinlerinde ve gaz t\u00fcrbin jenerat\u00f6rlerinde kullan\u0131lan ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde de yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve oksitlenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li bir metal olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, elektrolizle kaplama i\u015fleminde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Porselen ve cam sanayilerinde, kal\u0131c\u0131 ve parlak mavi rengin \u00fcretilmesinde kobalt tuzlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Canl\u0131lar\u0131n beslenmesinde de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kobalt-60 izotopu, kanser tedavisinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
28. Nikel (Ni):
\nPaslanmaz \u00e7elik ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, korozyona diren\u00e7li ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bak\u0131r-nikel ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan t\u00fcpler, deniz suyundan tatl\u0131 su elde edilen tesislerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Madeni paralar\u0131n, nikel-kadmiyum pillerin ve z\u0131rh kaplamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Nikel kaplama, di\u011fer metalleri koruyucu \u00f6zelliktedir. Korozyona kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fu nedeniyle, elektrolizle kaplama i\u015flemlerinde de tercih edilir.<\/p>\n
29. Bak\u0131r (Cu):
\nBak\u0131r\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kullan\u0131m alan\u0131, elektrik-elektronik sanayidir. Elektrik iletkenli\u011fi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Madeni para ve silah yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan metal ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bak\u0131r i\u00e7erir. Di\u011fer ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 da, kuyumculukta ve bronz heykelcili\u011finde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pirin\u00e7 ve bronz, bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131mda, su yosunu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc (algasit) olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u015eekerlerle yap\u0131lan analitik kimya testlerinde kullan\u0131lan Fehling \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli bile\u015fimler de bak\u0131r i\u00e7erirler.<\/p>\n
30. \u00c7inko (Zn):
\nDi\u011fer metallerle \u00e7ok say\u0131da ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Otomotiv, elektrik ve donan\u0131m end\u00fcstrilerinde kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da \u00e7inko yer al\u0131r. Demir ve benzeri metallerin, korozyona kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem amac\u0131yla galvanizlenmesinde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7inko oksit; boya, yaz\u0131c\u0131 m\u00fcrekkepleri, sabun, tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, elektronik aletler, kau\u00e7uk yan \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, yer kaplamalar\u0131, plastik ve kozmetik \u00fcr\u00fcnler gibi g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli tamamlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7inko s\u00fclfit floresan \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir ve parlak kadranlar\u0131n, floresan lambalar\u0131n, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve televizyon ekranlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hayvanlar\u0131n beslenmesinde de \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
31. Galyum (Ga):
\nCam ve porselenlere \u0131slak bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm vermekte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Cam \u00fczerine s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, olduk\u00e7a parlak bir ayna olu\u015fturur. Yar\u0131 iletkenlerin ve transist\u00f6r benzeri ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, kuartz termometrelerin ve lazer diyotlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve t\u00fcm\u00f6r tespitinde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Galyum arsenit, elektri\u011fi do\u011frudan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evirebilme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
32. Germanyum (Ge):
\nBu elementin arsenik, galyum ya da di\u011fer elementler ile takviye edilmi\u015f hali, elektronik uygulamalarda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yar\u0131 iletken olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Germanyum ve germanyum oksit, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u015feffaft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi spektroskoplar gibi muhtelif optik aletlerde ve hassas k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi detekt\u00f6rlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Optik \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle, geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 kamera merceklerinde, projekt\u00f6rlerde ve mikroskop merceklerinde de tercih edilen bir bile\u015fendir. Baz\u0131 germanyum bile\u015fikleri, belirli bakteri t\u00fcrlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcl etkinlik g\u00f6stermeleri nedeniyle, kimyasal tedavi y\u00f6ntemlerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
33. Arsenik (As):
\nBronz eldesinde, pirotekni alan\u0131nda, mermi ve g\u00fcllelerin sertli\u011finin ve \u015feklinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bile\u015fikleri tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ya da zehir olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Transist\u00f6rler gibi hareketli par\u00e7alar\u0131 bulunmayan ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da son zamanlarda \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lazerlerin, LED’lerin ve yar\u0131iletkenlerin de yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Solundu\u011funda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir karsinojen (kanser yap\u0131c\u0131) olan arsenik, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar ve karaci\u011fer \u00fczerinde y\u00fcksek derecede tahribata neden olur. Zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kimyasallar\u0131n ve ah\u015fap koruyucular\u0131n bile\u015fiminde bulunan arsenik, yutulmas\u0131 durumunda zehir etkisi g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
34. Selenyum (Se):
\nFotoiletken \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle fotokopi makinelerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Cam end\u00fcstrisinde, \u00f6zellikle yakut renkli cam ve mine yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, foto\u011frafik toner, fotoelektrik g\u00f6zeler, televizyon kameralar\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k\u00f6l\u00e7erlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda; g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinde yar\u0131iletken ve \u00e7elik yap\u0131m\u0131nda da katk\u0131 maddesi olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
35. Brom (Br):
\nSu ar\u0131tma bile\u015fiklerinin, a\u011fart\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00e7e\u015fitli ila\u00e7lar\u0131n, alevlenmeyi \u00f6nleyici kimyasallar\u0131n, fumigantlar\u0131n ve foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan inorganik bromitlerin yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Organik bile\u015fikleri de, iyi birer \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n
36. Kripton (Kr):
\nSeri foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 fla\u015f lambalar\u0131nda bulunur. Floresan ampullerde ve dalga boyu standard\u0131 olarak mor\u00f6tesi (UV) lazerlerde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kripton-85 izotopu, \u00e7e\u015fitli kat\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcnyesine yerle\u015ftirilerek, kimyasal analizlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
37. Rubidyum (Rb):
\n\u00c7ok kolay iyonla\u015fmas\u0131 nedeniyle, sezyuma alternatif olarak, uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki “iyon motorlar\u0131nda” kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Vakum t\u00fcplerinin ve fotosellerin de yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir bile\u015fendir. \u00d6zel camlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve kalp ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
38. Stronsiyum (Sr):
\nRenkli televizyonlar i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc t\u00fcplerinin ve demir esasl\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, \u00e7inkonun safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, i\u015faret fi\u015feklerinde ve havai fi\u015feklerde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengin elde edilmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. N\u00fckleer pillerde ve fosforlu boyalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da bu elementten yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Stronsiyum titanat, y\u00fcksek bir k\u0131r\u0131lma indisine ve elmastan daha geni\u015f bir optik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ma sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ilgi \u00e7ekici bir optik maddedir.<\/p>\n
39. \u0130triyum (Y):
\nKrom, molibden, zirkonyum ve titanyum gibi elementlerde tane boyutunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesinde; al\u00fcminyum ve magnezyum ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, vanadyum ve benzeri metallerde oksidasyonun \u00f6nlenmesinde, etilen polimerlerinin olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu tepkimelerin katalizlenmesinde, cam ve seramik yap\u0131m\u0131nda, ate\u015fe dayan\u0131kl\u0131 tu\u011fla yap\u0131m\u0131nda, kamera merceklerinde ve lazer sistemlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Evropyum elementiyle birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f hali, renkli televizyonlarda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli bile\u015fiklerinden biri olan itriyum oksit, son derece etkili mikrodalga filtreleri olan itriyum-demir bile\u015fimli lal ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130triyum i\u00e7erikli lal ta\u015flar\u0131, ilgin\u00e7 manyetik \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterirler. \u0130triyum-al\u00fcminyum ta\u015f\u0131 da, yapay elmas olarak de\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
40. Zirkonyum (Zr):
\n\u00c7elik eldesinde, vakum tiplerinde, cerrahi uygulamalarda, fla\u015f ampullerinde, patlay\u0131c\u0131larda ve yapay ipek eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pasland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 maddelerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kimya dallar\u0131nda da geni\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Niyobyumla birle\u015fti\u011finde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda s\u00fcperiletken \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir. Zirkonyum oksit, \u0131s\u0131 \u015fokuna dayan\u0131kl\u0131 laboratuvar malzemeleri \u00fcretiminde, metal\u00fcrjik f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n kaplanmas\u0131nda ve \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 madde olarak cam-seramik end\u00fcstrilerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, vurmal\u0131 \u00e7alg\u0131lar\u0131n ve f\u0131r\u0131n tu\u011flalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da zirkonyumdan faydalan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
41. Niyobyum (Nb):
\nG\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc paslanmaz \u00e7eliklerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve baz\u0131 paslanmaz \u00e7elik t\u00fcrlerinin kaynak \u00e7ubuklar\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlarda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle de boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Termal n\u00f6tronlara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yutma kesiti nedeniyle, n\u00fckleer teknolojide de kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Gemini uzay program\u0131 ve benzeri ileri u\u00e7u\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131 sistemlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda niyobyum kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcperiletken \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip olan ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc manyetik alanlarda bile bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini yitirmeyen NbZr ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan teller, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kuyumculuk alan\u0131nda da geni\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde kullan\u0131lan paslanmaz \u00e7elik ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n, jet ve f\u00fczelerin, kesici aletlerin ve boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da niyobyumdan faydalan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
42. Molibden (Mo):
\nIs\u0131ya ve a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olan belli nikel bazl\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. N\u00fckleer enerji uygulamalar\u0131nda, elektrikli \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ince tellerinde, f\u00fcze ve hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da yer al\u0131r. Petrol\u00fcn ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerinde \u00f6nemli bir kataliz\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Bitkiler i\u00e7in \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir eser elementtir. Molibden s\u00fclfit, \u00f6zellikle ya\u011flar\u0131n bozulmaya u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda, kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir ya\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 maddedir. Ultra-y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7teki \u00e7eliklerin hemen hepsi, %8-25 aras\u0131 oranda molibden i\u00e7erir.
\n43. Teknesyum (= Teknetyum) (Tc):
\nT\u0131p ve eczac\u0131l\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda, radyasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
44. Rutenyum (Ru):
\nPlatin ve Paladyum elementlerinin sertle\u015ftirilmesinde, g\u00f6z tedavilerinde, yumurta kabuklar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerinde, dolma kalemlerin u\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve elektrik kontaklar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nda, %10 oran\u0131nda rutenyum i\u00e7eren ala\u015f\u0131mlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
45. Rodyum (Rh):
\nRodyum elementinin en \u00f6nemli kullan\u0131m alan\u0131, platin ve paladyum i\u00e7erikli ala\u015f\u0131mlarda sertlik sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olu\u015fundan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, ocak sar\u0131mlar\u0131, elyaf ve elektrotlar gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektri\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck derecede, a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131ysa y\u00fcksek derecede diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, elektrik kontaklar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda yararl\u0131 bir elementtir. Kaplanm\u0131\u015f rodyum, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc serttir ve optik aletlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Rodyum ayr\u0131ca, kuyumculuk ve dekorasyon alanlar\u0131nda, telefon r\u00f6leleri, far reflekt\u00f6rleri ve dolma kalem u\u00e7lar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. Paladyum (Pd):
\nHidrojen ekleme ve \u00e7\u0131karma tepkimelerinde s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan bir kataliz\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, kuyumculuk alan\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin beyaz alt\u0131n, alt\u0131n elementinin paladyum ile olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir ala\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Di\u015f hekimli\u011finde, kol saati yap\u0131m\u0131nda, seramiklere metal kat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemlerinde, elektrik r\u00f6lelerinde ve ameliyat aletlerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f (Ag):
\nEn geni\u015f kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 kuyumculuk ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011findedir. Ancak bu alanlarda kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, %7,5 oran\u0131nda bak\u0131r ya da ba\u015fka bir metal i\u00e7erir. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131ca, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131ma sahiptir. Di\u015f\u00e7ilikte kullan\u0131lan ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda, lehim ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda, elektrik ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek kapasiteli g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f-\u00e7inko ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f-kadmiyum pillerinde de g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Cam ya da metallerin \u00fczeri g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f boyayla kaplanarak, ayna \u00fcretilir. Yeni kaplanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n en iyi yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 donukla\u015f\u0131r ve yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Mor\u00f6tesi (UV) \u0131\u015f\u0131k i\u00e7in zay\u0131f bir yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f iyodit, bulutlara ya\u011fmur ya\u011fd\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke, madeni paralar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kullanmaktad\u0131r.
\n48. Kadmiyum (Cd):
\nKadmiyum, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck erime noktas\u0131na sahip ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir bile\u015fenidir. Kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda %60 ile en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131, elektroliz yoluyla kaplama al\u0131r. Nikel-kadmiyum pilleri, E.M.F. g\u00f6zeleri ve lehim yap\u0131m\u0131nda; ayr\u0131ca n\u00f6tron yutucu \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131nda ve z\u0131rhlamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bile\u015fikleri, siyah-beyaz ve renkli televizyon t\u00fcplerindeki fosforesan bile\u015fiklerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bile\u015fikleriyse, PVC maddeye dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Kadmiyum ve bile\u015fiklerinin \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri zehirlidir. S\u00fclfidi (CdS), sar\u0131 pigment olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
49. \u0130ndiyum (In):
\nD\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda eriyebilen ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, %76 oran\u0131nda galyum, %24 oran\u0131nda da indiyum i\u00e7eren ala\u015f\u0131m, oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. Germanyum transist\u00f6rlerin, dam\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, termist\u00f6rlerin ve fotoileticilerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Metallerin ve cam\u0131n \u00fczeri indiyumla kapland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, atmosferik a\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle yap\u0131lanlardan daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan aynalar elde edilir. N\u00fckleer santrallerde tepkime zicirlerinin d\u00fczenleyicisi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda, ve ayr\u0131ca kan ve akci\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
50. Kalay (Sn):
\n\u00c7elik konserve kutular\u0131n\u0131n kaplama maddesidir. Ayr\u0131ca lehim, bronz, kalay ve kur\u015fun ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Baz\u0131 di\u015f macunlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde, kalay ve flor bile\u015fi\u011fi oln SnF5 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcperiletken m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Saf element halinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
51. Antimon (Sb):
\nDemir ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sertle\u015ftirmekte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Lehim, maskara, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi dedekt\u00f6rleri, diyotlar, kablo kaplamalar\u0131, kur\u015fun piller, plastik ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Seramik emaye ve cam boyamas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
52. Tell\u00fcr (Te):
\nBak\u0131r\u0131n ve paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fin i\u015flenebilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r; demire kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaysa dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak, s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit nedenli a\u015f\u0131nman\u0131n etkisini azalt\u0131r. Seramik sanayinde, metal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretiminde, cam \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin boyanmas\u0131nda, bateri zillerinde, pil kaplama koruyucular\u0131nda, elektrik diren\u00e7lerinde ve termoelektrik aletlerde de tell\u00fcr kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
53. \u0130yot (I):
\n\u0130yot bile\u015fikleri, organik kimya ve eczac\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. T\u0131pta, iyoditler ve iyodin i\u00e7eren tiroksin dahili olarak, tent\u00fcrdiyot ve bu gibi iyot i\u00e7erikli mikrop k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar da harici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir zamanlar antibiyotik olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak, zehirli olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu kullan\u0131ma son verilmi\u015ftir. Potasyum iyodit, foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Saf iyot \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi de, ni\u015fasta i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi karakteristik koyu mavi renkle bir indikat\u00f6r (belirleyici) s\u0131v\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
54. Ksenon (Xe):
\nElektron t\u00fcplerinin, stroboskopik lambalar\u0131n, bakteri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc lambalar\u0131n ve yakut renkli lazerleri uyaran lambalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Molek\u00fclleri, par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi alan\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 konularda, \u00f6rne\u011fin kabarc\u0131k odalar\u0131n\u0131n ve problar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130yon motorlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gaz olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 da olas\u0131d\u0131r. Xe-133 izotopu, bir\u00e7ok alanda kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir radyoizotoptur. Kendisi zehirli olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bile\u015fikleri \u00e7ok zehirlidir. Perksanatlar\u0131, analitik kimyada oksitleyici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
55. Sezyum (Cs):
\nG\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinde, atom saatlerinde, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi lambalar\u0131nda ve kataliz\u00f6r olarak, belirli elementlerin hidrojenlenmesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yak\u0131n zamanda, itici g\u00fc\u00e7 sistemlerinde de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vakum t\u00fcplerinde, hava kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Oksijene kar\u015f\u0131 e\u011filimi y\u00fcksektir ve kolay iyonize olur. Bu nedenle de, roket motorlar\u0131nda itici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
56. Baryum(Ba):
\nVakum t\u00fcplerinde, bujilerde, havai fi\u015feklerde ve floresan lambalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Baryum s\u00fclfat ve \u00e7inko s\u00fclfat i\u00e7eren bir pigment olan “Litopon”, iyi bir kaplay\u0131c\u0131 maddedir ve s\u00fclfitlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kararmaz. Baryum s\u00fclfat, kal\u0131c\u0131 beyaz \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle boyalar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 incelemelerinde ve cam yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Barit, petrol kuyular\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7makta kullan\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 unsur olarak ve kau\u00e7uk yap\u0131m\u0131nda, baryum karbonat fare zehiri olarak, baryum nitrat ve klorat da piroteknide (fi\u015fek\u00e7ilik) ye\u015fil rengin eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
57. Lantan (La):
\nLantan i\u00e7eren nadir toprak bile\u015fikleri, karbon esasl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmada ve \u00f6zellikle sinema end\u00fcstrisinde, st\u00fcdyo ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131nda ve projeksiyonda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. La2O3 cam\u0131n alkali direncini artt\u0131r\u0131r ve \u00f6zel optik camlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlarla katk\u0131 maddesi olarak, gran\u00fcll\u00fc d\u00f6kme demir yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yak\u0131n zamanda ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda belirlendi\u011fi \u00fczere, lantan i\u00e7eren hidrojen emici s\u00fcnger ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, kendi hacimlerinin 400 kat\u0131 kadar hidrojen tutup verebilmekte ve her hidrojen al\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n enerji depolama sistemleri alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir potansiyel bulunuyor. Pahal\u0131 kamera merceklerinde de lantan kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7akmaklarda kullan\u0131lan \u00e7akmakta\u015flar\u0131, pil elektrotlar\u0131 ve katalitik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler de lantan elementi i\u00e7erir.
\n58. Seryum (Ce):
\nSeryum bile\u015fikleri, cam yap\u0131m\u0131nda hem bile\u015fen, hem de renk giderici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Seryum oksit de, cam parlat\u0131c\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Petrol ar\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, metal\u00fcrjik ve n\u00fckleer uygulamalarda da yeri vard\u0131r. Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in, yap\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
59. Praseodim (Pr):
\nPr2O3 bilinen, i\u015flenmesi en zor maddelerden biridir. Di\u011fer nadir toprak metalleriyle birlikte, film st\u00fcdyolar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rma ve projeksiyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Praseodim tuzlar\u0131, cam ve emaye renklendirmede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruyucu g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerde de, praseodimin bir bile\u015fi\u011fi olan “Didymium” cam\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, cam yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan sar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 filtreleme \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, cam yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n koruyucu g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerinde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
60. Neodim (Nd):
\nCam \u00fczerinde, mor renkten \u015farap k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131s\u0131na ve griye kadar farkl\u0131 renklerde g\u00f6lgeler yapan bir renk vericidir. Bu camlardan ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, \u00e7ok keskin emilim bantlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterirler ve astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Parlak mor camlar\u0131n ve k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 s\u00fczen camlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda da neodim kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Praseodim elementiyle birlikte, kaynak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve cam yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131klar\u0131 koruyucu g\u00f6zl\u00fcklerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Neodim tuzlar\u0131 da, emaye renklendirmede kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
61. Prometyum (Pm):
\nFosforesan \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip bir malzeme taraf\u0131ndan so\u011furuldu\u011funda, \u0131\u015f\u0131ldamaya yol a\u00e7ar ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan boya ve plastiklerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinde, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakalay\u0131p elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131na \u00e7eviren bir n\u00fckleer enerji pili gibi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Pm-174 izotopunun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu pillerin \u00f6mr\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 senedir. Kal\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletlerinde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, portatif X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak, ayr\u0131ca uzay sondalar\u0131 ve uydularda da yard\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flayan \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcretilen 30 kadar prometyum bile\u015fi\u011finin \u00e7o\u011fu renklidir.<\/p>\n
62. Samaryum (Sm):
\nDi\u011fer nadir toprak elementleri gibi, sinema end\u00fcstrisinde karbon esasl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmada kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kal\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131s olarak kullan\u0131lan SmCo5 m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, bilinen en y\u00fcksek dirence sahip olan malzemedir. Etil alkol\u00fcn hidrojenlenmesinde ve hidrojenden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan samaryum oksit, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n so\u011furulmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla optik camlarda kullan\u0131lmakta ve n\u00fckleer santrallerde n\u00f6tron so\u011furucu olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n
63. Evropyum (Eu):
\n\u0130triyumla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ala\u015f\u0131m, renkli televizyonlarda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Evropyum kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f plastikler, lazerlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Evropyum oksit de, fosforesan \u00f6zelli\u011fi etkinle\u015ftirmede kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
64. Gadolinyum (Gd):
\nAl\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelmi\u015fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcperiletken \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren, ferromanyetik bir metaldir. Oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir manyetizma g\u00f6sterir. Demir, krom ve benzeri metallerin ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na %1 oran\u0131nda bile kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n i\u015flenebilirli\u011fi, \u0131s\u0131ya ve oksidasyona kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7leri artmaktad\u0131r. Gadolinyum-itriyum birle\u015fiminden olu\u015fan lal ta\u015flar\u0131, mikrodalga uygulamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Gadolinyum bile\u015fikleri, televizyonlarda renk maddesi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
65. Terbiyum (Tb):
\nSodyum terbiyum borat, kat\u0131 hal elektronik elemanlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Terbiyum oksit, renkli televizyon t\u00fcplerinde kullan\u0131lan ye\u015fil fosforu etkin hale getirici \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yak\u0131t h\u00fccrelerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kristal olarak, ZrO2 ile birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ala\u015f\u0131mlarda, lazerlerde ve elektronik aletlerin \u00fcretiminde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
66. Disprosiyum (Dy):
\nDisprosiyum-nikel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 dolgu, n\u00fckleer santrallerde so\u011futucu \u00e7ubuk olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu dolgu maddesi, uzun s\u00fcreli n\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131nda bile boyutlar\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaks\u0131z\u0131n n\u00f6tronlar\u0131 so\u011furabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir. Vanadyum ve di\u011fer nadir toprak elementleriyle birlikte, lazer yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Disprosiyum-kadmiyum ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak, kimyasal tepkimeler \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
67. Holmiyum (Ho):
\nN\u00f6tron so\u011furma \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, n\u00fckleer santrallerde kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
68. Erbiyum (Er):
\nVanadyum elementine eklendi\u011finde, bu elementin sertli\u011fini ve i\u015flenebilirli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. Erbiyum oksit pembe renklidir ve cam, porselen, emaye s\u0131rlar\u0131nda renklendirici olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
69. Tulyum (Tm):
\nPahal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 hen\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rde bombard\u0131mana u\u011frat\u0131lan Tm-169 izotopu, portatif X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ekipman\u0131nda radyasyon kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131labilir. Do\u011fal tulyum, seramik manyetik maddeler olan ferritlerde ve mikrodalga ekipman\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
70. \u0130terbiyum (Yb):
\n\u0130terbiyum paslanmaz \u00e7eli\u011fin dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tanecik inceli\u011fini ve di\u011fer mekanik \u00f6zelliklerini iyile\u015ftirmede, metal\u00fcrji ve kimya alanlar\u0131ndaki deneylerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
71. Lutesyum (Lu):
\nTermal n\u00f6tron etkinli\u011fi sonras\u0131nda saf beta \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 yayan kararl\u0131 lutesyum \u00e7ekirdekleri, \u00e7atlatma, alkilasyon, hidrojen ekleme ve polimerizasyon i\u015flemlerinde kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
72. Hafniyum (Hf):
\nA\u015f\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc derecede dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olan bu element, \u00e7ok iyi n\u00f6tron so\u011furabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle n\u00fckleer denizalt\u0131lardaki reakt\u00f6r kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Vakum t\u00fcplerinde de gaz emici niteli\u011fiyle bir “gaz avc\u0131s\u0131” olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
73. Tantal (Ta):
\nElektrolitik kapasit\u00f6rlerin, vakum f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, kimyasal i\u015flemlerde kullan\u0131lan aletlerin, n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerin, hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n ve f\u00fcze par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. V\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, ameliyat gere\u00e7lerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da tantal elementinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Tantal oksitten elde edilen y\u00fcksek k\u0131r\u0131lma indisine sahip \u00f6zel camlar, kamera merceklerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Los Alamos’ta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve erime noktas\u0131 3738\u00b0C olan tantal karbid grafit ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131, yap\u0131lan en sert maddelerden biri olarak kabul ediliyor.<\/p>\n
74. Tungsten (W):
\nTungsten ve ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, elektrik ampullerindeki ince tellerin, elektron ve televizyon t\u00fcplerinin, elektrikli f\u0131r\u0131nlarda sar\u0131mlar\u0131n ve \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hedeflerinde, hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nda ve metal buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri gibi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k gerektiren uygulamalarda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tungsten tozunun, elektronik end\u00fcstrisinde geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Tungsten karbid, metal i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finde, madencilikte ve petrol end\u00fcstrisinde \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan bir bile\u015fiktir. Tungstenin kalsiyum ve magnezyum tuzlar\u0131 floresan ayd\u0131nlatmalarda, di\u011fer baz\u0131 bile\u015fikleri de boyalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
75. Renyum (Re):
\nK\u00fctle spektrograflar\u0131nda ve iyon \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm aletlerinde bulunan ince tellerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131nmaya ve bozunmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, elektrik kontaklar\u0131nda ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli bilimsel gere\u00e7lerin kaplamalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lan fla\u015f ampullerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da renyumdan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Renyum-molibden ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 -263\u00b0C(10 K)’de s\u00fcperiletkendir. U\u00e7ak bujilerinde, telefon r\u00f6lelerinde, dolmakalem u\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve far yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
76. Osmiyum (Os):
\nOsmiyum metalinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kullan\u0131m alan\u0131, di\u011fer metallerle \u00e7ok sert ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, \u00e7e\u015fitli aletlerde kullan\u0131lan millerin, fonograf i\u011fnelerinin, dolmakalem u\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve benzeri aletlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Osmiyum tetraoksit, parmak izi tesbitinde ve mikroskopla incelenmek \u00fczere haz\u0131rlanan ya\u011fl\u0131 doku preparatlar\u0131n\u0131n boyanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
77. \u0130ridyum (Ir):
\nEsas olarak platini sertle\u015ftirici unsur olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 maddelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda da \u00f6nemlidir. Elektrik kontaklar\u0131nda, \u00f6zel saklama kaplar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, kansere kar\u015f\u0131 radyasyon tedavisinde, derialt\u0131 i\u011fnelerinde ve helikopter bujilerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
78. Platin (Pt):
\nLaboratuvar kaplar\u0131n\u0131n, bozunmaya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 gere\u00e7lerin, tellerin ve \u0131s\u0131lu\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, kuyumculukta, di\u015f hekimli\u011finde ve elektrik kontaklar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Platin-kobalt ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc manyetik \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterir. Platin rezistans telleri, \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan elektrikli f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Arabalarda hava kirlili\u011fini \u00f6nleyici donan\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, f\u00fczelerin u\u00e7 konilerinin ve jet motorlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kaplamas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck gemilerin, denizalt\u0131 boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00e7elik desteklerin katodik koruma sistemlerinde de platinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit eldesinde ve petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin i\u015flenmesinde kataliz\u00f6r olarak platin kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
79. Alt\u0131n (Au):
\nMadeni para yap\u0131m\u0131nda, kuyumculukta, dekorasyonda ve di\u015f hekimli\u011finde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dura\u011fan olmas\u0131 ve k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyi yans\u0131tmas\u0131 nedeniyle, uzay uydular\u0131nda kaplama maddesi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kolay i\u015flenebilirli\u011fi nedeniyle, elektronik end\u00fcstrisinde de kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
80. C\u0131va (Hg):
\nTermometrelerin, barometrelerin, dif\u00fczyon pompalar\u0131n\u0131n ve daha bir\u00e7ok laboratuvar gerecinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. C\u0131va buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n ve reklam \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n, c\u0131val\u0131 \u015falterlerin, di\u015f hekimli\u011finde kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, koruyucu boyalar\u0131n, b\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ila\u00e7lar\u0131n ve pillerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda da c\u0131va bulunur.<\/p>\n
81. Talyum (Tl):
\nK\u00fck\u00fcrt, selenyum ya da arsenik ile olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bile\u015fikler, 125-150\u00b0C aras\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7en camlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu camlar, oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda normal cama benzer \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterir. Talyumun bir di\u011fer kullan\u0131m\u0131 da, belirli deri enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n tedavisindedir. Ancak, tedavi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumlu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve zehirli etkisi aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok dar bir aral\u0131k olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu kullan\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Talyum oksit, k\u0131r\u0131lma indisi y\u00fcksek camlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde ve g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kokusu ve tad\u0131 olmayan talyum s\u00fclfat, rodentisit (kemirgen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc) ve kar\u0131nca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak, baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde kullan\u0131m\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elektrik iletkenli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fmesi nedeniyle g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zelerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Talyum bromid-iyodit kristalleri de k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi optik malzemelerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
82. Kur\u015fun (Pb):
\nSes titre\u015fimlerini emici \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan bu element, ses yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ekipmanlar\u0131nda ve n\u00fckleer santrallerde radyasyon kalkan\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Baz \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6steren bir karbonat bile\u015fi\u011fi olan beyaz kur\u015fun ve benzeri di\u011fer kur\u015fun bile\u015fikleri, boyalar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak, sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle bu kullan\u0131m\u0131 azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kur\u015fun oksit, akromatik merceklerde kullan\u0131lan ve k\u0131r\u0131lma indisi y\u00fcksek olan kristal camlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6cek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ila\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine kat\u0131lan kur\u015fun tuzlar\u0131, \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na daha az olumsuz etkisi olan organik bile\u015fiklerle yava\u015f yava\u015f yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n
83. Bizmut (Bi):
\nBizmutun, kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7erken %3,32 oran\u0131nda genle\u015fmek gibi ilgin\u00e7 ve farkl\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klardan zarar g\u00f6rebilecek malzemelerin yap\u0131s\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya son derece uygundur. Bu ala\u015f\u0131mlar ayr\u0131ca, bizmutun so\u011fuduk\u00e7a genle\u015fme \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, s\u0131v\u0131 olarak d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fckleri kapta so\u011fuyup kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7erken, kab\u0131n \u015feklini al\u0131rlar. Kalay ve kadmiyum gibi metallerle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, erime noktas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ala\u015f\u0131mlar, yang\u0131n alarmlar\u0131 ve s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcvenlik donan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015flenebilir demir yap\u0131m\u0131nda ve akrilik elyaf eldesinde kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bilinen en y\u00fcksek elektronegatifli\u011fe sahiptir. Lastik \u00fcretiminde, cam ve seramik sanayinde, eczac\u0131l\u0131kta ve parf\u00fcmeride de kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Is\u0131lu\u00e7 olarak da kullan\u0131lan bizmut, n\u00fckleer santrallerde U-235 ve U-233 izotoplar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren yak\u0131tlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. MnBi’den elde edilen “Bismanol” adl\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131m, y\u00fcksek kald\u0131rma kuvvetine sahip, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir m\u0131knat\u0131st\u0131r.<\/p>\n
84. Polonyum (Po):
\nUzay uydular\u0131nda termoelektrik enerji eldesi i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Berilyum elementiyle olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ala\u015f\u0131mlar, n\u00f6tron kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dokuma tezgahlar\u0131nda statik y\u00fcklerin uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Foto\u011fraf filmleri \u00fczerinden tozlar\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmada kullan\u0131lan f\u0131r\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00fczerinde de polonyum bulunur.<\/p>\n
85. Astatin (At):
\nBilinen bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
86. Radon (Rn):
\nBaz\u0131 hastanelerde radyasyon tedavilerinde ve baz\u0131 kanser t\u00fcrlerine kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Deprem tahminlerinde de radon kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
87. Fransiyum (Fr):
\nBilinen bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
88. Radyum (Ra):
\nRadon gaz\u0131 eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kendili\u011finden \u0131\u015f\u0131ldayan boyalar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle kanser tedavisinde, radyum yerine Co-60 gibi daha g\u00fcvenli ya da daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc radyoizotoplar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluna gidilmektedir. N\u00f6tron kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
89. Aktinyum (Ac):
\nN\u00f6tron kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak ve termoelektrik enerji \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
90. Toryum (Th):
\nN\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131na tutuldu\u011funda, n\u00fckleer bir yak\u0131t olan U-233’e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden, dolayl\u0131 bir n\u00fckleer enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m\u0131 amac\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fik santral sistemlerinin tasar\u0131m ve deneme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrmektedir. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eldesinde ve k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi fotoelektrik h\u00fccrelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Toryum oksit (ThO2), %1 kadar seryum oksit ve di\u011fer bile\u015fenlerden olu\u015fan fitiller, gaz alevinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde parlar ve ta\u015f\u0131nabilir gazl\u0131 lambalarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ala\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve s\u00fcnmeye kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, magnezyuma kat\u0131l\u0131r. Elektron koparmak i\u00e7in gereken enerji d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve elektron emisyonu y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan, elektronik donan\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan tungsten tellerin kaplanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Oksidi, elektrik lambalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan tungstenin kristal gran\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol etmekte, y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayal\u0131 laboratuvar kaplar\u0131n\u0131n kaplanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Toryum oksit i\u00e7eren camlar, y\u00fcksek k\u0131r\u0131lma indisine sahiptir ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n fazla da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na (dispersiyon) izin vermezler. Bu \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle, kaliteli foto\u011fraf merceklerinin ve bilimsel donan\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Toryum oksit ay\u0131ca, amonya\u011f\u0131n nitrik asite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde ve petrol\u00fcn ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit \u00fcretiminde kataliz\u00f6r olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
91. Protaktinyum (Pa):
\nBilinen bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
92. Uranyum :
\nY\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu camlara renk verici madde olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan uranyum, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde n\u00fckleer santrallerde ve n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fal ya da U-235 izotop i\u00e7eri\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fczdede zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f uranyum, n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 reakt\u00f6rlerinde elektrik eldesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Z\u0131rh kaplamalar\u0131nda ve b\u00fcy\u00fck hava ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kanatlar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k olarak da kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
93. Nept\u00fcnyum (Np):
\nN\u00f6tron belirleyici ayg\u0131tlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
94. Pl\u00fctonyum (Pu):
\nN\u00fckleer silahlarda patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1 kilogram pl\u00fctonyumun tamamen patlamas\u0131, 20 bin ton g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kimyasal patlay\u0131c\u0131ya e\u015fde\u011fer etki yarat\u0131r. Pu-238 izotopu, Apollo’nun ay g\u00f6revlerinde, ay y\u00fczeyinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sismik ekipman i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kalp at\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici olarak da kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n95. Amerikyum (Am):
\nAmerikyum-241 izotopu, duman belirleyicilerinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n96. K\u00fcriyum (Cm):<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarlarda bulunabilmesi nedeniyle, \u00e7ok az kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 vard\u0131r. Mars seferinde kullan\u0131lan Alfa Proton X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 spektrometresinde, alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n97. Berkelyum (Bk):
\nS\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da bile\u015fi\u011fi elde edilmi\u015f ve ancak bunlar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amerikyumun alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131yla bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucu elde edilir.<\/p>\n
98. Kaliforniyum (Cf):
\n\u00c7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarda bulunabildi\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. N\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, fisyon par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Alt\u0131n ya da g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f arama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda, n\u00f6tron kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Petrol kuyular\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan nem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ayg\u0131tlar\u0131nda da kaliforniyumdan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
99. Ayn\u015ftaynyum (Es):
\nBilinen bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
100. Fermiyum (Fm):
\nBilinen bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
101. Mendelevyum (Md):
\nMd-256 izotopu, mendelevyum elementinin sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi baz\u0131 kimyasal \u00f6zelliklerin a\u00e7\u0131klanabilmesinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hidrojen ( H ) : Ticari g\u00fcbrelere azot ba\u011flanmas\u0131nda, kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011flar\u0131n doyurulma i\u015fleminde (hidrojenasyon), metanol, amonyak ve hidroklorik asit gibi bile\u015fiklerin eldesinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynak yap\u0131m\u0131nda, hidrojen balonlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fi\u015firmede ve petrol\u00fcn i\u015flenmesinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, \u015fimdilik daha \u00e7ok roketlerde olmak \u00fczere yak\u0131t olarak da kullan\u0131l\u0131r. “Hidrojen Yak\u0131t G\u00f6zeleri”, hidrojen gaz\u0131ndan elektrik enerjisi eldesi i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmekte …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2258,2224,4894,4961,5150,4800,2354,2218,2136,2265,2247,2428,3059,2268,2219],"class_list":["post-2040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aluminyum","tag-azot","tag-berilyum","tag-bor","tag-elementlerin-kullanim-yerleri","tag-flor","tag-fosfor","tag-helyum","tag-hidrojen","tag-kalsiyum","tag-karbon","tag-klor","tag-lityum","tag-magnezyum","tag-neon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2040","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2040"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2040\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2040"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2040"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}