Tepkime verecek taneciklerin belirli d\u00fczende , yeterli enerji ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekir .
\n \u25cf Birim zamandaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran etmenler tepkimeyi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r .
\n\u25cf \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerden aktifle\u015fme enerjisine sahip olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran
\netmenler tepkimeleri h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r .<\/p>\n
Kimyasal reaksiyonlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan incelemeler , reaksiyon h\u0131z\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fakt\u00f6rlerin etki etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ;
\n1) Madde cinsinin etkisi
\n2) Deri\u015fimin etkisi
\n3) S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi
\n4) Temas y\u00fczeyinin etkisi
\n5) Kataliz\u00f6r\u00fcn etkisi<\/p>\n
1) Tepkimeye Giren Maddelerin Cinsinin Etkisi :<\/p>\n
Tepkimeye giren maddelerin kimyasal ve fiziksel yap\u0131 ve \u00f6zelliklerinin tepkime h\u0131z\u0131na etkisi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir .
\nTepkimeye giren maddelerin kat\u0131 , s\u0131v\u0131 ya da gaz halinde olmas\u0131 tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 etkiler . \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gaz tanecikleri serbest hareket ettikleri i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma ihtimali daha fazlad\u0131r . Bu da gaz tepkimelerinin kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 fazdaki tepkimelere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcmesine neden olur .<\/p>\n
C\u208dk\u208e + O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 CO\u2082\u208dg\u208e Yava\u015f
\nC\u208ds\u208e + O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 CO\u2082\u208dg\u208e H\u0131zl\u0131
\nC\u208dg\u208e + O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 CO\u2082\u208dg\u208e \u00c7ok h\u0131zl\u0131<\/p>\n
Tepkimeye giren maddeler yap\u0131s\u0131nda kimyasal ba\u011f kopmas\u0131 ve atomlar\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi gerekiyorsa bu t\u00fcr tepkimelerde kopacak ve olu\u015facak ba\u011f say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 da azal\u0131r .
\na) \u00c7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131n koptu\u011fu ve yerine yeni ba\u011flar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu tepkimelerin e\u015fik enerjileri b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fundan yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015firler.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK : CH\u2084 ve C\u2082H\u2086 gazlar\u0131n\u0131n yanma tepkimelerini inceleyelim
\nCH\u2084 + 2O\u2082\u2192 CO\u2082 + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\n
H \u2013 C \u2013 H + 2 O = O \u2192 O = C = O + 2 H \u2013 O \u2013 H <\/p>\n
C\u2082H\u2086 + 7\/2 O\u2082\u2192 2CO\u2082 + 3H\u2082O<\/p>\n
H \u2013 C \u2013 C \u2013 H + 7\/2 O = O \u2192 2 O = C = O + 3 H \u2013 O \u2013 H<\/p>\n
2. tepkimede daha \u00e7ok ba\u011f koptu\u011fundan daha yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir .
\nTH 1 > TH 2<\/p>\n
b) Z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131n elektriksel \u00e7ekimine dayal\u0131 tepkimeler e\u015fik enerjileri \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015firler.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK: Ag\u207a\u208dsuda\u208e + Cl\u207b\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 AgCl\u208dk\u208e<\/p>\n
Tepkimesinde z\u0131t y\u00fckler birbirini \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7ekece\u011finden tepkime \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
c) \u00c7ok say\u0131da taneci\u011fin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepkimeler genellikle yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK:
\nCr\u2082O\u2087\u207b\u00b2\u208dsuda\u208e + 6Fe\u207a\u00b2\u208dsuda\u208e + 14H\u207b\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 2Cr\u207a\u00b3\u208dsuda\u208e + 6Fe\u207a\u00b3\u208dsuda\u208e +7H\u2082O<\/p>\n
Tepkimesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fundan yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nBu tepkimede \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gereken taneciklerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc olmas\u0131 da tanecikler aras\u0131 itmeye sebep olaca\u011f\u0131ndan tepkimeyi yava\u015flat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
d) Kat\u0131 fazda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepkimeler yava\u015f ; s\u0131v\u0131 fazdakiler kat\u0131lara oranla h\u0131zl\u0131 ; gaz fazdaki tepkimeler ise en h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK: H\u2082\u208dg\u208e + I\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 2HI\u208dg\u208e H\u0131zl\u0131
\nH\u2082\u208dg\u208e + I\u2082\u208dk\u208e\u2192 2HI\u208dg\u208e Yava\u015f<\/p>\n
\u25cf \u0130yon tepkimeleri , di\u011fer tepkimelere g\u00f6re daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beklenir . Z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar aras\u0131ndaki tepkimelerin h\u0131zl\u0131 , ayn\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar aras\u0131ndaki tepkimelerin yava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi beklenir.
\nSulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltide yap\u0131lan iyon tepkimeleri h\u0131zl\u0131 olu\u015fur . Bunun iki nedeni vard\u0131r . Birincisi ; iyonlar sulu \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7erisinde serbest hareket edebilirler . Serbest hareket ettikleri i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma ihtimali fazlad\u0131r . \u0130kincisi ; z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar birbirlerini \u00e7ektikleri i\u00e7in en h\u0131zl\u0131 olu\u015fan tepkimeler sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltide olu\u015fan iyon tepkimeleridir .<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER<\/p>\n
1) Ayn\u0131 \u015fartlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tepkimeleri olu\u015fma h\u0131zlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yava\u015ftan h\u0131zl\u0131ya do\u011fru s\u0131ralay\u0131n\u0131z
\nI. 2Fe\u208dk\u208e + 3\/2 O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 Fe\u2082O\u2083\u208dk\u208e
\nII. H\u207a\u208dsuda\u208e + OH\u207b\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 H\u2082O\u208ds\u208e
\nIII. Fe\u207a\u00b2\u208dsuda\u208e + Ce\u207a\u2074\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 Fe\u207a\u00b3\u208dsuda\u208e + Ce\u207a\u00b3\u208dsuda\u208e<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM: I. Tepkime demirin paslanmas\u0131na ait tepkimedir ve bilindi\u011fi gibi \u00e7ok yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir tepkimedir.
\nII . tepkime z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131n \u00e7ekimine dayal\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir tepkimedir.
\nIII . tepkime de ayn\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar aras\u0131 elektron al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi s\u00f6z konusudur. III . tepkime I . den h\u0131zl\u0131 , II . den yava\u015ft\u0131r.
\nS\u0131ralama I , III , II \u015feklindedir .<\/p>\n
2) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tepkimelerden hangisinin ayn\u0131 \u015fartlarda en h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi beklenir?
\nA) C\u2083H\u2088\u208dg\u208e + 5O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 3CO\u2082\u208dg\u208e + 4H\u2082O\u208dg\u208e
\nB) Na\u207a\u208dsuda\u208e + Cl\u207b\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 NaCl\u208dk\u208e
\nC) 2Fe\u207a\u00b2\u208dsuda\u208e + Cu\u207a\u00b2\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 2Fe\u207a\u00b3\u208dsuda\u208e + Cu\u208dk\u208e
\nD) H\u2082\u208dg\u208e + 1\/2 O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 H\u2082O\u208dg\u208e
\nE) C\u208dk\u208e + O\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 CO\u2082\u208dg\u208e<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM:Birden fazla ba\u011f\u0131n koptu\u011fu tepkimeler yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015firler. Verilen tepkimeler i\u00e7erisinde bu nedenle en yava\u015f\u0131 A \u2018 d\u0131r.
\nE \u015f\u0131kk\u0131ndaki gibi kat\u0131 ve gaz faz\u0131 tepkimeleri de yava\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcyen tepkimelerdir.
\nAyn\u0131 y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar aras\u0131nda bir itme ve elektron al\u0131p verme s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fundan bu t\u00fcr tepkimelerde h\u0131z z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131nkine g\u00f6re yava\u015ft\u0131r.
\nB \u015f\u0131kk\u0131ndaki gibi z\u0131t y\u00fckl\u00fc iyonlar\u0131n \u00e7ekimi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepkimeler ise en h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyen tepkimelerdir.
\nCevap B .<\/p>\n
2) Deri\u015fimin Etkisi :<\/p>\n
Tepkime kab\u0131nda girenlerden en az birinin deri\u015fiminin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 birim hacimdeki tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olur . Bu durumda tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar . \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n artmas\u0131 tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r .
\nK\u0131saca birim hacimdeki tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 ( deri\u015fim ) artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa tanecikler s\u0131kla\u015faca\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artar . Bunun sonucunda tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 artar .
\nKimyasal bir tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 , tepkimeye giren taneciklerin birim zamandaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131lar\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r .
\nA\u2082 ve B\u2082 molek\u00fcllerinin bulundu\u011fu bir kapta A\u2082 ile B\u2082 aras\u0131nda,
\nA\u2082\u208dg\u208e + B\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 2AB\u208dg\u208e
\nTepkimesi olsun . Kaba bir miktar daha A\u2082 molek\u00fcl\u00fc eklersek , B\u2082 molek\u00fclleri ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 artar . Yani h\u0131z, A\u2082 molek\u00fcllerinin deri\u015fimi ile orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r .
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 \u03b1[ A\u2082]
\nKaptaki B\u2082 molek\u00fcllerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rsak , bu defa A\u2082 molek\u00fclleri , \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere daha fazla say\u0131da B\u2082 molek\u00fcl\u00fc bulabilecekler ve b\u00f6ylece tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 B\u2082 nin deri\u015fimi ile de orant\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r .
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 \u03b1[ B\u2082]
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 hem [ A\u2082] hem de [ B\u2082] ile orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ,
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 \u03b1[ A\u2082][ B\u2082]
\nYazabiliriz . Bir orant\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131 ( k ) kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa ,
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 = k [ A\u2082][ B\u2082]
\nOlur. Bu e\u015fitli\u011fe h\u0131z denklemi ve e\u015fitlikteki orant\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131 k ye h\u0131z sabiti denir. Bu sabit , s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir . Ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131dan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi h\u0131z sabiti b\u00fcy\u00fck olan tepkimelerin h\u0131z\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131r . <\/p>\n
Deri\u015fimi artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ya molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ya da hacim k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmelidir .<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK: 2X\u2082\u208dg\u208e + 3Y\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192 2X\u2082Y\u2083\u208dg\u208e tepkimesi tek basamakta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re , tepkimede Y\u2082 \u2018 nin deri\u015fimi 2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131rsa tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 ka\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar ?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM : Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta h\u0131z ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ;
\nTH\u2081 = k [ X\u2082]\u00b2[ Y\u2082]\u00b3
\nX\u2082\u2192X\u2082
\nY\u2082\u2192 2Y\u2082
\nTH\u2082 = k [ X\u2082]\u00b2[ 2Y\u2082]\u00b3
\nTH\u2082 = k [ X\u2082]\u00b2[ Y\u2082]\u00b3 2\u00b3
\nTH\u2082 = 8 TH\u2081
\nTepkime h\u0131z\u0131 8 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar<\/p>\n
3) S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi :<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tepkime verecek taneciklerin kinetik enerjileri , dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u0131zlar\u0131 artaca\u011f\u0131ndan tanecikler birbirleriyle daha s\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131r . \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fman\u0131n daha s\u0131k olmas\u0131 da , tepkimenin daha h\u0131zl\u0131 olmas\u0131 sonucunu verir .
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tepkimelerin h\u0131zlar\u0131 da artar . H\u0131zdaki bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz ;
\nI. Taneciklerin h\u0131z\u0131 artaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in birim zamandaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artar ve tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 da artar .
\nII. Enerjisi , e\u015fik enerjisinden y\u00fcksek olan yani aktifle\u015fme enerjisi engelini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 nedeniyle etkin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 artar . Bu da tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olur .
\nTepkimeye giren taneciklerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa , taneciklerin kinetik enerjileri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u0131zlar\u0131 artar . \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kinetik enerji s\u0131cakl\u0131kla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r .H\u0131z\u0131 artan madde tanecikleri birbirleriyle ;
\na) Daha \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma yaparlar
\nb) Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar daha etkili olur
\nBu iki nedenden dolay\u0131 tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 artar .
\nEtkili \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni , s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a taneciklerin enerjisinin artmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla aktifle\u015fme enerjisini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131d\u0131r . Enerjisi fazla olan tanecikler h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket eder . H\u0131zl\u0131 hareket eden bu taneciklerin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ise daha etkili olur .<\/p>\n
UYARI : S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131nca tepkimenin e\u015fik enerjisinin de\u011feri de\u011fi\u015fmez , e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 artar .<\/p>\n
S\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 hem ekzotermik hem de endotermik tepkimelerin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r .
\nAyn\u0131 tepkime i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik iki s\u0131cakl\u0131kta taneciklerin kinetik enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir :<\/p>\n
Grafikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi T\u2082 e\u011frisinin alt\u0131nda kalan taral\u0131 alan T\u2081 e\u011frisinin alt\u0131ndaki taral\u0131 alandan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr . Bu ise s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fik enerjisini ge\u00e7en tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder .<\/p>\n
K\u0131saca s\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131k\u00e7a e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 da artar .<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER<\/p>\n
1)
\nYukar\u0131daki grafik bir gaz \u00f6rne\u011finde T\u2081 , T\u2082 ve T\u2083 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131ndaki kinetik enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir .
\nBu gaz \u00f6rne\u011fi ile ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ifadelerden hangisi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ?<\/p>\n
A) S\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e e\u015fik enerjisinin de\u011feri b\u00fcy\u00fcr .
\nB) S\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e e\u015fik enerjisinin de\u011ferini a\u015fan molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131 artar .
\nC) S\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e ortalama kinetik enerji de\u011feri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr .
\nD) T\u2081 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u2082 \u2018 den y\u00fcksektir .
\nE) T\u2083 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u2082 \u2018 den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr .
\n( 1988 \u2013 \u00d6YS )
\n\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM : E\u015fik enerjisinin de\u011feri s\u0131cakl\u0131kla de\u011fi\u015fmez .Sadece maddenin t\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r .
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r . S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ise e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r .
\n\u00dc\u00e7 e\u011fri incelendi\u011finde e\u015fik enerjisini ge\u00e7en molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren e\u011frinin alt\u0131ndaki alanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiden T\u2081> T\u2082> T\u2083 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\nCEVAP A <\/p>\n
2) Bir kimyasal tepkimede s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi ile ;
\nI. Taneciklerin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131
\nII. Tepkimenin entalpisi
\nIII. Kinetik enerjisi
\nIV. Aktifle\u015fme enerjisini a\u015fan taneciklerin say\u0131s\u0131
\nNiceliklerinden hangileri artar ?
\nA) Yaln\u0131z I B) Yaln\u0131z II C) Yaln\u0131z III D) I , III , IV E) I , II , III<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM : S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesi ile taneciklerin ortalama h\u0131z\u0131 , kinetik enerjisi , aktifle\u015fme enerjisini a\u015fan taneciklerin say\u0131s\u0131 artar . CEVAP D
\n3) <\/p>\n
2NO\u2082\u208dg\u208e\u2192N\u2082O\u2084\u208dg\u208e denklemine g\u00f6re NO\u2082 gaz\u0131 N\u2082O\u2084 gaz\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir . NO\u2082 \u2018 nin T\u2081 ve T\u2082 s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131ndaki kinetik enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 grafikteki gibidir . S\u0131cakl\u0131k T\u2081 \u2018 den T\u2082 \u2018 ye getirildi\u011finde ;
\nI. Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131
\nII. Ortalama kinetik enerji
\nIII. Enerjisi e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131
\nNiceliklerinden hangileri artar ?
\nA) Yaln\u0131z I B) Yaln\u0131z II C) I ve II D) II ve III E) I , II , III<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM : Grafik incelendi\u011finde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n T\u2081\u2019 den T\u2082 \u2018 ye getirilmesi ile y\u00fcksek enerjili tanecik say\u0131s\u0131 ve e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015fan tanecik say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir . \u00d6yle ise \u00fc\u00e7 nicelikte de artma olur .
\nCEVAP E<\/p>\n
4) Temas Y\u00fczeyinin Etkisi :<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 \u2013 s\u0131v\u0131 ya da kat\u0131 \u2013 gaz tepkimelerinde y\u00fczey \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir . \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc , y\u00fczey art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa taneciklerin \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma ihtimali artaca\u011f\u0131ndan tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131 da artar .
\nKat\u0131 maddeler k\u00fctleleri sabit kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fck\u00e7e y\u00fczeyleri artar . Bu y\u00fczeylerdeki taneciklerde \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tepkime h\u0131z\u0131 artar .<\/p>\n
I . kaptaki Zn metalinin y\u00fczeyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck III. Kaptaki Zn metalinin y\u00fczeyi toz halinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr . Zn metali HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ile tepkime vererek H\u2082 gaz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r . Ancak I . kapta Zn\u208dk\u208e + 2HCl\u208dsuda\u208e\u2192 ZnCl\u2082\u208dk\u208e + H\u2082\u208dg\u208e tepkimesine g\u00f6re gaz \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yava\u015ft\u0131r . III . kapta ise h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r . Bu da y\u00fczey artt\u0131k\u00e7a tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir .
\nII . kaptaki gaz \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 I . kaptakinden h\u0131zl\u0131 III . kaptakinden yava\u015ft\u0131r .<\/p>\n
\u25cf Tepkimeye giren maddelerin temas y\u00fczeylerinin artmas\u0131 tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r , e\u015fik enerjisini de\u011fi\u015ftirmez .<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK : Ayn\u0131 k\u00fctlede b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7a , k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7a ve toz halindeki \u00e7inko \u00f6rnekleri , hacimleri ve molar deri\u015fimleri ayn\u0131 olan HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 konuluyor . Olu\u015fan hidrojen hacminin zamana g\u00f6re grafi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir . I , II ve III e\u011frilerin hangisi toz , hangisi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7a , hangisi b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7a i\u00e7indir ?<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00d6Z\u00dcM : Tepkime ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra \u00fc\u00e7 e\u011fri birbirinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re , tepkime h\u0131zlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r . 1 dakika sonunda elde edilen H\u2082 gaz\u0131n\u0131n hacmi , I . e\u011fri i\u00e7in V\u2081 , II . e\u011fri i\u00e7in V\u2082 , III . e\u011fri i\u00e7in V\u2083 \u2018 t\u00fcr . V\u2083> V\u2082> V\u2081 oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re , ayn\u0131 zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en fazla H\u2082 III \u2018de , en az H\u2082 de I de toplanmaktad\u0131r .\u00d6yleyse h\u0131z\u0131n en fazla oldu\u011fu III . e\u011fri toz \u00e7inkoya , II . e\u011fri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7inko par\u00e7alar\u0131na , I . e\u011fri de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7inko par\u00e7alar\u0131na ili\u015fkindir . E\u011frilere dikkat edilirse , sonu\u00e7ta \u00fc\u00e7 olayda da elde edilen H\u2082 miktar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r . Bunun nedeni kullan\u0131lan madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 tepkime i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r . Ancak yine e\u011frilerden anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi , III . e\u011fride sabit duruma 2 dakika dolay\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken , I . e\u011fride 5 dakika dolay\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r . <\/p>\n
5) Kataliz\u00f6r\u00fcn etkisi<\/p>\n
Tepkime ortam\u0131na , d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ilave edilen , tepkime sonunda kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan ve tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren maddelere kataliz\u00f6r denir . Tepkime h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131ranlara kataliz\u00f6r , yava\u015flatanlara da inhibit\u00f6r denir .<\/p>\n
Kataliz\u00f6r\u00fcn genel \u00f6zellikleri ;<\/p>\n
\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6rler tepkimenin izledi\u011fi yolu , mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek aktifle\u015fme enerjisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr . Ayr\u0131ca aktifle\u015fmi\u015f kompleksin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek daha \u00e7ok taneci\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcnlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flar ve tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r .
\n\u25cf \u0130leri ve geri tepkimelerin aktifle\u015fme enerjilerini ayn\u0131 oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek tepkime h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , bir tepkimenin denge konumunu bozmaz .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimenin mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , bir tepkimenin PE de\u011fi\u015fim grafi\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirir .<\/p>\n
Eai ve Eag kataliz\u00f6rs\u00fcz aktifle\u015fme enerjileri .
\nEaik ve Eagk kataliz\u00f6rl\u00fc aktifle\u015fme enerjileridir .
\n\u25b3H = Eai \u2013 Eag = Eaik \u2013 Eagk <\/p>\n
\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , kinetik enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m e\u011frisini de\u011fi\u015ftirmez . Sadece e\u015fik enerjisinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar . Kataliz\u00f6rs\u00fcz S\u2081 kadar tanecik e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015farak tepkimeye girdi\u011fi halde kataliz\u00f6r kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ( S\u2081 + S\u2082 ) kadar tanecik e\u015fik enerjisini a\u015farak tepkimeye girer .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkime sonunda de\u011fi\u015fmeden a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimenin mekanizmas\u0131ndaki ad\u0131mlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , aktifle\u015fmi\u015f kompleksin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir .Genellikle daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili aktifle\u015fmi\u015f kompleks olu\u015fturur .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimenin e\u015fik enerjisini de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r h\u0131z denkleminde g\u00f6sterilmez .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimeyi ba\u015flatmaz . Ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f tepkimenin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimeye giren maddeleri , \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve \u25b3H \u2018\u0131n de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirmez.
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , tepkimenin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmez .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , h\u0131z sabitini ( k ) de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6r , \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fc tepkimelerde ileri ve geri h\u0131zlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011ferde de\u011fi\u015ftirir .
\n\u25cf Her reaksiyonun ayr\u0131 bir kataliz\u00f6r\u00fc vard\u0131r .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6rlerin reaksiyonda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fleve kataliz denir . \u00c7ok az\u0131 reaksiyonu katalizlemeye yeter .
\n\u25cf Kataliz\u00f6rler , net reaksiyon denklemlerinde g\u00f6sterilmez . Ancak kataliz\u00f6r\u00fcn belirtilmesi gereken reaksiyonlarda kataliz\u00f6r \u201c denktir \u201c ( reaksiyon okunun ) i\u015faretinin \u00fczerine yaz\u0131l\u0131r .
\n2H\u2082O\u2082 2H\u2082O + O\u2082 4NH\u2083 + 7O\u2082 4NO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tepkime verecek taneciklerin belirli d\u00fczende , yeterli enerji ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekir . \u25cf Birim zamandaki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran etmenler tepkimeyi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r . \u25cf \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fan taneciklerden aktifle\u015fme enerjisine sahip olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran etmenler tepkimeleri h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r . Kimyasal reaksiyonlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan incelemeler , reaksiyon h\u0131z\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fakt\u00f6rlerin etki etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ; 1) Madde cinsinin etkisi 2) Deri\u015fimin …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4970,4554,2214,5404,4584,2215,5200,5405,5402,2251,5403],"class_list":["post-2162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aktiflesme-enerjisi","tag-derisim","tag-fiziksel","tag-iyon-tepkimeleri","tag-katalizor","tag-kimyasal","tag-kimyasal-reaksiyon","tag-kinetik-enerjisi","tag-reaksiyon-hizina-etki-eden-faktorler","tag-tepkime","tag-zit-yuklu-iyonlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2162"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2162\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}