01. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma<\/p>\n
Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin hacmini azaltmak yada kuru hale getirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131lar genellikle porselen kaps\u00fcllerde buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sebebi porselen kaps\u00fcllerde yap\u0131lan buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015fleminin daha \u00e7abuk olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken kab\u0131n \u00fczerine uygun \u00e7apl\u0131 bir saat cam\u0131 konularak s\u0131\u00e7rama yada d\u0131\u015fardan yabanc\u0131 madde girme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 engellenmi\u015f olur. Saat cam\u0131 s\u0131\u00e7rayan maddeyi tutarak yeniden kaba al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u0131\u00e7raman\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131dan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 devaml\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6zeltinin suyu tamamen buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacaksa i\u015flemin sonuna do\u011fru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u0131s\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok az miktardaki s\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7in t\u00fcplerde yap\u0131lan buharla\u015fma i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda t\u00fcp\u00fc devaml\u0131 sallamak ve kaynamaya engel olmak gerekir. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015fleminde genellikle su buhar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Su banyolar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 100 \u00baC den az oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 ile maddede olu\u015fabilecek de\u011fi\u015fiklik engellenmi\u015f olur. Gliserin ve ya\u011f banyolar\u0131 ise y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u00e7\u0131plak alev kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde kab\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya maddenin kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmeler gibi istenmeyen durumlar olu\u015fabilir. Bu nedenle kum banyosu, telli asbest levha kullan\u0131la bilinir.<\/p>\n
02. \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme<\/p>\n
Gravimetrik analizlerde \u00e7ok s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme i\u015flemi, iki \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin tepkimeye girmesi sonucunda istenilen maddenin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fclmesi esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan kat\u0131ya \u00e7\u00f6kelti, i\u015fleme de \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme denir.<\/p>\n
Bu y\u00f6ntemde \u00e7\u00f6keltinin fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri, safl\u0131k derecesi, \u00e7\u00f6zeltideki di\u011fer maddelerin \u00f6zellikleri \u00f6nemli olup dikkat edilmesi gereken unsurlard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme i\u015fleminin yava\u015f olmas\u0131 elde edilen maddenin daha saf olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme i\u015flemi beherde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi bir pipet yard\u0131m\u0131 ile ve yava\u015f\u00e7a eklenmelidir. Bu arada kap devaml\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak tepkimenin b\u00f6lgesel olmamas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde elde edilen \u00e7\u00f6kelti miktar\u0131 daha fazla olur. Bu i\u015flem y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131da yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde kristaller daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Bu da s\u00fcz\u00fclmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fcrme i\u015fleminden sonra, \u00e7\u00f6kmenin tam olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6zeltiden bir ka\u00e7 damla al\u0131narak saat cam\u0131 koyulur ve \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc reaktiften bir ka\u00e7 damla eklenir. E\u011fer \u00e7\u00f6zeltide bir bulanma g\u00f6zlenirse \u00e7\u00f6kme i\u015fleminin tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ana \u00e7\u00f6zeltiye \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc reaktif eklenmeye devam edilir.Daha sonra bir s\u00fcre bekletilerek s\u00fczme i\u015flemine ge\u00e7ilir. Bekletme s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6keltideki di\u011fer maddelerin miktar\u0131nda azalma olur. Ayr\u0131ca iri kristaller olu\u015farak s\u00fcz\u00fclme i\u015flemi kolayla\u015f\u0131r. Baz\u0131 maddelerde ise bekletmek sak\u0131ncal\u0131 olabilir ve hemen s\u00fcz\u00fclmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
03. Kristallendirme<\/p>\n
Organik reaksiyonlar sonunda ayr\u0131lan kat\u0131 organik bile\u015fikler nadiren saft\u0131rlar. Esas olarak elde edilmek istenen maddenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ortamda safs\u0131zl\u0131klarda bulunma ihtimali \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. yap\u0131lan bir i\u015flemdir.
\n Kat\u0131 maddenin uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp so\u011futulmas\u0131 ile kristaller meydana gelir. Olu\u015fan bu kristaller maddenin ilk haline g\u00f6re daha saf olmakla birlikte, bu i\u015flemin tekrarlanmas\u0131 istenen maddenin safl\u0131k derecesini artt\u0131r\u0131r. Elde edilen ham \u00fcr\u00fcne do\u011frudan kristallendirme uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 safs\u0131zl\u0131klar kristallenme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr, hatta kristal olu\u015fumunu tamamen \u00f6nleyebilirler. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6nemli miktarda madde kayb\u0131 olabilir. Bundan dolay\u0131 kristallendirmeden \u00f6nce, gerekirse su buhar\u0131 dam\u0131tmas\u0131, ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma gibi \u00f6n safla\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131lar\u0131n kristallendirilerek safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 verilen bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc veya \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine dayan\u0131r. Kristallendirme i\u015flemi yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u015fu s\u0131ra izlenmelidir. edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
1. Saf olmayan maddenin uygun bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcde kaynama noktas\u0131 veya biraz yak\u0131n bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi,
\n 2. S\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f madde ve tozlardan s\u00fcz\u00fclerek ayr\u0131lmas\u0131,
\n 3. S\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin so\u011fumaya b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddenin kristallenmesi,
\n 4. Kristallerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc faz\u0131ndan ( ana \u00e7\u00f6zelti ) ayr\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
Olu\u015fan kristallerin kurutulduktan sonra safl\u0131klar\u0131 genellikle erime noktalar\u0131na bak\u0131larak kontrol edilir, saf de\u011fillerse madde saf \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcden yeniden kristallendirilir. Bu i\u015flem erime noktas\u0131 sabit saf madde elde edilinceye kadar tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kristallendiirme i\u015fleminde kullan\u0131lacak bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc se\u00e7ilirken bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak maddenin iyi olu\u015facak kristallerini vermeli, safs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 kolayca \u00e7\u00f6zmeli veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta az \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcyor olmal\u0131, madde ile reaksiyona girmemeli, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kaynama noktas\u0131na sahip
\n olmal\u0131.
\n En fazla kullan\u0131lan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcler; saf su (kaynama noktas\u0131 100\u00ba C), dietil eter (kaynama noktas\u0131 35\u00ba C), aseton (kaynama noktas\u0131 56\u00ba C),kloroform (kaynama noktas\u0131 61\u00ba C), metil alkol (kaynama noktas\u0131 64,5\u00ba C), karbontetraklor\u00fcr (kaynama noktas\u0131 77\u00ba C), petrol eteri (kaynama noktas\u0131 40-60\u00ba C),etil alkol (kaynama noktas\u0131 78\u00ba C) dir.<\/p>\n
Kristallenme i\u015flemi su \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rnek se\u00e7ilen uygun \u00e7\u00f6zeltide \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00f6zelti geri so\u011futucu alt\u0131nda bir s\u00fcre kaynat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6zelti s\u0131cak iken s\u00fczge\u00e7 ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. S\u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc \u00fczeri saat cam\u0131 kapat\u0131larak bekletilir. E\u011fer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kristallere elde edilmek isteniyorsa s\u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde so\u011futulmal\u0131d\u0131r. So\u011fuma s\u00fcresi uzad\u0131k\u00e7a kristallerin boyutu artacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kristalle\u015ftirme i\u015flemi, doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti meydana getirmesi i\u00e7in kimyasal maddenin uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcye ilave edilmesi ile olur. Kaynama noktas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7inde erimeyen yabanc\u0131 maddeler s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. S\u00fcz\u00fclen k\u0131s\u0131m so\u011futularak kristaller elde edilir. So\u011futma i\u015flemi yava\u015f oldu\u011fu takdirde kristaller b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Kristalle\u015ftirmede maddenin \u00f6zellikleri \u00f6nemlidir. E\u011fer maddenin s\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc ile so\u011fuk \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcdeki erime oran\u0131 birbirine yak\u0131n ise buharla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131da maddenin bile\u015fimi de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011finden bu i\u015flem oda \u0131s\u0131s\u0131nda vakumda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Kristallerin daha saf elde edilmesi i\u00e7in buhner hunisinden vakumla s\u00fcz\u00fclmesi tercih edilir. Az eriyen kristaller so\u011fuk su ile fazla eriyen kristaller ise alkolle y\u0131kan\u0131r. Daha sonra santrif\u00fcje edilerek oda \u0131s\u0131s\u0131nda kurutulur.<\/p>\n
04. S\u00fczme<\/p>\n
Bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mda s\u0131v\u0131 faz\u0131n kat\u0131 fazdan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanan i\u015fleme s\u00fczme denir. \u0130yi bir kristallendirme ile safla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi iyi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fczme i\u015flemine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00fczme i\u015flemi iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bunlarda birisi huni kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan basit s\u00fczme, di\u011feri ise goch krozesi kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan vakum alt\u0131nda s\u00fczmedir.<\/p>\n
04.01. Huni \u0130le Basit S\u00fczme<\/p>\n
S\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerin s\u00fcz\u00fclmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131 elden geldi\u011fi kadar \u00f6nlenmelidir. Aksi takdirde s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fmesi ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck azalaca\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00fczge\u00e7 ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131nda ve huni borusunda kristaller meydana gelir ve bunlar s\u00fczmeyi g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirir. So\u011fumay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fczmek veya huni ve s\u00fczge\u00e7 ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131ndaki kristalle\u015fmeyi \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u00fczmeye ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce bunlar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015flem i\u00e7in \u00f6nce filtre ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 do\u011fru \u015fekilde katlan\u0131p huni i\u00e7erisine yerle\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
01. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin hacmini azaltmak yada kuru hale getirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131lar genellikle porselen kaps\u00fcllerde buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sebebi porselen kaps\u00fcllerde yap\u0131lan buharla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015fleminin daha \u00e7abuk olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Buharla\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken kab\u0131n \u00fczerine uygun \u00e7apl\u0131 bir saat cam\u0131 konularak s\u0131\u00e7rama yada d\u0131\u015fardan yabanc\u0131 madde girme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 engellenmi\u015f olur. Saat cam\u0131 s\u0131\u00e7rayan maddeyi tutarak yeniden kaba al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[5164,5165,5166,2125,5168,5169,5167],"class_list":["post-2050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-ayristirma-ve-saflastirma-yontemleri","tag-buharlastirma","tag-cokturme","tag-cozelti","tag-kristallendirme","tag-organik-reaksiyon","tag-reaktif"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2050"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2050\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2050"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2050"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}