Orta\u00e7a\u011f<\/p>\n
Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’ndaki biyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131, bitkibilim ve hayvanbilim \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilecek olunursa, bu alanlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok Aristoteles ve Dioscorides gibi Yunan bilginleri taraf\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015f olan bilgi birikimine dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak, bu birikime M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u00e7evreden edindikleri bilgilerle ki\u015fisel g\u00f6zlemleri de eklemek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Erken tarihli biyoloji yap\u0131tlar\u0131, genellikle ansiklopedik bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Bunlarda, bitkilerle ve hayvanlarla ilgili y\u00fczeysel g\u00f6zlemlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, hikayelere ve hadislere de yer verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ncelenen bitkiler, daha \u00e7ok t\u0131bb\u00ee bitkilerdir. Hayvanlara ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n ise, \u00f6zellikle at, deve ve koyun gibi g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fant\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya etkileyen canl\u0131lar \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bitkibilimle ilgilenenler genellikle doktorlard\u0131r; bunlar tedavi s\u0131ras\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok bitkilerden yap\u0131lan ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hayvan t\u00fcrlerinden ve onlar\u0131n yararlar\u0131ndan ve zararlar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eden hayvanbilim ise, Aristoteles taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’nda \u00f6zellikle C\u00e2hiz ile Demir\u00ee’nin yap\u0131tlar\u0131 sayesinde tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman hayvanbilimcilerin, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n bilimsel birikiminden yeterince yararland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve hayvanbilimi, mesela bir co\u011frafya veya bir t\u0131p \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde geli\u015ftirdiklerini s\u00f6ylemek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinin zengin bir hayvan \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc ile kapl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, Aristoteles’in Hayvanlar\u0131n Tarihi’nin daha 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Arap\u00e7a’ya terc\u00fcme edildi\u011fi ve \u0130sl\u00e2m Hukuku’nun hayvanlara b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bilginlerin hayvanbilim alan\u0131ndaki bilimsel kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yeni\u00e7a\u011f<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde geli\u015ftirilen mikroskop arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Malpighi, Leewenhook ve Swammerdan gibi bilim adamlar\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik canl\u0131 yap\u0131lar \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece H\u00fccre Kuram\u0131’n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Willis, Hooke ve Mayow yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve temel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n benzer olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015flevlerinin de birbirine benzemesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Yak\u0131n\u00e7a\u011f<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde do\u011fa bilimlerinden botanik ve zooloji alanlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar geli\u015fmi\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Darwin’in dedesi Erasmus Darwin ve Lamarck’\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda, yeni bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin olu\u015fumunu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik Evrim Kuram\u0131’n\u0131n temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde h\u00fccrenin yap\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015flevlerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar biyolojiyi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra genetik alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle son d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla klonlama y\u00f6ntemine g\u00f6t\u00fcren yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca kimyaya dayanan hormon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, tar\u0131m alan\u0131ndaki verimi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6keni ve evrimiyle ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, yeni bilimsel bulgularla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n
” Biyo ” canl\u0131 veya ya\u015fam ” loji ” bilim anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finden, biyolojinin kelime anlam\u0131, canl\u0131 bilimi yada ya\u015fam bilimi olarak verilebilir.
\n Biyoloji: Canl\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7evre ile ili\u015fkilerini, canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelliklerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran fizik ve kimyan\u0131n ilkelerini de kullanarak ya\u015fam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pozitif bir bilimdir. K\u0131saca canl\u0131 do\u011fay\u0131 inceler.
\n * Biyoloji biliminin ger\u00e7ek amac\u0131; canl\u0131lar d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan insanl\u0131\u011fa faydal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r.
\n Biyoloji 2 b\u00fcy\u00fck alana ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n 1- BOTAN\u0130K (Bitki Bilimi)
\n 2- ZOOLOJ\u0130 (Hayvan Bilimi)<\/p>\n
Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/p>\n
* \u0130lk insan\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki bitki ve hayvanlardan yararlanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
* Eski M\u0131s\u0131r’da mumyalama.<\/p>\n
* \u00c7inlilerin zararl\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri yiyen kar\u0131ncalar\u0131 kullanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.7.yy’da TALES > Ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7amur i\u00e7inde ba\u015fla\u011f\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.6. yy’da \u0130talya’da ALKMA\u0130ON (ALKMEYN) > Atar, toplar damar\u0131 incelemesi.<\/p>\n
M.\u00d6.4.yy’da AR\u0130STO > S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada.<\/p>\n
M.S.3.yy’da AR\u0130STO, GALENOS, \u0130BN\u0130 S\u0130NA > \u015eifal\u0131 otlar.<\/p>\n
M.S.17. yy’da Mikroskobun ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n
R. Hooke > H\u00fccre ke\u015ffi<\/p>\n
J. Rey, C. Linneus > S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, \u0130kili adland\u0131rma<\/p>\n
M.S.19.yy’da A. Vaysman, E. Benidin > H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve kromozomlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
M.S.20.yy’da C. Mendelin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcren Boveri, Morgan, Betis > Kal\u0131t\u0131m<\/p>\n
1997’de \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 bilim adam\u0131 Dr. Wilmut > Kopyalama<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Orta\u00e7a\u011f Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’ndaki biyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131, bitkibilim ve hayvanbilim \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilecek olunursa, bu alanlar\u0131n daha \u00e7ok Aristoteles ve Dioscorides gibi Yunan bilginleri taraf\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015f olan bilgi birikimine dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak, bu birikime M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 \u00e7evreden edindikleri bilgilerle ki\u015fisel g\u00f6zlemleri de eklemek gerekir. Erken tarihli biyoloji yap\u0131tlar\u0131, genellikle ansiklopedik bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Bunlarda, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[668,2690,5622,5623,1623],"class_list":["post-2238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aristoteles","tag-biyoloji","tag-dioscorides","tag-mikroskob","tag-yenicag"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2238"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2238\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2238"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2238"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}