Do\u011fada binlerce t\u00fcr madde vard\u0131r. Maddeler do\u011fada genellikle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m h\u00e2linde bulunur. Ba\u015fkaca maddelerden ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kat\u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z maddelere saf madde, iki ya da daha fazla maddenin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan kat\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; demir, al\u00fcminyum, oksijen, su, \u015feker, naftalin, yemek tuzu vb. saf maddeler iken; hava, toprak, s\u00fct, kan, kum, tuzlu su vb. kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m h\u00e2lindeki maddelerdir.
\n Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan maddeler bile\u015fen ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; hava bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mken, havay\u0131 olu\u015fturan azot, oksijen vb. gazlar hava kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fenleridir.
\n Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m h\u00e2lindeki maddeler, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re homojen ve*ya heterojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n her nokta*s\u0131nda ayn\u0131 ise homojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m denir. Homojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlara \u00e7\u00f6zelti de denir. Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n her noktas\u0131nda madde da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131 ise heterojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olarak nitelendirilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; hava, tuzlu su, \u015fekerli su, limonata, m\u00fcrekkep homojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m iken; toprak, s\u00fct, buzlu su, ayran, kan, su, zeytinya\u011f\u0131 heterojen kar\u0131\u015f\u0131md\u0131r.
\n \u00d6Z K\u00dcTLE FARKI \u0130LE AYIRMA
\n Kat\u0131 madde kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki bile\u015fenlerin \u00f6z k\u00fctleleri farkl\u0131 ise bu farktan yararlanarak ay\u0131rma i\u015flemi yap\u0131labilir.
\n \u00d6z k\u00fctle fark\u0131 ile ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi end\u00fcstride geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Farkl\u0131 \u00f6z k\u00fctleye sahip iki kat\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 istendi\u011finde, bu maddeler kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nce toz h\u00e2line getirilir. Toz h\u00e2lindeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m; \u00f6z k\u00fctlesi, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan maddelerin \u00f6z k\u00fctleleri aras\u0131nda bir de\u011ferde olan ve bu maddelerle etkile\u015fmeyen s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7ine at\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6z k\u00fctlesi, i\u00e7ine at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck olan madde \u00e7\u00f6ker, di\u011feri s\u0131v\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde toplan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenler birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; mermer tozu ve naftalin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 su i\u00e7ine at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6z k\u00fctlesi suyun \u00f6z k\u00fctlesinden b\u00fcy\u00fck olan mermer tozu dibe \u00e7\u00f6ker. Naftalinin \u00f6z k\u00fctlesi suyun \u00f6z k\u00fctlesinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fundan su \u00fcst\u00fcnde toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kremadan tereya\u011f\u0131 elde edilmesinde, tereya\u011f\u0131 ile ayra*n\u0131n \u00f6z k\u00fctlelerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Krema, makine ya da yay\u0131kta \u00e7alkalan\u0131r. Tereya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z k\u00fctlesi ayran\u0131n \u00f6z k\u00fctlesinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fundan kremadan ayr\u0131larak ayran \u00fczerinde \u00f6z k\u00fctleleri birbirinden farkl\u0131 birbiri i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen iki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar (su – zeytinya\u011f\u0131 gibi), ay\u0131rma hunisi yard\u0131m\u0131yla ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Ay\u0131rma hunisine bo\u015falt\u0131lan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda \u00f6z k\u00fctlesi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan altta toplan\u0131r. Di\u011feri ise \u00fcstte toplan\u0131r. Ay\u0131rma muslu\u011fu yard\u0131m\u0131yla altta toplanan s\u0131v\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mdan al\u0131n\u0131r.
\n \u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcN\u00dcRL\u00dcK FARKI \u0130LE AYIRMA
\n Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lan y\u00f6relerde, peynir ve tereya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre saklayabilmek i\u00e7in peynir ve tereya\u011f\u0131 tuzlan\u0131r. Peynir kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce suda y\u0131kan\u0131r, suda bekletilir. Tuz suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek peynirden ayr\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece peynirin tuzu giderilmi\u015f olur ki bu y\u00f6ntem, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck fark\u0131 ile maddelerin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturur, \u00f6yleyse bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, bile\u015fenlerinin herhangi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcdeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fckleri fark\u0131ndan yararlanarak ay\u0131rabiliriz.
\n Yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz \u00f6rneklerde, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerin suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesinden ya da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmemesinden yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan bile\u015fenlerden iki ya da daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zende \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarla da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durumda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bile\u015fenlerin farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerdeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin farkl\u0131 olu\u015fundan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin; yemek tuzu, k\u00fck\u00fcrt ve mermer tozundan olu\u015fan bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mdan yemek tuzu suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Kalan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m karbon tetraklor\u00fcr ile y\u0131kan\u0131rsa k\u00fck\u00fcrt, karbon tetraklor\u00fcrde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek mermer tozundan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.
\n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck fark\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bile\u015fenlerine ayn\u0131na y\u00f6ntemleri end\u00fcstride, madenlerin zenginle\u015ftirilmesinde, meyve sular\u0131n\u0131n deri\u015ftirilmesinde, bitkisel ya\u011flar\u0131n elde edilmesinde, kimyasal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
H\u00c2L DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130RME SICAKLIKLARI FARK\u0130 \u0130LE AYIRMA
\n Maddelerin, kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 h\u00e2lde bulundu\u011funu; \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin maddeleri etkiledi\u011fini ve maddelerde h\u00e2l de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine neden oldu\u011funu biliyorsunuz. H\u00e2l de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi ile olur. Madde \u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. Kat\u0131 bir maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda madde s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le ge\u00e7er. Yani erir.
\n Erime s\u0131ras\u0131nda madde kat\u0131 ye s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2lini bir arada bulundurur. \u00d6rne\u011fin; bir buz par\u00e7as\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa, yava\u015f yava\u015f erir. Bu safhada suyun kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2li bir aradad\u0131r. Is\u0131tma s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, buz tamamen eriyerek s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le ge\u00e7er.
\n Elinize ya da yere d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz suyun bir s\u00fcre sonra buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilirsiniz. So\u011fuk lo\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde su birikintileri veya akarsular\u0131n buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fs\u00fcn\u00fczd\u00fcr. Evinizde \u00e7aydanl\u0131kta \u0131s\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z suyun, y\u00fczeyinden hafif hafif buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7o\u011fu kez tan\u0131k olmu\u015fsunuzdur. Buharla\u015farak gaz h\u00e2line ge\u00e7en maddeler so\u011futuldu\u011funda tekrar s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le d\u00f6ner. Gaz h\u00e2lindeki maddelerin \u0131s\u0131 kaybederek s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le ge\u00e7mesine, yo\u011funla\u015fma denir.
\n Yukar\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131m\u0131zdan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n her s\u0131cakl\u0131kta buharla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kaynamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015ful olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca kaynama esnas\u0131nda buharla\u015fman\u0131n ve buharla\u015fma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fakat kaynama ya da erime – donma olay\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini bilirsiniz.
\n O h\u00e2lde maddelerin erime (donma) ve kaynama noktalar\u0131n\u0131n yani h\u00e2l de\u011fi\u015fim s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 olu\u015fundan yararlana*rak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmam\u0131z m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\n Sizler kaynamakta olan tuzlu suyun, suyu buharla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a tuzluluk oran\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, buharla\u015fan deniz suyundan geriye tuz vb. art\u0131klar\u0131n kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu y\u00f6ntemle de deniz suyundan (Konya ilimizde tuz g\u00f6l\u00fcnden) tuz elde edildi\u011fini bilirsiniz. <\/p>\n
B\u0130LE\u015e\u0130KLER\u0130N AYRI\u015eMASI
\n Konumuz i\u00e7inde madde hakk\u0131nda bilgiler edinirken, saf maddeleri elementler ve bile\u015fikler olarak s\u0131n\u0131fla*m\u0131\u015f ve bunlara \u00f6rnekler vermi\u015ftik. \u00c7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6zellik g\u00f6steren hi\u00e7*bir yabanc\u0131 maddeye ayr\u0131lmayan saf maddelere element denir. Demir, bak\u0131r, al\u00fcminyum, alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, c\u0131va, platin, oksijen, hidrojen, helyum, argon vb. bilinen element say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 111’dir.
\n Birden \u00e7ok element ya da maddenin kimyasal bir tepkime sonucu belirli oranlarda birle\u015ferek olu\u015fturduk*lar\u0131 yeni \u00f6zellikteki maddeye bile\u015fik denir.
\n Bilinen az say\u0131da elementin birle\u015fmesinden milyonlarca t\u00fcrde bile\u015fik olu\u015fur. Olu\u015fan bile\u015fiklerin \u00f6zellikle*ri, kendilerini olu\u015fturan elementlerin ya da maddelerin \u00f6zelliklerinden tamamen farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6rne\u011fin; hidrojen ve oksijen gazlan belirli bir oranda birle\u015ferek kendilerinden tamamen farkl\u0131 su bile\u015fi\u011fini olu\u015fturur. Su, tuz, \u015feker, etilalkol, karbondioksit vb. birer bile\u015fiktir.
\n Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n kendilerini olu\u015fturan saf maddelere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 fiziksel bir olay, \u00f6z k\u00fctle, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, erime, kaynama ve yo\u011funla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb. \u00f6zellikler maddelerin fiziksel \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Bu \u00f6zelliklerden yararlanarak ka*r\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmak \u00fczere deneyler pl\u00e2nlad\u0131k. Maddelerin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerinden yararlanarak ve fiziksel y\u00f6ntemler kullanarak kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rd\u0131k. Ancak maddeler, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar h\u00e2linde bulunduklar\u0131 gibi daha kompleks ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir yap\u0131 olan bile\u015fikler h\u00e2linde de bulunur. \u015eeker, yemek tuzu, sodyum klorat, aspirin gibi sayamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar \u00e7ok madde yan\u0131nda, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilemez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan su da bir bile*\u015fiktir.
\n Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlardan farkl\u0131 olarak bile\u015fikleri bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmak, ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikler yan\u0131nda daha ba\u015fka kimyasal teknikleri ve daha fazla bilgiyi gerektirir. Biz bu tekniklerden, \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi ile ay\u0131rma ve elektrik enerjisi ile ay\u0131rmadan (elektroliz) s\u00f6z edece\u011fiz. Hepsi de kimyasal bir olaya dayal\u0131 bu y\u00f6ntemlerle bile\u015fikleri bile\u015fenleri*ne ay\u0131raca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak \u015funu unutmaman\u0131z gerekir ki her bir bile\u015fi\u011fi bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmak ba\u015fka ba\u015fka kimyasal teknikleri gerektirir, \u00f6rne\u011fin; kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 (kalsiyum karbonat) \u0131s\u0131 etkisiyle s\u00f6nmemi\u015f kire\u00e7 (kalsiyum oksit) ve karbondioksitle ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, suyu \u0131s\u0131 enerjisiyle bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131ramay\u0131z. Suyu ancak elektrolizle bile*\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rabiliriz.
\n ELEKTR\u0130K ENERJ\u0130S\u0130 \u0130LE AYRI\u015eTIRMA (ELEKTROL\u0130Z)
\n Is\u0131tma, dam\u0131tma, kristallendirme gibi y\u00f6ntemlerle pek \u00e7ok bile\u015fik, daha basit maddelere ayr\u0131\u015famaz. Bunun i\u00e7in daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tekni\u011fe ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Elektrik enerjisiyle kimyasal bir ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olan bu teknik elektrolizdir. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 iletkenli\u011fi sa\u011flayan maddeler elektrolit maddeler denir.
\n Elektroliz, sanayide bir\u00e7ok maddeni elde edili\u015finde, metallerin safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli uygulamalar\u0131, yemek tuzunun elektrolizinden klor ve sodyum hidroksit \u00fcretimi ve al\u00fcminyum oksitten al\u00fcminyum \u00fcretimidir. Ayr\u0131ca kaplamac\u0131l\u0131kta (nikelaj, kromaj vb) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Elektrik enerjisi ile bile\u015fikleri basit maddelere ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi kimyasal olayd\u0131r.
\n BA\u015eKA AYRI\u015eTIRMA TEKN\u0130KLER\u0130
\n Bile\u015fiklerden ba\u015fkaca saf maddeleri \u0131s\u0131 ve elektrik enerjisi yard\u0131m\u0131yla elde ettik. Ancak bu tekniklerin d\u0131*\u015f\u0131nda saf maddeler olan bile\u015fiklerden ba\u015fkaca saf maddeleri elde etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma teknikleri de kul*lan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; maden yataklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan demir oksit i\u00e7eren cevher, y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlarda kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ile birlik*le \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak tepkimeye sokulur. Kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, demir oksidin oksijenini tutar, b\u00f6ylece demir elde edilir. Teknikte kur\u015fun, \u00e7inko ve krom da benzer y\u00f6ntemle elde edilir.
\n Metalleri saf olarak elde etmenin bir ba\u015fka yolu da bu metallerin \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerini kendilerinden daha aktif olan bir metal ile tepkimeye sokmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; balar s\u00fclfat bile\u015fi\u011finden bak\u0131n saf olarak elde etmek i\u00e7in bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat\u0131n sudaki \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi, bak\u0131rdan daha aktif olan metalik al\u00fcminyum ya da \u00e7inko ile tepkimeye sokulur. Al\u00fcmin*yum ya da \u00e7inko metali \u00e7\u00f6zeltiye ge\u00e7erken bak\u0131r, serbest h\u00e2lde al\u00fcminyum ya da \u00e7inko \u00fczerinde toplan\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem sanayide baz\u0131 metallerin \u00fczerini kaplamakta da kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Suyun elektrolizi ile hidrojen ve oksijene ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ancak civay\u0131, bak\u0131r\u0131, oksijeni, hidrojeni elektroliz etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsak, bunlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tsak, k\u00f6m\u00fcrle k\u0131zd\u0131rsak, daha basit saf maddelere ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamaz.. Bile\u015fiklerin ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan saf maddeler daha basit saf maddelere ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lam\u0131yorsa, bu saf maddelere element denir. Deneylerle saf olarak elde edilen oksijen, hidrojen, bak\u0131r vb. maddeler birer elementtir. De\u011fi\u015fik i\u015flemlerle bu saf maddelerden, ancak k\u00fctlesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan yeni saf maddeler (bile\u015fikler) elde edilebilir.
\n AKILCI VE B\u0130L\u0130MSEL DAVRANI\u015eIN \u00d6NEM\u0130
\n Ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131k, evrende ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylara, insan\u0131n akl\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak bir neden bulmas\u0131, her olay\u0131n do\u011fal bir nedeni oldu\u011funun bilinmesi ve g\u00f6sterilmesidir.
\n \u00d6\u011fretmen; deney t\u00fcp\u00fcndeki renksiz iki s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p vi\u015fne renkli bir ba\u015fka s\u0131v\u0131 elde etti\u011finde; akl\u0131m\u0131zda uyanan soru, ilk renksiz s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu, tepkimeden hangi s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Oysa ayn\u0131 deneyi, ay*n\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131larla (ama bu s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 size su olarak tan\u0131t\u0131p) sahnede s\u00fcsl\u00fc s\u00fcrahilerin i\u00e7inde yapan sihirbaz, \u015feytan\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7le*rin yard\u0131m\u0131yla vi\u015fne suyu olu\u015fturdu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilecek, pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi de inand\u0131racakt\u0131r.
\n Sihirbazla \u00f6\u011fretmen aras\u0131ndaki ay\u0131r\u0131m, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle hurafe aras\u0131ndaki ay\u0131r\u0131md\u0131r. Akl\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru kul*lanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen insan; ya\u015fam\u0131 boyu rahat edecek, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n kendisini kand\u0131rmas\u0131na izin vermeyecek, g\u00f6rd\u00fc*\u011f\u00fc her olay\u0131n nedenini ba\u015fka bir do\u011fal olayda arayacakt\u0131r.
\n Tarihin bildi\u011fi, ger\u00e7ek anlamda bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ilk insan yurdumuzda, Anadolu’da ya\u015fad\u0131. \u0130zmir’in g\u00fc*neyinde, Miletos adl\u0131 kentte, M.\u00d6. 7. yy’da do\u011fdu. Ad\u0131 Thales (Tales)’ti Matematikteki ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131, bug\u00fcn kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan teoremleriyle belgelenmi\u015ftir.
\n Mitolojinin karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki toplumda, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen ilk insan olarak Thales, M.\u00d6. 28 May\u0131s 585’teki g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden hesaplam\u0131\u015f ve bir sava\u015fa engel olmu\u015ftu.
\n M\u0131s\u0131r’da, o g\u00fcne de\u011fin kimsenin \u00e7\u00f6zemedi\u011fi bir sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f, piramitlerin g\u00f6lgelerini \u00f6l\u00e7erek y\u00fcksek*liklerini bulmu\u015ftu. Ard\u0131ndan gelen Anadolulu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, G\u00fcne\u015f ve Ay tutulmalar\u0131, D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n yuvarlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131*n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi gibi bug\u00fcn bile insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6nemini koruyan pek \u00e7ok do\u011fru bilgiyi buldular.
\n Bilimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en \u00f6nemli iki a\u015famas\u0131 yine bu d\u00f6nemde Anadolulu bilgeler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi: Ephesoslu Herakleitos (Efesli Heraklos), evrenin dura\u011fan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, her \u015feyin “ak\u0131\u015f” i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve ger\u00e7e\u011fe “zaman” boyutunu ekledi. Bu durumu; “Ayn\u0131 \u0131rma\u011fa iki kez girilemez.” diyerek \u00f6rneklendirdi.
\n Teos’lu Demokritos, bug\u00fcn bile ayn\u0131 adla an\u0131lan “ATOM”‘ fikrini ortaya att\u0131.
\n Bilimsel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n temelinde her \u015feye ku\u015fkuyla bakmak vard\u0131r. Her bilgi al\u0131n\u0131r, bir kez daha akl\u0131n s\u00fczgecinden ge\u00e7irilir. B\u00f6ylece her bilgi, her kullan\u0131mda bir kez daha denetlenir, eksiklikleri varsa tamamlan\u0131r, yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 varsa d\u00fczeltilir. B\u00f6ylece bilimsel bilgi her kullan\u0131mda bir kez daha do\u011frulan\u0131r, sa\u011flamla\u015f\u0131r. Bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc*\u015f\u00fcn sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 buradan gelir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Do\u011fada binlerce t\u00fcr madde vard\u0131r. Maddeler do\u011fada genellikle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m h\u00e2linde bulunur. Ba\u015fkaca maddelerden ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kat\u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z maddelere saf madde, iki ya da daha fazla maddenin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan kat\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; demir, al\u00fcminyum, oksijen, su, \u015feker, naftalin, yemek tuzu vb. saf maddeler iken; hava, toprak, s\u00fct, kan, kum, tuzlu su vb. kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m h\u00e2lindeki maddelerdir. Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[3597,2258,2254,2264,3599,2218,2136,5151,2164,2121,4740,3000],"class_list":["post-2042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-altin","tag-aluminyum","tag-civa","tag-demir","tag-gumus","tag-helyum","tag-hidrojen","tag-maddenin-ayrilmasi","tag-oksijen","tag-oz-kutle","tag-platin","tag-tuz-golu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2042"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2042\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}