Biyoloji konusundaki bilgi birikiminin insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u0130lk insan, \u00e7evresindeki bitkiler ve hayvanlar konusunda bilgi biriktirmek zorundayd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc var olu\u015fu, yiyebilece\u011fi zehirsiz bitkileri tan\u0131mas\u0131na ve y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlann davran\u0131\u015flann\u0131 kavramas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Arkeolojik bulgular, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesinden \u00f6nce insanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok hayvan\u0131 evcille\u015ftirdi\u011fini ve tanmsal y\u00f6ntemleri uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte biyoloji tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihin i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r. <\/p>\n
En eski kay\u0131tlann \u00e7o\u011fu Asur ve Babil kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu belgelere g\u00f6re Babilliler hurma a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n e\u015feyli \u00fcremesini biliyorlard\u0131. Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n mezar ve piramitlerinde bulunan papir\u00fcsler hekimlikteki ba\u015fanlann\u0131 belgelerken, mumyalama teknikleri de bitkilerin koruyucu \u00f6zellikleri konusundaki bilgilerini ortaya koyar. \u00c7inliler, ipekb\u00f6ce\u011fi konusundaki engin bilgilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, baz\u0131 zararl\u0131 b\u00f6cekleri yiyen kanncalan kullanarak biyolojik m\u00fccadele y\u00f6nteminin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri olmu\u015flard\u0131. \u0130\u00d6 2500’lerde Kuzeybat\u0131 Hindistan halklar\u0131 ileri bir tar\u0131m bilgisine sahipti. <\/p>\n
Babil, Asur, M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00c7in ye Hint uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 biyoloji alan\u0131ndaki bilgi birikimini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zenginle\u015ftirmekle birlikte, Eski Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n parlak d\u00f6nemlerine de\u011fin s\u00fcr\u00fcp gidecek olan, do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lerin egemen oldu\u011fu mistik bir yery\u00fcz\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 da atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. I\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Eski Yunan’da do\u011fan ve her olay\u0131n belli bi\u0131 nedeni oldu\u011funu, ayn\u0131 nedenlerin hep ayn\u0131 etkiyi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan Nedensellik ak\u0131m; bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 derinden etkiledi. Eski Yunanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ye do\u011fabilimcilerin ilk el att\u0131\u011f\u0131 konulardan biri, insan\u0131n ve ya\u015fam\u0131r ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Miletoslu Thales (I\u00d6 y. 7 yy), yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn ve b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 varl\u0131klani sudan t\u00fcredi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerken, \u00f6\u011frencis Anaksimandros gaza benzer, alg\u0131lanama: ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir t\u00f6z olan apeiron (s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z) ile toprak gibi yeni \u00f6\u011feleri de suya ekler Ya\u015fam\u0131n bir \u00e7amur k\u00fctlesinde, kendili\u011finden ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunan ve ilk evrim kuram\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan Anaksimandros’a g\u00f6re, ilk hayvanlar dikenli bir deriyle \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bal\u0131klard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n soyundan gelenler sudan karaya \u00e7\u0131karak, \u00f6b\u00fcr hayvanlan olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frad\u0131lar. Anaksimenes ise, canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z maddenin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131, G\u00fcne\u015f’in \u0131s\u0131s\u0131yla yo\u011funlu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015ferek bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirebilen havaya (aer) ba\u011flad\u0131. G\u00fcney \u0130talya’daki Kroton Akademisi’nde, Pythagoras’m \u00f6\u011frencilerinden Alkmaion (I\u00d6 6. yy) hayvan v\u00fccudunu inceleyerek atar ve toplardamarlar aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131, g\u00f6z sinirlerini buldu, embriyonun geli\u015fmesini inceledi ye zek\u00e2n\u0131n merkezi olarak beyni g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130\u00d6 y. 400’lerde Kos Adas\u0131nda bir t\u0131p okulu a\u00e7an Hippokrates, insan v\u00fccudu \u00fcst\u00fcne ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131 ve t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n, d\u00f6rt temel s\u0131v\u0131dan olu\u015ftu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc: S\u0131ras\u0131yla kalp, dalak, beyin ve karaci\u011ferden kaynaklanan kan, kara safra, balgam ye sar\u0131 safra. Eski Yunan bilimi, \u0130\u00d6 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda bilgiyi her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle inceleyen Aristoteles ile doru\u011funa ula\u015ft\u0131. Sistematik taksonomi^-nin de \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Aristoteles, hayvanlar\u0131 \u00f6nce kanl\u0131 (memeliler, ku\u015flar, amfibyumlar, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler, bal\u0131klar) ve kans\u0131z (kafa-danayaklilar, geli\u015fmi\u015f kabuklular, b\u00f6cekler ve t\u00fcm ilkel hayvanlar) olarak iki b\u00fcy\u00fck gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan \u00fcreme konusunda ise, ya\u015fam\u0131n kendi kendine cans\u0131z maddeden olu\u015ftu\u011fu kendili\u011finden \u00fcreme, tomurcuklanma (e\u015feysiz \u00fcreme), \u00e7iftle\u015fmesiz e\u015feyli \u00fcreme ve \u00e7iftle\u015ferek e\u015feyli \u00fcreme gibi d\u00f6rt \u00fcreme bi\u00e7imi tan\u0131mlad\u0131. <\/p>\n
Aristoteles’in \u00f6\u011frencilerinden Theophrastos, botani\u011fin geli\u015fmesinde ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 yeri alan do\u011fabilimc\u0131lerden biridir. Bitkilerin d\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini organ, i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini doku alarak adland\u0131ran Theophrastos, uzun a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla anlat\u0131labilecek \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131y\u0131 bilimsel bir terimle kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in uygun buldu\u011fu kelimelere yeni anlamlar y\u00fcklemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve bilimsel terminolojinin geli\u015fmesine de katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Aristoteles ve Theophrastos’tan sonra Eski Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma d\u00f6nemi sona ererken, bilimin yeni merkezi \u0130skenderiye’ye kayd\u0131. Heropilos insan v\u00fccudunun i\u00e7 organlar\u0131n\u0131 incele-dp \u00f6b\u00fcr b\u00fcy\u00fck memelilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, zek\u00e2n\u0131n ve sinir sisteminin merkezi olarak kabul etti\u011fi beyni ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 Erasistratos ise ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 kalp kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 ve kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde o\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Eski biyoloji bilginlerinin sonuncusu say\u0131lan Bergamal\u0131 Galenos (2. yy), insan v\u00fccudu \u00fczerinde anatomi ve kadavra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle hayvan anatomisi \u00fczerindeki sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri ve yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fuyla y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca t\u0131p ve biyoloji ilimlerini etkiledi. <\/p>\n
Galenos’tan sonra biyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 zun bir suskunluk d\u00f6nemine girer ve Lvrupa’da bilim yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131l yerinde lyarken, 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130spanya’ya kadar \u00eey\u0131lan Araplar bilimin koruyuculu\u011funu stlendiler. Arap ye \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n biyolojideki egemenli\u011fi 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zellikle Aristoteles ve Galenos gibi eski\u00e7a\u011f bilginlerinin \u0131p\u0131tlar\u0131 Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7evrilerek, Eski Yunan inyasm\u0131n bilgi birikimi Do\u011fu’ya aktar\u0131ld\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 868’de \u00f6len Cahiz Kitab\u00fc’l-Haya-\u0131n (Hayvanlar Kitab\u0131) adl\u0131 geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 \u0131l\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bilginlerinden olan \u0130bn Sina hekimlik ve \u015fifal\u0131 otlar konusundaki yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla biyolojinin bu d\u00f6nemine damgalar\u0131n\u0131 vurdular. <\/p>\n
14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130talya’da ba\u015flayan R\u00f6nesans, bilimin de yeniden do\u011fu\u015funu m\u00fcjdeler. Bu d\u00f6nemde, insan ve hayvan v\u00fccudu \u00fcst\u00fcnde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 anatomi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na giri\u015fenlerin \u00f6zellikle sanat\u00e7\u0131lar olmas\u0131 ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Leonardo da Vinci’nin g\u00f6zlem ve bulgular\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n o kadar \u00f6tesindeydi ki, ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri ancak y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra anla\u015f\u0131labildi. 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6zellikle Almanya, Felemenk, \u0130svi\u00e7re, \u0130talya ve Fransa’da, Otto Brunfels, Leonard Fuchs, Gaspard Bauhin ve Pierre Belon’un \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131yla botanik h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterirken, zoolojide Conrad Gesner’in, anatomide de Andreas Vesalius’un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle an\u0131lmaya de\u011fer. <\/p>\n
17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda mikroskopun geli\u015ftirilmesi biyolojide bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Sistematik biyolojiye, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 incelemesine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren 17 ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llardan sonra, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l evrim ve h\u00fccre kuram\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funa, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f embriyolojinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na ve kal\u0131t\u0131m yasalar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na tan\u0131k oldu. <\/p>\n
Hayvan bitki anatomisi \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan Marcello Malpighi, mikroorganizmalar\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan Antonie van Lee-uwhoek, b\u00f6cekler \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan Jan Swammerdam, bitki anatomisine e\u011filen Nehemiah Grew, mantar dokusunda h\u00fccreyi ke\u015ffeden Robert Hook, mikroskopun olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6zlemciler olarak sivrildiler. John Ray’in \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra taksonomiyi biyolojinin \u00f6nemli bir dal\u0131 haline getiren Carolus Linnaeus’u Georges-Louis Leolerc de Buf-fon, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ve Georges Cuvier izledi. Cuvier ayr\u0131ca fosiller \u00fczerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla paleontolojinin de temellerini att\u0131. Eski Yunan felsefesinde geni\u015f bir yer tutan ya\u015fam\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 sorunu, Pasteur’\u00fcn kendili\u011finden \u00fcreme varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmesiyle yeni bir boyut kazand\u0131. 1920’lerde Sovyet biyokimyac\u0131 A.I. Oparin ve \u00f6b\u00fcr bilim adamlar\u0131, Yer’in olu\u015fma s\u00fcrecindeki ko\u015fullarda cans\u0131z maddeden ya\u015fam\u0131n do\u011fabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Jeokimya ve molek\u00fcler genetikteki baz\u0131 geli\u015fmeler bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde do\u011frularken, aminoasitler ve basit proteinler bire\u015fim yoluyla elde edilebildi. Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Eski Yunan bilimine kadar uzanan evrim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Charles Darvin taraf\u0131ndan tutarl\u0131 bir kurama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve do\u011fal se\u00e7me ilkesiyle desteklendi. <\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini ve kromozomlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan August Weismann ve Edouard van Beneden’\u0131n, kal\u0131t\u0131m yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan Gregor Mendel’in ve kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n koromozomlara dayal\u0131 kuram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren Theodor Boveri’nin \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda, kal\u0131t\u0131mdan sorumlu olan h\u00fccre bile\u015fenlerinin koromo-zomlar de\u011fil genler oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan Thomas Hunt Morgan ve William Bateson’in katk\u0131lar\u0131yla genetik biliminin do\u011fu\u015funu haz\u0131rlad\u0131. K\u0131sacas\u0131, h\u00fccre biyolojisi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la damgas\u0131n\u0131 vururken, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l molek\u00fcler biyoloji ve genetik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 oldu. Biyoloji ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, elektron mikroskopu gibi geli\u015fmi\u015f tekniklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcr bilim dallar\u0131yla yak\u0131n bir i\u015fbirli\u011fine girilmesi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurumlan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ekip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l biyolojisinin temel \u00f6zellikleridir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Biyoloji konusundaki bilgi birikiminin insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskiye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u0130lk insan, \u00e7evresindeki bitkiler ve hayvanlar konusunda bilgi biriktirmek zorundayd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc var olu\u015fu, yiyebilece\u011fi zehirsiz bitkileri tan\u0131mas\u0131na ve y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlann davran\u0131\u015flann\u0131 kavramas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Arkeolojik bulgular, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesinden \u00f6nce insanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok hayvan\u0131 evcille\u015ftirdi\u011fini ve tanmsal y\u00f6ntemleri uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte biyoloji tarihinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[5777,668,5775,5776,2690,5774,5696,5778],"class_list":["post-2295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-anaksimandros","tag-aristoteles","tag-asur","tag-babil","tag-biyoloji","tag-biyoloji-tarihsel-gelisimi","tag-eseyli-ureme","tag-eseysiz-ureme"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2295"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2295\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}