I. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Haline G\u00f6re: \u00dc\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zelti vard\u0131r. Her bir t\u00fcr; i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin haline g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7 alt t\u00fcre ayr\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin hallerine g\u00f6re 9 t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zelti olu\u015fturulabilir.<\/p>\n
II. Elektrik Ak\u0131m\u0131 \u0130letmelerine G\u00f6re: \u00c7\u00f6zeltiler elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletip iletmeme durumuna g\u00f6re, ba\u015fl\u0131ca 2 gruba ayr\u0131larak incelenirler.<\/p>\n
1) Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ileten \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler: Asit, Baz, tuz gibi maddeler suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde iyon olu\u015ftururlar. Bu nedenle \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletir. Elektrolit \u00e7\u00f6zelti ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar.
\n 2) Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletmeyen \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler: \u015eeker, alkol gibi suda molek\u00fcller halinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddelerin sulu \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletmezler.<\/p>\n
III. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcnen Madde Miktar\u0131na G\u00f6re:<\/p>\n
1) Doymu\u015f \u00c7\u00f6zeltiler: Belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta birim hacim ya da, birim k\u00fctle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn belirledi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerdir. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta daha fazla madde \u00e7\u00f6zmezler.
\n 2) A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler: Belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta i\u00e7inde doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde miktar\u0131ndan daha fazla madde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerdir. Karars\u0131zd\u0131rlar. Bir miktar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen madde \u00e7\u00f6kerek doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline gelirler.
\n 3) Doymam\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler: Belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc maddeden daha az \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen i\u00e7eren \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerdir. \u0130stenildi\u011finde ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bir miktar madde daha \u00e7\u00f6zerek doymu\u015f \u00e7\u00f6zelti haline getirilebilirler.<\/p>\n
TAMPON \u00c7\u00d6ZELT\u0130LER<\/p>\n
Fazla olmayan miktarda kuvvetli asit veya kuvvetli baz ilave edildi\u011finde pH de\u011ferleri fazla oynama g\u00f6stermeyen \u00e7\u00f6zeltilere tampon \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler denir. \u00d6rne\u011fin deniz suyu iyi bir tampon \u00e7\u00f6zeltidir.<\/p>\n
TAMPONLAMA G\u00dcC\u00dc
\n Tampon sisteminin pH\u2019\u0131 sabit tutmadaki etkinli\u011fidir. \u0130ki fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:
\n 1- Tampon sisteminin pH\u2019\u0131 tamponu olu\u015fturan asidin pH\u2019\u0131na e\u015fit veya yak\u0131n ise tamponlama g\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksektir. Yani [A-] \/ [HA] oran\u0131 1\u2019e ne kadar yak\u0131nsa, tampon sisteminin tamponlama g\u00fcc\u00fc o kadar y\u00fcksektir.
\n 2- Tampon \u00f6\u011felerinin mutlak konsantrasyonlar\u0131: [A-] \/ [HA] oran\u0131 1\u2019e \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olmak ko\u015fuluyla bu \u00f6\u011felerin konsantrasyonlar\u0131 ne kadar y\u00fcksekse tampon sisteminin tamponlama g\u00fcc\u00fc o kadar fazlad\u0131r. Yani \u00e7\u00f6zeltiye daha fazla kuvvetli asit veya daha fazla kuvvetli baz ilave edilse bile pH de\u011feri pek fazla de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n
Ayarl\u0131 (Standart) \u00c7\u00f6zeltilerin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Titrasyonda kullan\u0131lan ve deri\u015fimi kesin olarak bilinen \u00e7\u00f6zeltilere ayarl\u0131 (standart) \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler denir. Haz\u0131rlanan bu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerinin deri\u015fiminin do\u011frulu\u011fu yap\u0131lan analizin do\u011frulu\u011fu anl***** gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 maddelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasal \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 (nem \u00e7ekici olmas\u0131, kararl\u0131 olamamas\u0131, \u00e7abuk buharla\u015fmas\u0131) direkt olarak ayarl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri haz\u0131rlanamaz. Bu t\u00fcr maddelerle haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7\u00f6zeltilere seconder standart \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler denir. Sekonder standart \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerin ayarlamas\u0131 ba\u015fka bir primer standart \u00e7\u00f6zelti ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Saf, kararl\u0131, nem \u00e7ekici olmayan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olan maddelere primer standart maddeler denir. Primer standart maddelerle haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler titrasyonda direkt olarak kullan\u0131labilinir ve deri\u015fimi kesin bellidir. Ayarlama yapmaya gerek yoktur. Bu \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerede primer standart \u00e7\u00f6zelti denir.<\/p>\n
Ayarlama (Standartla\u015ft\u0131rma)<\/p>\n
Sekoder bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin deri\u015fiminin, primer standart \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi kullan\u0131larak bulunmas\u0131 i\u015flemine ayarlama denir.<\/p>\n
Primer standart madde 90-100 \u00b0C s\u01310cakl\u0131ktaki et\u00fcvde 2-3 saat bekletilir. Daha sonra desikat\u00f6re al\u0131narak so\u011futulur. Hassas olarak d\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re tart\u0131l\u0131r (0,1234 gibi) ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 mL saf su i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00dczerine o deney i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak indikat\u00f6r \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden 2-3 damla eklenerek ayar\u0131 yap\u0131lacak \u00e7\u00f6zelti ile d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na kadar titre edilir ve harcanan hacim kaydedilir (V1). D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131nda primer maddenin e\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131 titrant\u0131n e\u015fde\u011fer gram say\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit olacak. Bu ilkeden yararlan\u0131larak bilinmeyen \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin deri\u015fimi hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
N titrant = (m \/ E) \/ V<\/p>\n
m = Al\u0131nan primert standart maddenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (g)<\/p>\n
E = Primer standart maddenin e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
V = Ayarlamas\u0131 yap\u0131lacak \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin titrasyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda harcanan hacmi (mL)<\/p>\n
0,1 N Sodyum Hidroksit (NaOH) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Behere 4 gr kat\u0131 NaOH (Merck 1.06498) tart\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf sudan 100 ml eklenerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00f6zelti 1 litrelik balon jojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Beher birka\u00e7 kez saf su eklenerek \u00e7alkalan\u0131r ve balonjojedeki \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin \u00fczerine eklenir. Daha sonra 1 litrelik balonjoje hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf su eklenerek tamamlan\u0131r. Bu hesaptan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak de\u011fi\u015fik deri\u015fimlerde NaOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri haz\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
0,1 N NaOH \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Ayarlama i\u015flemi i\u00e7in primer standart olan okzalik asit dihidrat (H2C2O4.2H2O) (Merck 1.00495) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Okzalik asit deney yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce 110 \u00baC da 2 saat kurutulur ve deney yap\u0131lana kadar desikat\u00f6rde bekletilir. Tart\u0131m i\u015flemi hassas olacak \u015fekilde virg\u00fclden sonra 4 anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r (0,1453 gibi). 0,1000-0,1500 g aras\u0131 okzalik asit erlene tart\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dczerine kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf sudan 50 ml koyularak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Belirte\u00e7 olarak 2-3 ml fenolftalein indikat\u00f6r \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi damlat\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00fcrete daha \u00f6nce haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f NaOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi doldurulur ve erlendeki \u00e7\u00f6zelti ile titre edilir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki renksiz \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin rengi, ilk pempele\u015fti\u011fi an titrasyon durdurulur. Erlen \u00e7alkalan\u0131r. Pembe renk 30 sn kal\u0131c\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r . E\u011fer daha \u00f6nce pembe renk kaybolursa 1-2 damla daha NaOH eklenir. Harcanan NaOH hacmi kaydedilir.<\/p>\n
NaOH \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Deri\u015fiminin Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
H2C2O4.2H2O nun Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= 126,070 g\/mol<\/p>\n
H2C2O4.2H2O nun e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= (Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/Tesir de\u011ferlili\u011fi ) = 126,070 \/2 = 63,035<\/p>\n
N= (m x1000 \/63,035)\/ Vtitrant <\/p>\n
m= D\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re tart\u0131lan H2C2O4.2H2O nun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g<\/p>\n
Vtitrant=D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na kadar harcanan NaOH miktar\u0131 ml<\/p>\n
N= Ayarl\u0131 NaOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin kesin deri\u015fimi<\/p>\n
Bu deney 3-4 paralelle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.Ve virg\u00fclden sonra anlaml\u0131 3. hane ayn\u0131 olana kadar deney tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
0,1 N Hidroklorik Asit \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin (HCl) Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
8.1 ml deri\u015fik HCl (Merck 1.00317) asitten al\u0131narak 1 litrelik balonjojeye koyulur saf su ile balon \u00e7izgisine kadar tamamlan\u0131r.Bu hesaptan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak de\u011fi\u015fik deri\u015fimlerde HCl asit \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi haz\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
0,1 N HCl Asit \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Ayarlama i\u015flemi primer standart olan Na2CO3 (Merck 1.06392) ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. Na2CO3 deney \u00f6ncesi 110 \u00baC da 2 saat kurutulur ve deney yap\u0131lana kadar desikat\u00f6rde bekletilir. 0.100-0,1500 g aras\u0131 Na2CO3 hassas olarak tart\u0131l\u0131r. Tart\u0131lan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k virg\u00fclden sonra 4 anlaml\u0131 rakam olacak \u015fekilde kaydedilir (0,1223 gibi). 50 ml dam\u0131t\u0131k suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00dczerine belirte\u00e7 olarak 3-4 damla bromkresol ye\u015fili (Merck 1.08121) damlat\u0131l\u0131r.B\u00fcrete HCl asit koyularak titrasyona ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131r. Titrasyon \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin mavi renginin ye\u015file d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilk ana kadar devam ettirilir.\u00c7\u00f6zelti 1-2 dakika kaynat\u0131l\u0131r rengin yine mavi olmas\u0131 gerekir.\u00c7\u00f6zelti so\u011fuduktan sonra tekrar \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin rengi ye\u015fil olana kadar titrasyona devam edilir.Harcanan HCl asit miktar\u0131 kaydedilir.E\u011fer aradaki kaynama i\u015flemi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda renk maviye d\u00f6nmezse ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki asidin fazla ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve deney tekrar edilir.<\/p>\n
HCl Asit \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Deri\u015fiminin Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Na2CO3 \u0131n molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= 106,0 gr\/mol <\/p>\n
Na2CO3 \u0131n e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= ( Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/ Tesir de\u011ferlili\u011fi ) = (106,0 \/ 2) =53<\/p>\n
N= (m x 1000 \/ 53,0) \/ Vtitrant<\/p>\n
m = D\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re tart\u0131lan Na2CO3 \u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g<\/p>\n
Vtitrant = D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na kadar harcanan HCl miktar\u0131 ml<\/p>\n
N = Ayarl\u0131 HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin kesin deri\u015fimi<\/p>\n
Bu deney 3-4 paralelle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.Ve virg\u00fclden sonra anlaml\u0131 3 hane ayn\u0131 olana kadar deney tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer bir y\u00f6ntem ise daha \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntem olan deri\u015fimi kesin olarak bilinen 0,1 N ayarl\u0131 sodyum hidroksit (NaOH) \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ile titrasyonudur.<\/p>\n
10 ml ayar\u0131 yap\u0131lacak HCl \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden bir erlene al\u0131narak \u00fczerine 2-3 damla fenolftalein indikat\u00f6r\u00fcnden damlat\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00fcretteki deri\u015fimi kesin olarak bilinen ayarl\u0131 0,1 N NaOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ile erlende olu\u015facak pembe rengin 30 saniye kal\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu ana kadar titre edilir. Harcanan NaOH hacmi kaydedilir<\/p>\n
MNaOH x VNaOH = MHCl x VHCl form\u00fcl\u00fcnden <\/p>\n
MHCl = (MNaOH x VNaOH) \/ VHCl<\/p>\n
HCl Asidin kesin deri\u015fimi bulunur.<\/p>\n
0,1 N G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Nitrat (AgNO3) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Saf AgNO3 (Merck 1.01510) 2 saat 150\u00baC de et\u00fcvde bekletilir. Desikat\u00f6re al\u0131narak oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na gelmesi beklenir.16,9890 g tart\u0131l\u0131p 100 ml saf suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00f6zelti 1 litrelik balonjojeye al\u0131narak hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ile tamamlan\u0131r. AgNO3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi kahverengi \u015fi\u015fede ve karanl\u0131kta bekletilmelidir Kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f nitrat\u0131n safl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olundu\u011fu vakit primer standart olarak kullan\u0131labilinir ve ayarlama yapmaya gerek yoktur.<\/p>\n
0,1 N Potasyum Tiyosiyanat (KSCN) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
9,7 g KSCN (Merck 1.05125) 100 ml saf suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp 1 litrelik balonjojeye al\u0131narak hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ile tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
KSCN \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Haz\u0131rlanan 0,1 N AgNO3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisininden 25 ml hassas bir \u015fekilde al\u0131narak erlene aktar\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dczerine 75 ml saf su eklenerek toplam hacim 100 ml’ye tamamlan\u0131r. Erlene 5 ml 6 N HNO3 ve 5 ml demir(III) amonyum s\u00fclfat indikat\u00f6r\u00fc eklenir. Erlendeki AgNO3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi b\u00fcretteki yakla\u015f\u0131k normalitesi 0,1 N olan KSCN ile titre edilir. Erlende k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131-kahverengi renk g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi anda titrasyon kesilir.<\/p>\n
KSCN’nin Deri\u015fiminin Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
NKSCN x VKSCN = NAgNO3 x V AgNO3<\/p>\n
NKSCN = NAgNO3 x V AgNO3 \/ VKSCN<\/p>\n
NAgNO3 = AgNO3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin deri\u015fimi<\/p>\n
VAgNO3 = AgNO3 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden al\u0131nan miktar<\/p>\n
VKSCN = KSCN \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinden harcanan miktar<\/p>\n
0,05 N Potasyum Hidroksit (KOH) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
Behere 2,805 g kat\u0131 KOH (Merck 1.05033) tart\u0131l\u0131r. Kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf sudan 100 ml eklenerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00f6zelti 1 litrelik balon jojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Beher birka\u00e7 kez saf su eklenerek \u00e7alkalan\u0131r ve balonjojedeki \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin \u00fczerine eklenir. Daha sonra 1 litrelik balonjoje hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf su eklenerek tamamlan\u0131r. Bu hesaptan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak de\u011fi\u015fik deri\u015fimlerde KOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltileri haz\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
KOH \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Ayarlama i\u015flemi i\u00e7in primer standart olan okzalik asit dihidrat (H2C2O4.2H2O) (Merck 1.00495) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Okzalik asit deney yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce 110 \u00baC da 2 saat kurutulur ve deney yap\u0131lana kadar desikat\u00f6rde bekletilir. Tart\u0131m i\u015flemi hassas olacak \u015fekilde virg\u00fclden sonra 4 anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r (0,1453 gibi). 0,1000-0,1500 g aras\u0131 okzalik asit erlene tart\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dczerine kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf sudan 50 ml koyularak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Belirte\u00e7 olarak 2-3 ml fenolftalein indikat\u00f6r \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi damlat\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00fcrete daha \u00f6nce haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f KOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi doldurulur ve erlendeki \u00e7\u00f6zelti ile titre edilir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki renksiz \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin rengi, ilk pempele\u015fti\u011fi an titrasyon durdurulur. Erlen \u00e7alkalan\u0131r. Pembe renk 30 sn kal\u0131c\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r . E\u011fer daha \u00f6nce pembe renk kaybolursa 1-2 damla daha KOH eklenir. Harcanan KOH hacmi kaydedilir.<\/p>\n
KOH \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Deri\u015fiminin Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
H2C2O4.2H2O nun Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= 126,070 g\/mol<\/p>\n
H2C2O4.2H2O nun e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131= (Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/Tesir de\u011ferlili\u011fi ) = 126,070 \/2 = 63,035<\/p>\n
N= (m x1000 \/63,035)\/ Vtitrant <\/p>\n
m= D\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re tart\u0131lan H2C2O4.2H2O nun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g<\/p>\n
Vtitrant=D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na kadar harcanan KOH miktar\u0131 ml<\/p>\n
N= Ayarl\u0131 KOH \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin kesin deri\u015fimi<\/p>\n
Bu deney 3-4 paralelle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.Ve virg\u00fclden sonra anlaml\u0131 3. hane ayn\u0131 olana kadar deney tekrarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
0,1 N Sodyum Tiyos\u00fclfat (Na2S2O3.5H2O) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
1 litre saf su en az 5 dakika kaynat\u0131l\u0131r. So\u011futulduktan sonra 24-25 g kat\u0131 sodyum tiyos\u00fclfat (Na2S2O3.5H2O) (Merck 1.06516) \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve 0,2 g Na2CO3 (Merck 1.06392) eklenir. Kat\u0131 tam \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnene kadar kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve kaynam\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f su ile 1 litreye tamamlan\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6zelti karanl\u0131kta 1 hafta kullan\u0131lmadan bekletilir.<\/p>\n
0,1 N Sodyum Tiyos\u00fclfat (Na2S2O3.5H2O) \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Ayarlanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Tiyosiyanat seconder standart oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir primer standart ile ayarlan\u0131r. Primer standart kat\u0131 potasyum dikromat (K2Cr2O7) (Merck 1.04952) birka\u00e7 saat 150-200 \u00b0C da kurutulur. Desikat\u00f6re al\u0131narak so\u011futulur. D\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakam olacak \u015fekilde (0,1235 gibi) hassas bir \u015fekilde 0,1-0,12 g aras\u0131 bir de\u011fer erlene tart\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dczerine 50 ml kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f so\u011futulmu\u015f saf su eklenir. 2 g KI (Merck 1.05051) ve 5 ml deri\u015fik hidroklorik asit (HCl) (Merck 1.00317) eklenerek a\u011fz\u0131 saat cam\u0131yla kapat\u0131larak 5 dakika karanl\u0131kta bekletilir. Daha sonra b\u00fcrete doldurulan Na2S2O3.5H2O \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ile titre edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Titrant\u0131n erlene d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerde renk a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclene kadar (yakla\u015f\u0131k 5-6 ml harcan\u0131r) titre edilir. 3 ml %1lik ni\u015fasta belirteci eklenir. Erlendeki \u00e7\u00f6zeltinin rengi tekrar koyula\u015f\u0131r. Na2S2O3.5H2O ile titrasyona devam edilir.Ye\u015fil renk g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi zaman titrasyon durdurulur ve harcanan sodyum tiyos\u00fclfat hacmi kaydedilir.<\/p>\n
Sodyum Tiyos\u00fclfat \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Deri\u015fiminin Hesaplanmas\u0131<\/p>\n
K2Cr2O7 \u0131n Form\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 = 294,20<\/p>\n
K2Cr2O7 \u0131n e\u015fde\u011fer a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 = (Molek\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \/Tesir de\u011ferlili\u011fi ) = 294,20 \/6 = 49,04<\/p>\n
N= ( m x 1000 \/ 49,04) \/ Vtitrant <\/p>\n
m = D\u00f6rt anlaml\u0131 rakama g\u00f6re tart\u0131lan K2Cr2O7 \u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g<\/p>\n
Vtitrant=D\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na kadar harcanan Na2S2O3.5H2O hacmi ml<\/p>\n
N= Ayarl\u0131 Na2S2O3.5H2O \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin kesin deri\u015fimi<\/p>\n
\u0130ndikat\u00f6r \u00c7\u00f6zeltilerinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131
\n % 1lik Fenolftalein \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 1 g fenolftalein (Merck 1.07233) 50 ml % 95lik etil alkolde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve 100 mLlik balonjojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar % 95lik etil alkol ile tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltinin rengi pH 8,3-10,0 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda renksizlikten k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr<\/p>\n
% 5 lik Potasyum Kromat \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 5 g potasyum kromat (K2CrO7) (Merck 1.04952) 100 ml saf suda \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
% 0.05lik Metil Oranj \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 0,5 g metil oranj (Merck 1.01322) 200 mL % 95lik etil alkolde \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fclerek 1 Llik balonjojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ilave edilir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltinin rengi pH= 2,9 – 4,6 b\u00f6lgesinde k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ndan maviye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Metilen K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131s\u0131-Metilen Mavisi Belirte\u00e7 \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 0,5 g metilen k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131s\u0131 (Merck 1.06076) 250 mL % 95lik etil alkolde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve 0,25 g metilen mavisi (Merck 1.15943) % 95lik 250 ml etanolde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. Haz\u0131rlanan \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman e\u015fit hacimlarde al\u0131narak kar\u0131\u015ftr\u0131l\u0131r ve kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6zelti karanl\u0131kta kahverengi \u015fi\u015fede saklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n rengi pH= 4,2-6,3 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k mordan ye\u015file d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bromtimol Mavisi: 0,4 g bromtimol mavisi (Merck 1.03026) al\u0131narak \u00fczerine 12,8 mL 0,05 N sodyum hidroksit \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ve 20 mL % 95lik etanol eklenerek \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1 L
\n lik balojojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Daha sonra 200 mL % 95lik etanol eklenir ve hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ile tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltinin rengi pH= 6,0-7,6 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndasar\u0131dan maviye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Timolftalein : 0,5 g timolftalein (Merck 1.08175) 60 mL % 95lik etil alkolde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnd\u00fckten sonra 250 mL balonjojeye aktar\u0131larak hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ile tamamlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zeltinin rengi pH= 9,3-10,5 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda renksizlikten maviye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
%1lik Ni\u015fasta \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 1g ni\u015fasta (Merck 1.01252) s\u0131cak saf suda \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve 100 mllik balonjojeye aktar\u0131l\u0131r.Hacim \u00e7izgisine kadar saf su ile tamamlan\u0131r. Bu \u00e7\u00f6zelti \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk bozuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u00e7erisine \u00e7ok az miktarda civa(II) iyod\u00fcr (Merck 1.04420) eklenir. \u0130htiya\u00e7 duyulan miktarda haz\u0131rlan\u0131p her deneyde yeniden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 tavsiye edilir.<\/p>\n
Amonyum Demir-3-S\u00fclfat \u00c7\u00f6zeltisinin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131: 25 g amonyum demir-3-s\u00fclfat (Merck 1.03775) 250 mL saf suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bir m\u00fcddet bekletilir. Berrak \u00e7\u00f6zelti elde edilemezse bir ka\u00e7 damla 5 N nitrit asit eklenir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00f6zelti asitli \u00e7\u00f6zeltilerde tiyosiyanat ile koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk verir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
I. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Haline G\u00f6re: \u00dc\u00e7 t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zelti vard\u0131r. Her bir t\u00fcr; i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen maddenin haline g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7 alt t\u00fcre ayr\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnenin hallerine g\u00f6re 9 t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6zelti olu\u015fturulabilir. II. Elektrik Ak\u0131m\u0131 \u0130letmelerine G\u00f6re: \u00c7\u00f6zeltiler elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 iletip iletmeme durumuna g\u00f6re, ba\u015fl\u0131ca 2 gruba ayr\u0131larak incelenirler. 1) Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ileten \u00e7\u00f6zeltiler: Asit, Baz, tuz …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4459,2244,4673,2245,5421,5422,3579,4472,2179,5424,5425,5426,5423,2175],"class_list":["post-2166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-alkol","tag-asit","tag-asit-cozeltisi","tag-baz","tag-cozelti-turleri","tag-doymus-cozeltiler","tag-elektrik-akimi","tag-elektrolit","tag-naoh","tag-sekonder-standart-cozeltiler","tag-standartlastirma","tag-titrant","tag-titrasyon","tag-tuz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2166"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2166\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}