1.Giri\u015f
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u015fehirde veya \u015fehir yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar geceleri g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu g\u00f6rememektedirler. \u015eehirde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun h\u0131zla artmas\u0131yla, a\u00e7\u0131k alan ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucu olarak g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n miktar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u015fehirden yeterince uzakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Samanyolunu ve pek \u00e7ok y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreye zarar verdi\u011fi ve do\u011fal mucizelerden biri olan evreni g\u00f6rme hakk\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir.
\n Kentlerdeki g\u00f6k \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 amat\u00f6r ve profesyonel astronomi i\u00e7in ciddi bir tehdittir. \u00c7evreyi ve astronomik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen g\u00f6kteki \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi ad\u0131 verilmektedir. G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131yla geceleri insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bo\u015fa harcanan \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisi kama\u015fmaya, enerji israf\u0131na ve bunlar\u0131n sonucu olarak do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n tahribine sebep olmaktad\u0131r.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finin kontrol\u00fcnde en b\u00fcy\u00fck problem, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirli\u011fi kavram\u0131ndan haberdar olunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n \u00f6zenli yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilir. Al\u0131nabilecek \u00f6nlemler aras\u0131nda, geceleri yap\u0131lan ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n ancak \u00e7ok gerekli ise yap\u0131lmas\u0131, varl\u0131k alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n veya zaman saya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne de\u011fil yere do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirilmesi, renksel geri verim \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli de\u011filse al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda yerle\u015fimden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. I\u015f\u0131k Kirlili\u011fi Nedir?
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi k\u0131saca d\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n bir yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak da tan\u0131mlanabilir. I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fini azaltmak i\u00e7in ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu b\u00f6lgelerin, yaln\u0131zca ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken zaman diliminde ve gereken d\u00fczeyde ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir. I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirken, \u00fc\u00e7 temel bile\u015fenden bahsetmek gerekmektedir.
\n G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131
\n I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacak b\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fmas\u0131
\n Kama\u015fma
\n 2.1. Gece G\u00f6k Par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131
\n Gece g\u00f6k par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fal veya yapay kaynaklardan meydana gelebilmektedir.
\n Do\u011fal kaynaklar:
\n Ay ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\n Atmosferin \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131ndaki al\u00e7ak seviyeli hava parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (ge\u00e7ici d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceli aurora),
\n Gezegenler aras\u0131ndaki toz bulutundan yans\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\n Atmosferde yay\u0131lan y\u0131ld\u0131z \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Silik, hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve nebulan\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu fon \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Nebula, belli belirsiz \u0131\u015f\u0131k lekeleri \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen uzay objeleri veya yay\u0131n\u0131k kozmik toz k\u00fctleleri ve gazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131ran yapay kaynak ise elektriksel ayd\u0131nlatmad\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k armat\u00fcrlerden direkt olarak g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne yay\u0131labilir veya yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131k atmosferdeki toz ve gaz molek\u00fclleri taraf\u0131ndan atmosfere sa\u00e7\u0131larak, parlak bir fon yaratabilir. Y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyi engelleyici bir etkisi vard\u0131r. G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131 seviyesi, hava ko\u015fullar\u0131, atmosferdeki toz ve gaz miktar\u0131, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131k miktar\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fkendir. K\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 atmosfere yayan par\u00e7ac\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r ve g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 sebebiyle israf edilen \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve enerji miktar\u0131 g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir hale gelir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle astronomi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkileyen bir durumdur. Uzaydaki cisimlerin g\u00f6zlemlenememesi sak\u0131ncas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirir. G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki karanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerin par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da artmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Siyah g\u00f6k fonunun \u00fczerinde y\u0131ld\u0131zlar ve di\u011fer g\u00f6k cisimlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kontrast azal\u0131r. Astronomlar g\u00f6zlem yapacaklar\u0131nda havan\u0131n kuru, g\u00f6zy\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu, karanl\u0131k geceleri tercih ederler. \u015eehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n tipik g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki zenit par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131, do\u011fal g\u00f6k ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki zenit par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131ndan 5 ila 10 kat daha fazlad\u0131r. \u015eehir merkezlerinde ise zenit par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131 do\u011fal geri plan par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131ndan 25-50 kat daha parlak olabilir. Profesyonel ve amat\u00f6r astronomlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131 de\u011ferleri t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada h\u0131zla art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi konusunda bilin\u00e7lenmenin artmas\u0131yla, profesyonel olarak ayd\u0131nlatma ile ilgilenen ki\u015filer, g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131, elektriksel ayd\u0131nlatmayla ili\u015fkisini kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, \u00f6l\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu olduk\u00e7a \u00e7aba isteyen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen pek \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r vard\u0131r. Sadece ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil, armat\u00fcrden yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131sal da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131k ve a\u00e7\u0131sal da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, nem ve aerosollerin atmosferik etkileri gibi olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fen hatta anl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fen olaylar\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gereklidir. Aerosoller yapay kirlilik, yang\u0131n, volkanik patlamalar etkisiyle olu\u015fan atmosferdeki par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131r.
\n Gece g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc incelerken, profesyonel astronomlar genellikle g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn karanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm de\u011ferlerini al\u0131rlar. Ama\u00e7 arka fon \u00fczerindeki y\u0131ld\u0131z sinyalini kontrast fark\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla belirleyebilmektir. Profesyonel astronomlar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerini zenit noktas\u0131nda al\u0131rlar. G\u00f6k parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7me y\u00f6ntemleriyle ilgili haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f teknik raporlar mevcuttur.
\n Pek \u00e7ok amat\u00f6r ve profesyonel astronom g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131 de\u011ferlerini, bu de\u011ferlerdeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek amac\u0131yla kaydetmi\u015flerdir. Toplanan bu veriler kullan\u0131larak, g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131labilmesi amac\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli hesap y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. En kaba yakla\u015f\u0131m y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ay\u0131 tak\u0131m y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesi ve \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle ka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011finin say\u0131lmas\u0131 prensibine dayan\u0131r. Garstang (1986) ve Walker (1977) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen bir di\u011fer y\u00f6ntemde, g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131 de\u011ferinin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ayd\u0131nlatmay\u0131 hesaba katmak amac\u0131yla, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na belirli bir par\u0131lt\u0131 de\u011ferinin \u00e7arp\u0131m katsay\u0131s\u0131 olarak kullanmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m e\u011frileri, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fc ve yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131k bilgileri hesaplara dahil edilmemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca say\u0131lan parametreler dahilinde ayd\u0131nlatma modelinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamas\u0131 sebebiyle, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az yapay \u0131\u015f\u0131k kullanmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l azalt\u0131labilece\u011fi konusunda detayl\u0131 bilgi verilmemektedir.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar i\u00e7in de ciddi bir tehlikedir. Geceleri y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan faydalanarak yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulan ku\u015flar, \u015fehir \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n cazibesine kap\u0131l\u0131p yollar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilmektedirler. Bu \u015fekilde meydana gelen ku\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcmleri hi\u00e7 az\u0131msanamayacak orandad\u0131r. Deniz kaplumba\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n da \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finden olumsuz etkilendikleri bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Sahilde yumurtalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan minik kaplumba\u011falar, geceleri kara ile deniz aras\u0131ndaki ayd\u0131nl\u0131k fark\u0131ndan faydalanarak, denize ula\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Sahile yak\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerlerindeki kuvvetli ayd\u0131nlatma, kaplumba\u011falar\u0131 deniz yerine tam ters istikamete y\u00f6nlendirebilmekte ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine sebep olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
2.2. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacak B\u00f6lge S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n D\u0131\u015f\u0131na Ta\u015fmas\u0131
\n I\u015f\u0131k Kirlili\u011fi geceleri \u00e7evre i\u00e7in gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir tehdittir. Ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacak b\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fmas\u0131 sonucu, ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmeyen mekanlarda olumsuz sonu\u00e7larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir ve dikkat da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 bir manzara yaratabilir. Ayr\u0131ca enerji israf\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek maliyetleri beraberinde getirir.<\/p>\n
En \u00f6nemli nokta, kaliteli ayd\u0131nlatma yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nlemler al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 taktirde ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n kalitesi artt\u0131r\u0131labilir. B\u00f6ylece gece g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f kalitesi artar, daha g\u00fcvenli ve daha estetik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc bir \u00e7evre yarat\u0131labilir, enerji tasarrufu beraberinde daha az maddi k\u00fclfet getirir.<\/p>\n
2.3. Kama\u015fma
\n D\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlatma armat\u00fcrleri fizyolojik ve psikolojik kama\u015fma yaratmayacak \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmelidirler. \u015eekil 4\u2019 te bir binan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f cephe ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan armat\u00fcr\u00fcn, yayalar i\u00e7in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kama\u015fma etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
3. I\u015f\u0131k Kirlili\u011fi – Astronomi \u0130li\u015fkisi
\n Az say\u0131da optik ve k\u0131z\u0131l \u00f6tesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana astronomi g\u00f6zlem istasyonu vard\u0131r ve bu mekanlar\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finden korunmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Uzay teleskoplar\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 yery\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini azaltmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc astronomi istasyonlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r ve bu istasyonlar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidirler.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi ciddi bir sorun olmakla birlikte, olduk\u00e7a etkili \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri mevcuttur. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler sayesinde yery\u00fcz\u00fc optik astronomi istasyonlar\u0131ndan etkin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 al\u0131nabilir ve gelecekte \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131labilir. <\/p>\n
4. Yapay I\u015f\u0131k Kirlili\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Al\u0131nabilecek \u00d6nlemler
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nabilecek ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6nlemler \u015funlard\u0131r:
\n \u201cNe kadar \u00e7ok \u0131\u015f\u0131k, o kadar iyi ayd\u0131nlatma\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fru bir ayd\u0131nlatma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken b\u00f6lgenin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar ayd\u0131nlatma yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zenle se\u00e7ilmesi \u00f6nemlidir. Enerji tasarrufu sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen dalga boyundaki radyasyonun, yani k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi ve mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n filtrelendi\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n, do\u011fru y\u00f6nlendirme ve yerle\u015ftirme ile kontrol edilmesi gereklidir. Amaca uygun ayd\u0131nlatma yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lacak b\u00f6lge s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fmamas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmelidir.
\n I\u015f\u0131k kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flayan zaman ve varl\u0131k alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ile lo\u015fla\u015ft\u0131rma \u00fcnitelerinden faydalan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fck ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 olumsuz etkilemeden, gecenin belirli bir saatinden sonra ayd\u0131nlatma seviyesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir.
\n G\u00f6k parlamas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rabilen hava kirlili\u011fi, zeminin yans\u0131tma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ve benzeri etkileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gereklidir.
\n Ana g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yak\u0131n\u0131nda yerle\u015fimi \u00f6nlemek gereklidir. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00f6zlem istasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde yerle\u015fim konusunda s\u0131k\u0131 denetlemeler yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n M\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca monokromatik (tek renkli) \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yol, park alanlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenlik ayd\u0131nlatmas\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a etkin olarak kullan\u0131lan sodyum buharl\u0131 lambalar, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131lan monokromatik \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131na \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilirler.
\n \u00b7 Her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artan ayd\u0131nlanma nedeniyle, artan ayd\u0131nlanma giderlerini en aza indirmede \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finin de bir etken olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, TSE standartlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden belirlenmesi ve \u00fcretilecek yeni lamba ve armat\u00fcrlere uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r.Hangi \u00e7e\u015fit lambalar\u0131n nerelerde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi kurallara ba\u011flanmal\u0131, bu konuda yerel y\u00f6netimlere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak yasal \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00c7evreye kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k da \u00f6nce o toplumlarda geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. I\u015f\u0131k kirlenmesinde de durum ayn\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00b7 Macaristan, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 e\u011fitime ilkokuldan ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Etkili ayd\u0131nlatma i\u00e7in armat\u00fcrlerde uzmanla\u015fan firma say\u0131s\u0131 giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Gerekti\u011finde eski civa buharl\u0131 lambalar\u0131 yeni armat\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar\u0131 ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmektedir.
\n \u00b7 Park ve bah\u00e7elerde dekoratif ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan k\u00fcre tipi armat\u00fcrler yerine, bulunduklar\u0131 yatay d\u00fczlemin \u00fcst taraf\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7mayan, perdeli ayd\u0131nlatma lambalar\u0131 kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\u00b7 Bina d\u0131\u015f cephe, reklam ve ilan panolar\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru yap\u0131lmal\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Baz\u0131 park alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u0131sa direklerin \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok yo\u011fun \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 projekt\u00f6rler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu tip projekt\u00f6rler en az 15 m y\u00fckseklikteki direkler \u00fczerinde uygun a\u00e7\u0131larla y\u00f6nlendirilerek kullan\u0131lmal\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 \u0130ki yan\u0131nda binalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu cadde ve sokaklarda enine \u00e7elik halat ask\u0131 sistemine tak\u0131lan ve sadece yola \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6nderen armat\u00fcrler kullan\u0131lmal\u0131. <\/p>\n
\u00b7 G\u00fcvenlik ama\u00e7l\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmalarda harekete duyarl\u0131, kendini otomatik olarak a\u00e7an sistemler kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z. Bu sistemler elle de kullan\u0131labilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece enerji giderimizi azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisinden yararlanabiliriz. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar g\u00f6steriyor ki g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc ayd\u0131nlatma, su\u00e7 i\u015flemeyi engellemiyor. Su\u00e7un nedeni \u0131\u015f\u0131k ya da karanl\u0131k de\u011fildir. Su\u00e7lular g\u00f6kte aranmamal\u0131d\u0131r!<\/p>\n
\u00b7 TSE standartlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden belirleyerek \u00fcretilecek yeni lamba ve armat\u00fcrlere uygulamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Hangi \u00e7e\u015fit lambalar\u0131n nerelerde kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurallara ba\u011flayarak, yasal \u00f6nlemler almal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/p>\n
\u00b7 Vitrin ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131nda zamanlay\u0131c\u0131lar kullanmal\u0131y\u0131z, \u0131\u015f\u0131k kaynaklar\u0131 gece 11’den sonra otomatik olarak kapanabilmeli. <\/p>\n
\u00b7 G\u00f6zlemevlerimizin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 belli bir koruma alan\u0131 belirleyerek bu b\u00f6lgeler i\u00e7in daha s\u0131k\u0131 yasa ve y\u00f6netmelikler uygulamal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00d6rne\u011fin Arizona’daki Kitt Peak Ulusal G\u00f6zlemevi’nin ise 35 millik yar\u0131\u00e7apa sahip bir \u00e7ember koruma alan\u0131 bulunmakta. <\/p>\n
\u00b7 Renk ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemsiz oldu\u011fu yerlerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 sodyum lambalar\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
5. Sonu\u00e7lar
\n I\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fi sadece amat\u00f6r ve profesyonel astronomi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u00e7evreyi korumak ad\u0131na da ciddi bir tehdittir.Ayd\u0131nlatma tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve tesisat\u0131 t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011fine yol a\u00e7mayacak \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131k kirli\u011fi konusunda daha bilin\u00e7li olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlatman\u0131n \u00f6zenli yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k kirlili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilir. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz sak\u0131ncal\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatma \u00f6rneklerinin d\u00fczeltilebilmesi i\u00e7in hepimize g\u00f6revler d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1.Giri\u015f G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u015fehirde veya \u015fehir yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar geceleri g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu g\u00f6rememektedirler. \u015eehirde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun h\u0131zla artmas\u0131yla, a\u00e7\u0131k alan ayd\u0131nlatmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucu olarak g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n miktar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u015fehirden yeterince uzakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Samanyolunu ve pek \u00e7ok y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evreye zarar verdi\u011fi ve do\u011fal mucizelerden biri olan evreni g\u00f6rme …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4928,2831,2796,5438,5439,3022,2883],"class_list":["post-2178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-astronom","tag-astronomi","tag-atmosfer","tag-isik-kirliligi","tag-isik-enerjisi","tag-samanyolu","tag-yildiz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2178"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2178\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}