CANLILARDA DOLA\u015eIM S\u0130STEMLER\u0130
\n Bir h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda, ortamdan oksijenin ve besinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile, karbondioksit ve art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131ya gerek yoktur. Sadece, h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 stoplazma hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.
\n \u00c7ok h\u00fccrelilerde ise al\u0131nan besinleri ve oksijeni h\u00fccrelere ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Hayvanlarda bu i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren sisteme dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi denir.
\n DOLA\u015eIM \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130
\n Hayvanlarda dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi de\u011fi\u015fmeyen bir i\u00e7 \u00e7evrenin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n ve h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in gerekli maddelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Basit yap\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayvanlarda \u00f6zel bir dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi bulunmaz. S\u00fcngerler, s\u00f6lenterler, yass\u0131 ve yuvarlak solucanlar bu grubu olu\u015fturur. D\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn hayvanlarda kalp, damarlar ve dola\u015f\u0131m s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi bulunur. Dola\u015f\u0131m sistemleri a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.
\n A\u00e7\u0131k Dola\u015f\u0131m:
\n Omurgas\u0131zlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kalbe kan getiren ve g\u00f6t\u00fcren damarlar k\u0131sad\u0131r.
\n Kalp yap\u0131s\u0131 kar\u0131nc\u0131k ve kulak\u00e7\u0131klar olarak ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi gibi, baz\u0131 damarlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle meydana gelmi\u015f basit yap\u0131lar halinde de bulunabilir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise kalp \u00e7ok b\u00f6lmelidir.
\n Sistemin di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri ;
\n Atar ve toplar damarlar birbirleriyle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in deveml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kan k\u0131smen damarlar i\u00e7erisinde, k\u0131smen de dolu h\u00fccreleri aras\u0131nda akar.
\n Kan\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmenin fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yava\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu i\u00e7in enerji ihtiyac\u0131 az olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Kan kalpten damarlarla \u00e7\u0131kar, sin\u00fcs denilen bo\u015fluklara yay\u0131l\u0131r ve madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra toplar damarlarla kalbe geri d\u00f6ner.
\n Bu sistemde atar ve toplar damarlar aras\u0131nda k\u0131lcal damarlar bulunmaz.
\n Bu hayvanlar\u0131n bir \u00e7o\u011funda gaz al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi trake ile sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, kan oksijen ve karbondioksit ta\u015f\u0131maz.
\n A\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131m yapan hayvanlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131nda solunga\u00e7 solunumu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bu hayvanlar\u0131n sadece solunga\u00e7lar\u0131nda k\u0131lcaldamarlar vard\u0131r. Ve ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 (kan) oksijen ve karbondioksit ta\u015f\u0131r. (Kabuklular)
\n Kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 genellikle, kar\u0131n taraf\u0131nda arkaya do\u011fru, s\u0131rt taraf\u0131nda ise arkadan \u00f6ne do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n
Kapal\u0131 Dola\u015f\u0131m:
\n Omurgas\u0131zlardan halkal\u0131 solucanlarda, baz\u0131 yumu\u015fakcalarda, (ahtapot ve m\u00fcrekkep bal\u0131\u011f\u0131) ilkel kordal\u0131larda ve b\u00fct\u00fcn omurgal\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Bu hayvanlar ak\u00e7i\u011fer veya solunga\u00e7 solunumu yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in kan\u0131n \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revlerinden birisi de solunum organlar\u0131yla al\u0131nan O2 yi dokulara ta\u015f\u0131mak ve dokularda olu\u015fan CO2 yi solunum organlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131r.
\n Sistemin Di\u011fer \u00d6zellikleri
\n – Atar ve toplar damarlar birbirleriyle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in devaml\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 k\u0131lcal damarlar sa\u011flar. Kan devaml\u0131 olarak damarlar i\u00e7erisinde dola\u015f\u0131ri d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kmaz.
\n – Kan\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 y\u00fcksektir. Bundan dolay\u0131 enerji ihtiyac\u0131 fazla canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n – Kan, kalpten atar damarlarla \u00e7\u0131kar, k\u0131lcal damarlara ge\u00e7er ve burada dokularla kan aras\u0131nda madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kan toplar damarlarla kalbe geri d\u00f6ner.
\n – Bu sistemde b\u00fct\u00fcn dokular da k\u0131lcal damarlar bulunur.
\n – Damarlar daha uzun ve daha dallanm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Kalp yap\u0131lar\u0131 da iyi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\n – Doku h\u00fccreleri aras\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olan bir doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 bulunur. H\u00fccreler her t\u00fcrl\u00fc madde de\u011fi\u015fimini bu s\u0131v\u0131 ile yaparlar.
\n B. OMURGASIZLARDA DOLA\u015eIM
\n – Omurgas\u0131z olmayan hayvanlarda her h\u00fccre, ya d\u0131\u015f ortamdaki s\u0131v\u0131 (su) ile ya da geni\u015f vucut bo\u015fluklar\u0131ndaki s\u0131v\u0131 ile temas halindedir. Her h\u00fccre ortam\u0131yla al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fini dif\u00fczyonla sa\u011flayabilmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi yoktur, buna ihtiya\u00e7 da yoktur.
\n – Baz\u0131lar\u0131nda (planarya) ise besinlerin iletilmesi dallanm\u0131\u015f sindirim kanal\u0131yla, gazlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi ise b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.
\n – Halkal\u0131 solucanlarda kapal\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi vard\u0131r. Solunum deriyle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kan O2 ve CO2 ta\u015f\u0131makla da g\u00f6revlidir.
\n – Kalpten pompalanan kan damar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u0131n damar\u0131na pompalan\u0131r. Kan ana damarlardan ayr\u0131lan k\u0131lcallarla organlara ve deriye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131lcallarda kirlenmi\u015f olan kan s\u0131rt b\u00f6lgesinde toplar damara ge\u00e7er ve arkadan \u00f6ne do\u011fru akar.
\n – Kan\u0131n temizlenmesi deri alt\u0131ndaki k\u0131lcallarla dif\u00fczyonla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n – Eklem bacakl\u0131lar, yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar ve derisi dikenlilerde a\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi vard\u0131r.
\n – Bunlar\u0131n hepsinde besinlerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, art\u0131klar\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131na iletilmesi ve i\u00e7i dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131m sisteminin g\u00f6revidir.
\n – B\u00f6cekler ve \u00e7ok ayakl\u0131lar trake solunumu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kan oksijen ta\u015f\u0131maz.
\n C. OMURGALILARDA DOLA\u015eIM
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn omurgal\u0131larda iyi geli\u015fmi\u015f, kapal\u0131 bir dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi vard\u0131r. Kalp yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve solunum organ\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011finden dolay\u0131 omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m sistemlerinde de farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.
\n 1. Bal\u0131klarda Dola\u015f\u0131m
\n Bal\u0131klar\u0131n kalbinde bir kulak\u00e7\u0131k ve bir kar\u0131nc\u0131k bulunur. Damarlar\u0131nda kirli kan iletemiz kan kar\u0131\u015fmadan dola\u015f\u0131r. Solunga\u00e7lar\u0131nda temizlenen kan tekrar kalbe d\u00f6nmeden vucuda pompaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kalpte s\u00fcrekli kirli kan bulunur. V\u00fccutta ise s\u00fcrekli temiz kan dola\u015f\u0131r.
\n V\u00fccutlar\u0131nda temiz kan dola\u015fmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, de\u011fi\u015fken \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 hayvanlard\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131\u015fuykusuna yatmazlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 olan suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 40C nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmez ve 350C nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmaz.
\n 2. Kurba\u011falarda Dola\u015f\u0131m
\n Kurba\u011falar\u0131n kalbi \u00fc\u00e7 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlardan ikisi kulak\u00e7\u0131k biri kar\u0131nc\u0131kt\u0131r. Kalplerinde ve damarlar\u0131nda kirli kanla temiz kan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak bulunur. Kalbin sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kirli kan sol kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda temiz kan, kar\u0131nc\u0131kta ise kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kan bulunur. V\u00fccutta kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kan dola\u015f\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fken \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 (so\u011fuk kanl\u0131) hayvanlard\u0131r. K\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatarlar. Kurba\u011falar larva dola\u015f\u0131m yaparlar.
\n Bal\u0131klarda ve kurba\u011fa lavralar\u0131nda solunga\u00e7larda temizlenen kani kalbe gelmeden v\u00fccuda da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m yoktur.
\n 3. S\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerde Dola\u015f\u0131m
\n S\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerde kalp \u00fc\u00e7 olac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kan\u0131n hareket dinami\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yar\u0131m bir kar\u0131nc\u0131k perdesine sahiptir. Yine sol kulakc\u0131k temiz sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131k kirli kan ta\u015f\u0131r. Kar\u0131nc\u0131kta kirli kanla temiz kan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve damarlar\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kan dola\u015f\u0131r. Timsahlarda di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak kalp d\u00f6rt odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Kalplerinde kirli ve temiz kan birbirine kar\u0131\u015fmaz. Ancak, kalbin kar\u0131nc\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan damarlar aras\u0131nda bulunan bir kanalda (panizza kanal\u0131) temiz kanla kirli kan birbirine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
\n 4. Ku\u015flarda ve Memelilerde Dola\u015f\u0131m
\n Bu canl\u0131lar\u0131n kalpleri d\u00f6rt odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u0131cak kanl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Metabolizmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gereklienerjiyi kendileri \u00fcretirler. Temiz ve kirli kan hi\u00e7bir zaman kar\u0131\u015fmaz. Memelilerde ve ku\u015flarda dort odac\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in damarlar\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kan de\u011filtemiz kan veya kirli kan dola\u015f\u0131r. Vucut \u0131s\u0131lar\u0131 sabittir \u00e7evreye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmez. Bundan dolay\u0131 k\u0131\u015f uykusuna da yatmazlar. Bu tip canlilara s\u0131cak kanl\u0131 canl\u0131lar denir. S\u0131cak kanl\u0131 (sabit \u0131s\u0131l\u0131) olmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan tek fakt\u00f6r kalp yap\u0131s\u0131 ve dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi de\u011fildir. Esas etkilerden birisi de sinirsel d\u00fczenleme ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.
\n \u0130NSANLARDA DOLA\u015eIM S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n \u0130nsan, sistemlerden meydana gelmi\u015f en harika canl\u0131d\u0131r. Dola\u015f\u0131m sistemimiz, onun \u00fcnitesi olan kan ve damarlar; herhalde sistemler aras\u0131nda, hatta doku ve h\u00fccreler aras\u0131nda en fazla irtibat\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanda dola\u015f\u0131m sistemini; kan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131,kalbin yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, damarlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi, dola\u015f\u0131m \u00e7e\u015fitleri, lenf sistemi ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k olmak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fik alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde inceleyece\u011fiz.
\n A. KANIN YAPISI
\n Kan h\u00fccreler i\u00e7in gerekli olan organik ve inorganik maddelerden ve h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelen bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltidir. \u0130ki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur.
\n Plazma:
\n Kan\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (%90-92) sudur. Geri kalan\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f besinler, gazlar (O2 ve CO2), \u00fcre gibi azotlu art\u0131klar hormonlar ve \u00f6zel kan proteinlerinden olu\u015fur.
\n Plazma proteinlerinin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131; albumin, glob\u00fclin, fibrinojen ve lipoproteinlerdir. Albumin ve glob\u00fclinler damarlardan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamazlar ve osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Bu bas\u0131n\u00e7 v\u00fccut h\u00fccreleri ile plazma aras\u0131nda madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkilidir.Fibrojen kan\u0131n damar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n Plazmada bulunan, damar i\u00e7inde kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen heparin bir polisakkarit ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k maddesi antikorlar ise protein yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.
\n Kan H\u00fccreleri
\n \u0130nsanda kan h\u00fccreleri Alyuvar (=Eritrosit) Akyuvar (l\u00f6kosit) ve Kan pulcuklar\u0131 (=Trombosit)olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fittir.
\n – Alyuvar (=Eritrosit): Yap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki hemoglobinden dolay\u0131 kana k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengini veren h\u00fccrelerdir. Olu\u015ftuklar\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdeklidirler, ancak olgunla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7ekirdeklerini kaybederler. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kemik ili\u011finde, embriyo d\u00f6neminde karaci\u011fer ve dalakta \u00fcretilirler. K\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcrler. Ya\u015flan\u0131nca dalakta ve karaci\u011ferde par\u00e7alan\u0131rlar. 1mm3 kanda yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 4,5-5,5 milyonalyuvar bulunur.
\n Deniz seviyesinden y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a havadaki O2 azald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan alyuvar say\u0131s\u0131 artar.
\n Alyuvarlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri solunum organlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 O2 yi dokulara, dokulardan ald\u0131klar\u0131 CO2 yi solunum organlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131makt\u0131r.
\n Hemoglobin sadece kana k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 rengini vermakla kalmaz ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer kan proteinleriyle birlikte kan ve vucut s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n asit-baz dengesini kurar
\n Akyuvarlar (L\u00f6kosit): Beyaz renkli iri \u00e7ekirdekli, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sabit bir \u015fekli olmayan kan h\u00fccreleridir. Kemik ili\u011fi ile lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerinde ve dalak, tim\u00fcs gibi lenf dokular\u0131nda \u00fcretilirler. \u00d6m\u00fcrleri birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130nsan\u0131n 1 mm3 kan\u0131nda 8-10 bin kadar akyuvar bulunur.
\n V\u00fccudun enfeksiyonla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ve kan kanseri (l\u00f6semi) halinde akyuvarlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli olarak artar.
\n Akyuvarlar sitoplamazlar\u0131nda taneciklerin olup olmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re gran\u00fcll\u00fc ve gran\u00fcls\u00fcz olmak\u00fczere iki tipe ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Monosit ve lenfositler gran\u00fcls\u00fcz akyuvat, n\u00f6trofil, eozonofil ve bazofil gran\u00fcll\u00fc akyuvar \u00e7e\u015fitleridir. Akyuvarlar\u0131n %25-30 unu olu\u015fturan lenfositler her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mikroorganizmaya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken, % 60 \u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan n\u00f6trofiller v\u00fccuda girenbakterilere kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7erler.
\n Akyuvarlar\u0131n % 2-3 \u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan eosonofiller ise organizman\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc allerjiye ve parazitlere kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131ndan sorumludurlar.
\n Akyuvarlar\u0131n % 1 ini olu\u015fturan bazofillerde iltihaplanmalara kar\u015f\u0131 vucudun savunmas\u0131ndan sorumludurlar.
\n Akyuvarlar\u0131n i\u00e7in de en irisi olan monositler ise organizmada olu\u015fan bakteri kolonolilerini yutmadan sorumludurlar.
\n Lenfositler zararl\u0131 maddelerle (antijen) kar\u015f\u0131 antikor ve antitoksin \u00fcreterek savunma yaparlar. Bu ama\u00e7la kan i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm vucuda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131rlar. Amipsi hareketler yaparak damar d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kabilirler.
\n Kan Pulcuklar\u0131 (= Trombositler): Kemik ili\u011findeki iri yap\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fccrelerden (megakaryosit) olu\u015fan kandaki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7ac\u0131klard\u0131r. Renksiz ve \u00e7ekirdeksizdirler. 1 mm3 kanda 200-300 bin kadar trombosit bulunur. \u00d6m\u00fcrleri k\u0131sad\u0131r ve kan\u0131n p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rok oynarlar.
\n P\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma Reaksiyonlar\u0131
\n P\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma, kanda bulunan fibrojenin aktifle\u015ferek, hava ile temas\u0131 sonucu kat\u0131la\u015f\u0131p, fibrin ad\u0131 verilen ve suda erimeyen lifli bir proteine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Damardan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan billi bir s\u00fcre sonra kan p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015f\u0131r.
\n a. Bir damar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve ya zedelenmesi durumunda tromboplastin olu\u015fur.
\n b. Bu madde, trombositlerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel bir protein ve Ca +2 iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle protombinaz enzimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n c. Bu enzim karaci\u011ferden gelen ve plazmas\u0131nda bulunan protrombini Ca+2 iyonlar\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle trombin haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n d. Trombin, fibrinojeni, suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen ve lifli bir protein olan fibrin haline getirir.
\n e. Fibrin yara b\u00f6lgesini kapatarak kan\u0131n akmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler.
\n B. KALB\u0130N YAPISI ve \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI
\n Kalp, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs bo\u015flu\u011funda, diyafram\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve iki akci\u011ferin aras\u0131nda, herkesin kendi yumru\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde koni \u015feklinde bir organd\u0131r. Kan\u0131n akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli bas\u0131nc\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir pompad\u0131r. Yeti\u015fkin bayanlarda ortalama 230-280 gr erkeklerde ise 280-340 gr a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n Kalp, \u00fcstte iki kulak\u00e7\u0131k, altta iki kar\u0131nc\u0131k olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lmelidir.
\n Kalbin sa\u011f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131k ve sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131k bulunur. Sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00fcst ana toplar damar ile alt ana toplar damar ba\u011flan\u0131r. Sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131kta n ise akci\u011fer atar damar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131k ile kar\u0131nc\u0131k aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kapak\u00e7\u0131k (trikuspit) bulunur.
\n Kalbin sol b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, sol kulak\u00e7\u0131k ve sol kar\u0131nc\u0131k bulunur. Sol kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011fa akci\u011fer toplar damar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Sol kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan aort atar damar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Sol kulak\u00e7\u0131k ile kar\u0131nc\u0131k aras\u0131nda ikili kapak\u00e7\u0131k bulunur.
\n Kar\u0131nc\u0131klardan \u00e7\u0131kan atar damarlar\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131nda kan\u0131n kalbe geri d\u00f6nmesini engeleyen yar\u0131m ay kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 bulunur.
\n Kalbin \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131: Kalbin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, kalp kas\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131l\u0131p (=sistol) ve gev\u015femesi (=diastol) ile olur.
\n Kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131 0,15 sn. de kulak\u00e7\u0131klar 0,30 sn. de kar\u0131nc\u0131k kas\u0131l\u0131r, 0,40 sn. lik s\u00fcrede kalp dinlenir.
\n Kalp At\u0131\u015f H\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 Etkileyen Fakt\u00f6rler:
\n a. Sinirler: Otonom sinir sistemine ait sempatik sinirler kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r, parasempatik (vagus siniri) sinirler ise yava\u015flat\u0131r.
\n b. Hormonlar: Asetil kolin hormonu kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flat\u0131r, adrenalin ve tiroksin hormonu h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n c. S\u0131cakl\u0131k De\u011fi\u015fmeleri: V\u00fccut i\u00e7i s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131zlan\u0131r.
\n d. CO2 Miktar\u0131: Kandaki CO2 nin artmas\u0131 kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n Kandaki O2 miktar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 da kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r
\n e. Kimyasal Maddeler: Kafein ve tein kalp at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkiler ve h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n – Kalbin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r yamaklarve margarin yenmemelidir. \u0130\u00e7ki ve sigara i\u00e7ilmemelidir. Aksi halde kalbi besleyen damarlarda daralma olur. Buda g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcste 1-2 dakika s\u00fcren a\u011fr\u0131lara ve kalp krizlerine sebep olabilir.
\n C. KAN DAMARLARININ YAPISI
\n \u0130nsan\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m sisteminde, di\u011fer omurgal\u0131larda oldu\u011fu gibi atar damar, toplar damar ve k\u0131lcal damar olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 tip damar bulunur.
\n 1. Atar Damarlar
\n Kan\u0131 kalbin kulak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndan di\u011fer organlara ta\u015f\u0131yan damarlard\u0131r. Akci\u011fer atar damar\u0131 kirli kan di\u011fer damarlar O2 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temiz kan ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n Atar damarlar\u0131n kar\u0131nc\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde kan\u0131n tek y\u00f6nde akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ay kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n En b\u00fcy\u00fck atar damar AORT atar damar\u0131 olup \u00e7ap\u0131 2,5 mm, \u00e7eperi 3 mm dir. Atar damarlar i\u00e7inde kan\u0131n hareketi kan bas\u0131nc\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u00c7aplar\u0131 dar ve yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki elastik liflerin miktar\u0131 fazlad\u0131r. Damar duvar\u0131 d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru \u00fc\u00e7 tabakadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Atar damar i\u00e7indeki kan\u0131n damar \u00e7eperine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nca tansiyon, atar damarlar\u0131n bilek, \u015fakak gibi organlarda hissedilen kas\u0131l\u0131p gev\u015femelerine ise nab\u0131z denir.
\n 2. Toplar Damarlar
\n Bunlar dokularda olu\u015fan metabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ince ba\u011f\u0131sakta emilen besin maddelerini kalbinkulak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan damarlard\u0131r. Akci\u011fer toplar damar\u0131 O2 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temiz kan, di\u011fer toplar damarlar ise kirli kan ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n Toplar damarlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde atar damarlara benzer, ancak taoplar damarlardaki bas\u0131n\u00e7, atar damarlardan daha az oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda lifli ba\u011f dokusu daha az, orta tabakada ise elastik lif hi\u00e7 yoktur. Bu nedenle toplar damarlar\u0131n i\u00e7 yap\u0131, atar damarlar\u0131ndan daha geni\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kan\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 atar damarlardan daha yava\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Vucudun alt k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki toplar damarlarda kan\u0131n tek \u00f6nde (kalbe do\u011fru) ilerlemesini sa\u011flayan ve \u00fcste do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131lan kapak\u00e7\u0131klar bulunur.
\n Toplar damarlar i\u00e7erisindeki kan\u0131n hareketi:
\n – Kulak\u00e7\u0131klardaki gev\u015feme ile do\u011fan kalbin negatif emme bas\u0131nc\u0131,
\n – \u0130skelet kaslar\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131
\n – Soluk alma s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesindeki bas\u0131nc\u0131n azalmas\u0131,
\n – Yap\u0131lardaki d\u00fcz kaslar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131,
\n – Tek y\u00f6ne a\u00e7\u0131lan kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131,
\n – \u00dcst k\u0131s\u0131mlardaki damarlarda yer\u00e7ekiminin etkisi gibi fakt\u00f6rlerle sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n 3.K\u0131lcal Damarlar
\n Atar damarlarla toplar damarlar aras\u0131nda bulunan en ince \u00e7apl\u0131 damarlard\u0131r. Yap\u0131lar\u0131 tek s\u0131ral\u0131 epitel dokudan meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n Kan ile doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi k\u0131lcal damarlarla olur.
\n Uzun s\u00fcre ayakta kalan ki\u015filerde kan\u0131n toplar damarlarda birikmesi sonucu damarlar b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcp geni\u015fler ve esnekli\u011fini kaybeder. Bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fan bozuklu\u011fa Varis denir. Varis \u00e7orab\u0131 denilen \u00e7oraplar\u0131n giyilmesiyle \u00f6nlenebilir. Gerekirse bu t\u00fcr damarlar ameliyatla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.
\n A. \u0130NSANDA KAN DOLA\u015eIMI
\n \u0130nsanda kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu sistemlerde kirli ve temiz kan ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131r.
\n 1. B\u00fcy\u00fck Kan Dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131
\n Sol kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan ba\u015flar, sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131kta sona erer. Kar\u0131nc\u0131klar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131 ile sol kar\u0131nc\u0131ktaki temiz kan (oksijence zengin, karbondioksitce fakir) sol kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan aorta pompalan\u0131r.
\n AORT damar\u0131, sola do\u011fru bir yay \u00e7izerek ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcste giden damar ba\u015f ve kollara, alta ayr\u0131lan damar da bir \u00e7ok yan damarlarla mide, pankreas ve ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7 organlara ve bacaklara yay\u0131l\u0131r. Doku ve organlarar ula\u015fan bu damarlar, \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131lcal damarlara dallan\u0131r.
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn madde al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fi, bu k\u0131lcallarda akan kan ile doku h\u00fccreleri aras\u0131nda olur. \u00d6zellikle temiz kandaki oksijen dokulara, karbondioksit ise kana ge\u00e7er.
\n Sol kar\u0131nc\u0131k -AORT-V\u00fccut damarlar\u0131- Kirki kan – \u00dcst ve alt ana toplardamar – Sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131k
\n Kirlenen kan, k\u0131lcallardan toplar damarlara iletilir. V\u00fccudun alt b\u00f6lgesinden toplanan kan alt ana toplar damarda, \u00fcst b\u00f6lgesinden toplanan ise damarla sa\u011f kula\u00e7\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n 2. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kan Dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131
\n Sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan ba\u015flar sol kar\u0131nc\u0131kta sona erer. B\u00fcy\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile sa\u011f kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7er ve kar\u0131nc\u0131klar\u0131n kas\u0131lmas\u0131 ile kirli kan sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan akci\u011fer atardamar\u0131na pompalan\u0131r.
\n Akci\u011fer atardamar\u0131 kalpten \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra ikiye ayr\u0131larak sa\u011f ve sol akci\u011ferlere kollar g\u00f6nderir. Akci\u011ferlere giren bu damarlar alveollerin \u00e7eperinde k\u0131lcallara ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Burada kirli kandaki karbondioksit alveollere, alveolerdeki oksijen ise kana ge\u00e7er. Temizlenen kan, her akci\u011ferden iki\u015fer tane olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt akci\u011fer toplardamar\u0131 ile kalbin sol kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6ner
\n Sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131k- Akci\u011fer atar damar\u0131- Akci\u011ferler- Temiz kan – Akci\u011fer toplar damar\u0131- Sol kulak\u00e7\u0131k
\n Dola\u015f\u0131m Sisteminin G\u00f6revleri;
\n – Sindirilmi\u015f besinleri dokulara ta\u015f\u0131mak,
\n – Solunum organlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 O2 yi dokulara ta\u015f\u0131mak,
\n – Dokulardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 CO2 yi solunum organlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131mak
\n – Metabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131m organlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131mak,
\n – Hormonlar\u0131 ilgili organlara iletmek,
\n – V\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6zenlemek,
\n – V\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 asit-baz dengesini (PH) d\u00fczenlemek,
\n – V\u00fccudun zararl\u0131 maddelere kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak,
\n – Yaralanma halinde p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 sa\u011flayarak kan kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek.
\n B. \u0130NSANDA LENF S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n Lenf sistemi, lenf damarlar\u0131, lenf d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleri, lenf k\u0131lcallar\u0131 ve lenfoid (lenf h\u00fccrelerinden olu\u015fan) organlardan meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Lenf damarlar\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nan ve i\u00e7inde akyuvarlar bulunan doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131na lenf denir. Bu s\u0131v\u0131da alyuvar yoktur.
\n Omurgal\u0131larda ikinci v\u00fccut s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 lenf s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Lenf s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir sistem halinde h\u00fccreler aras\u0131nda, dokular aras\u0131nda ve lenf damarlar\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131r. \u0130nsanda v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1\/4 \u00fc kadar lenf s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n Lenf s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli metabolizma \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle birlikte kan h\u00fccrelerinden sadece l\u00f6kositler (akyuvarlar) bulunur. Lenf s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 beyaz\u0131ms\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden akkan olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n U\u00e7lar\u0131 kapl\u0131 olan lenf k\u0131lcallar\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00e7irgenoldu\u011fundan dukular aras\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131da bulunan amino asitler ve di\u011fer maddeler kolayca lenf k\u0131lcallar\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Dola\u015f\u0131m sisteminden doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131na devaml\u0131 amino asit kayb\u0131 olur. Lenf sistemi bunlar\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m sistemine geri d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flayan tek yoldur.
\n Lenfin hareketi, toplar damardaki gibi, iskelet kaslar\u0131n\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve solunum hareketleri ile sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
CANLILARDA DOLA\u015eIM S\u0130STEMLER\u0130 Bir h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda, ortamdan oksijenin ve besinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile, karbondioksit ve art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131ya gerek yoktur. Sadece, h\u00fccre i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 stoplazma hareketleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u00c7ok h\u00fccrelilerde ise al\u0131nan besinleri ve oksijeni h\u00fccrelere ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Hayvanlarda bu i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren sisteme …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6003,5627,6010,6005,6002,2340,6004,2338,6006,6009,6008,2164,5043,6007,6011],"class_list":["post-2376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-acik-dolasim","tag-alyuvar","tag-atar-damarlar","tag-baliklarda-dolasim","tag-canlilarda-dolasim-sistemleri","tag-hemoglobin","tag-kapali-dolasim","tag-karbondioksit","tag-kurbagalarda-dolasim","tag-lenfositler","tag-memelilerde-dolasim","tag-oksijen","tag-plazma","tag-surungenlerde-dolasim","tag-toplar-damarlar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2376","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2376"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2376\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2376"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2376"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2376"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}