\u0130nsano\u011flu en az 2500 y\u0131ld\u0131r maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmakta, fikirler geli\u015ftirmektedir. Bug\u00fcn bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu t\u00fcr sorunlarla eski \u00e7a\u011flarda filozoflar u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130.\u00d6 5. yy.da, Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Democritos b\u00fct\u00fcn maddelerin daha fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi imkans\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar par\u00e7alanabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bir madde par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131. En sonunda o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7a elde ediliyordu ki daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi imkans\u0131zd\u0131. Democritos, bu en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7aya atom ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Yunancas\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez anlam\u0131na gelen \u201catomus\u201dtur. Democritos\u2019a g\u00f6re bir maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki atomlar say\u0131s\u0131zd\u0131r ve g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclemez. Ayr\u0131ca, atomlar\u0131n as\u0131l yap\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 olmakla birlikte de\u011fi\u015fik maddelerin atomlar\u0131 sadece a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k, bi\u00e7im ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bir ba\u015fka Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Epik\u00fcr de Democritos\u2019un fikirlerini desteklemi\u015ftir. Fakat M.\u00d6 V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Empodekles, maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok daha de\u011fi\u015fik bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Empodekles\u2019e g\u00f6re do\u011fadaki her \u015fey d\u00f6rt as\u0131l elemandan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6rt eleman toprak, hava, ate\u015f ve sudur. Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc say\u0131lan Aristo, Empodekles\u2019in d\u00f6rt as\u0131l eleman teorisini sonuna kadar destekleyince, Aristo\u2019nun etkisi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Democritos\u2019un ve di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin teorileri hemen hemen iki bin y\u0131l ilgi g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir. Bu iki bin y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda Galile, Bacon, Descartes, Boyle ve Newton gibi bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ile atom teorisi yeniden de\u011fer kazan\u0131p g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.
\n XVI. ve XVII. yy.da Galile ve Newton, atomla ilgili kuramsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar. 1661 y\u0131l\u0131nda Robert Boyle, bilimsel bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00f6rt as\u0131l eleman teorisine kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Boyle\u2019ye g\u00f6re maddenin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131 olan atomlar, basit fakat birbirlerine m\u00fckemmel bir d\u00fczenle birle\u015fmi\u015flerdi. Ancak, atomun yap\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili as\u0131l bulu\u015flar, XIX.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir.
\n \u0130ngiliz fizik ve kimyac\u0131s\u0131 John Dalton klasik atom teorisinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. 1807(1810) y\u0131l\u0131nda atomik yap\u0131yla ilgili teorisini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu teoride atom sert yap\u0131l\u0131, ufak bir bilardo topuna benzetilmi\u015ftir. Teori \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir:
\n Dalton atom modeli;
\n Her \u015fey atom denen son derece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bile\u015fenlerden olu\u015fur; bu atomlar ne yoktan var edilebilir, ne b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir, ne de yok edilebilir.
\n Atom bir elementin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri elementin kimyasal \u00f6zelliklerine e\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, kimyasal reaksiyonlar, atomun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyip sadece birle\u015fmelerindeki d\u00fczeni de\u011fi\u015ftirirler.
\n Bir elementin b\u00fct\u00fcn atomlar\u0131 her a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6zde\u015ftir; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k iki ayr\u0131 elementin atomlar\u0131 bi\u00e7im, boyut,a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k (k\u00fctle) ve genel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u0130ki ayr\u0131 elementin atomlar\u0131 basit tamsay\u0131larla belirtilen belli bir oranda birle\u015ferek bile\u015fikleri olu\u015fturur. \u00d6rne\u011fin iki hidrojen atomunun bir oksijen atomuyla birle\u015fmesiyle suyun en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimi olan bir atom grubu olu\u015fur.
\n Dalton de\u011fi\u015fik atomlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek istemi\u015f ancak tek bir atomun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak en hafif atom olan hidrojen atomu esas al\u0131nmak yoluyla hidrojen atomunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na oranla di\u011fer atomlar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u0131yaslama atomu olarak oksijen atomu kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (O = 16,0000 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) Bug\u00fcn k\u0131yaslama atomu olarak C-12 (C=12,0000) izotopu al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.
\n XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru yeni yeni elementler bulundu. Bilim adamlar\u0131 bu elementlerin atomlar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l bir d\u00fczenle birle\u015fti\u011fini, molek\u00fcl halinde nas\u0131l bir araya gelip b\u00fct\u00fcnlendiklerini incelemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130ngiliz fizik\u00e7i J.J. Thompson\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dizi katot t\u00fcp\u00fc deneyi, insanlar\u0131n atom hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Thompson, elektrik ve manyetik kuvvetler uygulayarak negatif elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 atomlardan ay\u0131rabildi\u011fini belirtti. Thompson\u2019un katot t\u00fcp\u00fc, havas\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve iki ucunda elektrot g\u00f6revi yapan metal par\u00e7alar bulunan bir cam t\u00fcp\u00fc. Bu iki elektrot aras\u0131nda elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oluyordu. \u00c7inko s\u00fclf\u00fcrle kapl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir cam par\u00e7as\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirildi\u011finde, hafif bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7arak parlamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Thompson, bu elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, katottan anota do\u011fru sa\u00e7\u0131lan ufak madde par\u00e7alar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Thompson bu par\u00e7alara elektron ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Elektronlar negatif y\u00fckl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bu y\u00fczden pozitif elektrota do\u011fru hareket ediyorlard\u0131. Thompson ayr\u0131ca elektronlar\u0131n bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011funu da ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra da y\u00fck\/k\u00fctle oran\u0131n\u0131 hesaplayacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece atomlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu iddialar\u0131 da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu.
\n Atomun \u00e7e\u015fitli par\u00e7alar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler, Yeni Zelanda do\u011fumlu \u00fcnl\u00fc fizik\u00e7i Ernest Rutherford taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rutherford ve yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 deneyde, art\u0131 iki y\u00fckl\u00fc helyum atomlar\u0131 olan alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ile ince bir alt\u0131n yapra\u011f\u0131 bombard\u0131man ettiler. Alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, radyumun radyoaktif par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan elde edilmi\u015f ve kur\u015fun bir blo\u011fun dar kanal\u0131ndan ince demet halinde bir y\u00f6ne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak on bin atom kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok ince bir metal levhaya y\u00f6neltilmi\u015fti. \u00dczerine s\u00fclf\u00fcr kapl\u0131 bir fl\u00fcoresan levhaya \u00e7arpt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 g\u00f6zleniyordu. Bu fl\u00fcoresan levha merkezinde alfa par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ince metal bulunan bir daire \u00e7evresinde hareket edecek \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlemi\u015fti. Bu levhaya \u00e7arparak alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n meydan getirecekleri en zay\u0131f \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 bile g\u00f6zleyebilmek i\u00e7in levhan\u0131n orta k\u0131sm\u0131na bir d\u00fcrb\u00fcn yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Alfa par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n gaz molek\u00fcllerine \u00e7arparak yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bu alet vakumda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Metal levhan\u0131n etraf\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131larda g\u00f6zlem yapan Rutherford ve Danimarkal\u0131 fizik\u00e7i Niels Bohr olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli say\u0131da sa\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit etti. Hatta 180dereceye yak\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131larla bile sapm\u0131\u015f alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. B\u00f6yle sapmalar ancak yerinden oynat\u0131lmas\u0131 imkans\u0131z hedeflere \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilirdi.Bu iki fizik\u00e7i yeni bir atom modeli tasarlad\u0131lar. Bu fizik\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re ;
\n Rutherford atom modeli
\n Atomun merkezinde bir \u00e7ekirdek bulunuyor, elektronlar da bu \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresinde dolan\u0131yordu.
\n Her \u00e7ekirdek art\u0131 elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yordu; b\u00f6ylece \u00e7ekirde\u011fin art\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc elektronlar\u0131n eksi y\u00fck\u00fcyle dengelendi\u011fi i\u00e7in atomun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc elektriksel olarak y\u00fcks\u00fcz (n\u00f6tr) durumda kalabiliyordu.
\n \u00c7ekirdek, atomun b\u00fct\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yer tutuyor. E\u011fer bir atom stadyum kadar b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclecek olsa, \u00e7ekirdek bu stadyumun ortas\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir bezelye y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gibi olacakt\u0131r.
\n Atomun hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fctlesi bu minicik \u00e7ekirde\u011fin i\u00e7inde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki temel par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan olu\u015fur: Art\u0131 elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc proton ve elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mayan n\u00f6tron. N\u00f6tronun k\u00fctlesi protonunkinden biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130nsano\u011flu en az 2500 y\u0131ld\u0131r maddenin yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapmakta, fikirler geli\u015ftirmektedir. Bug\u00fcn bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu t\u00fcr sorunlarla eski \u00e7a\u011flarda filozoflar u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130.\u00d6 5. yy.da, Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Democritos b\u00fct\u00fcn maddelerin daha fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi imkans\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar par\u00e7alanabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bir madde par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunun belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131. En …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[5178,4474,2230,5177,5006,2137,4475,3040,5135],"class_list":["post-2056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-alfa","tag-anot","tag-atom","tag-atom-modelleri","tag-dalton-atom-modeli","tag-izotop","tag-katot","tag-metal","tag-rutherford-atom-modeli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2056"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2056\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}