K\u00f6m\u00fcr, katmanl\u0131 tortul \u00e7\u00f6kellerin aras\u0131nda bulunan kat\u0131, koyu renkli ve karbon bak\u0131m\u0131nda zengin kaya\u00e7. K\u00f6m\u00fcr torkugillerden gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcre, Yer\u2019in y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli derinliklerde rastlan\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7ok miktarda organik k\u00f6kenli maddenin k\u0131smi ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve kimyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011framas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan bir \u00e7ok madde i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
Bu olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme denir.<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e
\n \u0130lk olarak M.\u00d6. \u00c7inliler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u015fletmecili\u011fine ait d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar 12. y\u00fczy\u0131la aittir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 ise 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na rastlar. \u00d6zellikle geli\u015fen sanayi ve end\u00fcstri k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6nemli bir mineral haline getirmi\u015ftir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr demir-\u00e7elik sanaiinin hammaddesi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve buharl\u0131 motorlarda yak\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise elektrik \u00fcretimi ve \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn Olu\u015fumu
\n K\u00f6m\u00fcr batakl\u0131klarda uygun nem ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ortam\u0131n asit miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 gerekli organik maddelerin ortamda bulunmas\u0131yla bozunmu\u015f \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyen bitkilerin su alt\u0131na inmesi batakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zamanla \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rt\u00fclmesi gibi olaylar sonucu olu\u015fur.
\nDeltalar (en kal\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr damarlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu ortamlard\u0131r)
\nG\u00f6ller (G\u00f6l k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, kal\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr damarlar\u0131n\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi uygun batakl\u0131k ortamlard\u0131r)
\nLag\u00fcnler (Deniz etkisinin oldu\u011fu ince k\u00f6m\u00fcr damarc\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirirler)
\nAkarsu ta\u015fma ovalar\u0131 (\u0130nce k\u00f6m\u00fcr damarc\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar)
\nJeolojik tarihte iki b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6m\u00fcr olu\u015fum \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunlardan daha eski olan\u0131 Karbonifer (345-280 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce) ve Permiyen (280-225) d\u00f6nemlerini kapsar. Kuzey Amerika’n\u0131n do\u011fusu ile Avrupadaki ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc yataklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu Karbonifer d\u00f6neminde; Sibirya, Asya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu ve Avustralya’daki k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131 Permiyen d\u00f6neminde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ise Kretase (tebe\u015fir) D\u00f6neminde ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Tersiyer d\u00f6nemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda sona erdi. D\u00fcnyadaki linyitlerin ve ya\u011fs\u0131z k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin \u00e7o\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. K\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin t\u00fcredi\u011fi bitkilerden geriye \u00e7ok az iz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ve \u00fcst\u00fcnde yer alan kaya\u00e7larda e\u011freltiotlar\u0131, kibritotlar\u0131,atkuyruklar\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok bitki fosiline rastlanabilir. K\u00f6m\u00fcrler yo\u011funluk, g\u00f6zeneklilik, sertlilik ve parlakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. Genellikle k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcrleri baz\u0131 inorganik maddeler, genelliklede killer, s\u00fclf\u00fcrler ve klor\u00fcrler i\u00e7erir. Bunlarda az miktarda civa, titan ve manganez gibi baz\u0131 elementlerede rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Milyonlarca y\u0131l \u00f6nce batakl\u0131klar\u0131n dibinde kalan bitkiler, \u00fczerindeki katmanlar\u0131n etkisiyle \u0131s\u0131n\u0131p s\u0131k\u0131\u015farak k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015frtir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma
\n K\u00f6m\u00fcrler \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u00dc\u00e7 tip k\u00f6m\u00fcr vard\u0131r: antrasit, ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve linyit.<\/p>\n
Antrasit en de\u011ferli k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr %95 i karbondan olu\u015fur. En sert k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcr\u00fc olup yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda di\u011ferlerinden daha fazla \u0131s\u0131 verir. Ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn %70\u2019i, Linyitin %50` sinden daha az bir k\u0131sm\u0131 karbondur. K\u00f6m\u00fcrler organik olgunluklar\u0131na g\u00f6re linyit, alt bit\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcr, bit\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve antrasit tiplerine ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Linyit ve k\u0131smen alt bit\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcrler genellikle yumu\u015fak, kolayca ufalanabilen ve mat g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015ftedirler. Bu tip k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin ana \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6receli olarak \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek nem i\u00e7erirler ve karbon i\u00e7erikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Antrasit ve bit\u00fcml\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcrler ise genellikle daha sert, dayan\u0131kl\u0131, siyah renkli ve cams\u0131 parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015ftedirler. G\u00f6receli olarak nem i\u00e7erikleri daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olup, karbon oranlar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir. Jeolojik olarak k\u00f6m\u00fcrlerin ya\u015flar\u0131 400 milyon y\u0131l ile 15 milyon y\u0131l aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. Genellikle ya\u015fl\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcrler daha kalitelidir. K\u00f6m\u00fcrler mikroskobik homojen bile\u015fenlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli kaya\u00e7 tiplerine de ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn t\u00fcredi\u011fi malzemeyi ve k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, asl\u0131nda genetik bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Bu sistemde k\u00f6m\u00fcr d\u00f6rt temel tipe ayr\u0131l\u0131r: vitren, klaren, d\u00fcren ve f\u00fczen.<\/p>\n
Bir ba\u015fka s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma sistemi de k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn ticari de\u011ferine yer verir madde i\u00e7eri\u011fine ve i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kat\u0131\u015f\u0131klar dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7ok eskilerden beri enerji \u00fcretiminde, sentetik boyalar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerin, ila\u00e7lar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda ara madde olarak kullan\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli ho\u015f kokulu maddelerin elde edilmesinde kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen gazlardan yak\u0131t olarak yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn gazla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\n K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn gazla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemi 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncedir. K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc gazla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p \u00f6zellikle do\u011fal gaz ve petrol\u00fcn yerini almas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131 ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 20 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda h\u0131z verilip \u00f6zellikle 1972-75 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan petrol krizinde h\u0131z verilmi\u015f yeni projeler \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fik enerji kaynaklar\u0131 bulma \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn ham petrole benzeyen bir s\u0131v\u0131 yak\u0131ta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00e7abalar\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu ama\u00e7la uygulanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemde Proliz ve hidrojenlemedir. Bu y\u00f6ntem y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda bir kataliz\u00f6r yard\u0131m\u0131yla hidrojen ile k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn tepkimeye sokulmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. II.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Almanya’da k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn hidrojenlenmesi yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan bir teknikti,ama bu \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi petrolden benzin elde etmekten \u00e7ok daha pahal\u0131ya mal oldu\u011fundan giderek ticari \u00f6nemini yitirdi.<\/p>\n
Odunk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc
\n \u00d6te yandan a\u011fac\u0131n havas\u0131z ortamda yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u0131smen yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen ve siyah barut \u00fcretiminde ve metallerin sert y\u00fczeylerinin kaplanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan odunk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc denir. Hammaddesi daha \u00e7ok \u00e7am odunundan sa\u011flan\u0131r..<\/p>\n
Kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc
\nTa\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn havas\u0131z ortamda,b\u00fct\u00fcn u\u00e7ucu bile\u015fenlerinin giderildi\u011fi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klara kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen \u00f6zellikle baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli ya da \u00f6nemsiz i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131lan malzemeye ise kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc denir.<\/p>\n
Havagaz\u0131
\n Hava gaz\u0131 ilk kez 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma yoluyla ingilterede \u00fcretildi. Hava gaz\u0131 elektri\u011fin d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce sokaklar\u0131n ayd\u0131nlat\u0131mas\u0131nda,merkezi \u0131s\u0131tmada ve konutlar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131.Yerini zamanla do\u011fal gaz alm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen do\u011fal gaz\u0131n giderek pahal\u0131a\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u00f6m\u00fcrden gaz elde etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemler aranmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.\u00dczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemlerden biride 1870 te geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn toz halinde \u00fcretildikten sonra y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda hava ve buharla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
K\u00f6m\u00fcr, katmanl\u0131 tortul \u00e7\u00f6kellerin aras\u0131nda bulunan kat\u0131, koyu renkli ve karbon bak\u0131m\u0131nda zengin kaya\u00e7. K\u00f6m\u00fcr torkugillerden gelmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcre, Yer\u2019in y\u00fczeye yak\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli derinliklerde rastlan\u0131r. K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7ok miktarda organik k\u00f6kenli maddenin k\u0131smi ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve kimyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011framas\u0131 sonucunda olu\u015fan bir \u00e7ok madde i\u00e7erir. Bu olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecine k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fme denir. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[3229,5444,2762,2247,5443,5440,5442,5441],"class_list":["post-2180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-akarsu","tag-havagazi","tag-jeoloji","tag-karbon","tag-kok-komuru","tag-komur-nedir-nasil-olusur","tag-komurun-gazlastirilmasi","tag-komurun-olusumu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2180"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2180\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}