Canl\u0131da metabolik faaliyetler sonucunda v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken zararl\u0131 ve art\u0131k maddeler olu\u015fur. Bu zararl\u0131 ve art\u0131k maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m, bo\u015falt\u0131mda g\u00f6rev yapan organ ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sisteme de bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi denir.<\/p>\n
A. B\u0130R H\u00dcCREL\u0130LERDE BO\u015eALTIM
\n Tek h\u00fccreli organizmalarda bo\u015falt\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131 veya sistem yoktur.
\n Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lardan amip, \u00f6glena ve paramesyum da CO2, NH3 gibi bo\u015falt\u0131m maddeleri pelikula denilen h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan dif\u00fczyon ve osmozla at\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Tatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015fayan amip, \u00f6glena ve paramesyum gibi organizmalar metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyi ile att\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, h\u00fccre hacmine g\u00f6re h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyi fazlad\u0131r. Bu nedenle h\u00fccreye s\u00fcrekli su girer. Bu su h\u00fccrenin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fi\u015ferek patlamas\u0131na neden olabilir. H\u00fccrenin patlamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in fazla su kontraktil kofullarla dif\u00fczyonun tersi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. OMURGASIZLARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\nS\u00fcnger ve s\u00f6lenterlerde, bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bo\u015falt\u0131m v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\nYass\u0131 solucanlardan Planarya da bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 olarak \u201calev h\u00fccreleri\u201d bulunur.
\nAlev h\u00fccresinin esas g\u00f6revi hayvan\u0131n v\u00fccudundaki su dengesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.
\nHalkal\u0131 solucanlar da (toprak solucan\u0131) karbondioksiti v\u00fccut y\u00fczeyinden dif\u00fczyonla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atar. Bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131, olarak nefridyum bulunur.<\/p>\n
Yumu\u015fakcalarda da bo\u015falt\u0131m organ\u0131 nefridyumlard\u0131r. Nefridyumlar kirpikli hunilerle ba\u015flar ve d\u00fcz bir kanalla manto bo\u015flu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Midye ve Salyangoz.
\nB\u00f6ceklerde olu\u015fan karbondioksitin organizmadan at\u0131lmas\u0131, trake borular\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bo\u015falt\u0131m art\u0131klar\u0131 ise \u201cMalpighi t\u00fcpleri” ile at\u0131l\u0131r.
\nC. OMURGALILARDA BO\u015eALTIM
\n Omurgal\u0131larda \u00fcreme sistemi ile bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi birbirine ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olup, bo\u015falt\u0131m b\u00f6brekler ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Su ve Kara Hayvanlar\u0131nda Azotlu Art\u0131k Maddelerin Bo\u015falt\u0131mla At\u0131lmas\u0131
\nSuda ya\u015fayan tek h\u00fccrelilerle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck basit yap\u0131l\u0131 su hayvanlar\u0131 amonya\u011f\u0131 bol su ile birlikte atarlar. Seyreltildi\u011fi i\u00e7in amonya\u011f\u0131n zehirli etkisi azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.
\nTatl\u0131 su bal\u0131klar\u0131nda NH3 ve \u00fcre solunga\u00e7lar ve a\u011f\u0131z epitelinden dif\u00fczyonla d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya at\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6brekler daha \u00e7ok su dengesini ayarlamada g\u00f6rev yapar.
\nDeniz bal\u0131klar\u0131nda glomerulus k\u00f6relmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6brek kandan \u00e7ok az su s\u00fczer. Fazla tuz solunga\u00e7lardaki tuz bezleriyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.
\nKara hayvanlar\u0131ndan b\u00f6cekler, s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler ve ku\u015flar v\u00fccutlar\u0131na \u00e7ok az su ald\u0131klar\u0131ndan amonya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcrik asit kristallerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atarlar. B\u00f6ylece zehirli amonya\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok az zehirli \u00fcrik asit halinde ve su kayb\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirerek atm\u0131\u015f olurlar.
\n\u0130nsanlar ve memeli hayvanlar amonya\u011f\u0131 daha az zehirli \u00fcreye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler. \u00dcrenin v\u00fccuttan at\u0131lmas\u0131 da bir miktar suyla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n\u00dcrenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek at\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan su, amonyak i\u00e7in gerekenden \u00e7ok az, \u00fcrik asit i\u00e7in gerekenden biraz fazlad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dcre olu\u015fumu ornitin devri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir tepkime dizisiyle sa\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130nsanda \u00fcre ku\u015f ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerde ise \u00fcrik asit olu\u015fumunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer karaci\u011ferdir.
\n Karaci\u011ferde olu\u015fan \u00fcre, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00f6breklere ula\u015f\u0131r. Kan b\u00f6breklerden ge\u00e7erken s\u00fcz\u00fclen \u00fcre idrarla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
D. \u0130NSANDA BO\u015eALTIM S\u0130STEM\u0130
\n \u0130nsan bo\u015falt\u0131m sisteminin ba\u015fl\u0131ca organlar\u0131 b\u00f6brekler, idrar kanallar\u0131 ve idrar torbas\u0131d\u0131r. Her b\u00f6brekten \u00e7\u0131kan birer adet idrar kanal\u0131 (\u00fcreter), idrar torbas\u0131na (mesane) ba\u011flan\u0131r. \u0130drar torbas\u0131 da idrar kanal\u0131 (\u00fcretra) ile d\u0131\u015far\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6brek, d\u0131\u015ftan i\u00e7e do\u011fru kabuk (=korteks), bunun alt\u0131nda yer alan \u00f6z (=medulla) b\u00f6lgesi ve havuzcuktan (pelvis) meydana gelmi\u015ftir.
\n B\u00f6brekte g\u00f6rev yapan temel birim nefrondur. Bir b\u00f6brekte yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 – 2,5 milyon nefron bulunur. <\/p>\n
1. Nefronlardan Kan\u0131n S\u00fcz\u00fclmesi
\n B\u00f6breklere gelen kan\u0131n s\u00fcz\u00fclmesi bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki k\u0131lcal damar a\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u00fcz\u00fclme tamamen fizikseldir. K\u0131lcal damarlardaki y\u00fcksek kan bas\u0131nc\u0131, kan plazmas\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine sebep olur.
\n Bu ge\u00e7i\u015f olay\u0131na s\u00fcz\u00fclme denir. Bo\u015flu\u011fa ge\u00e7en s\u0131v\u0131da inorganik tuzlar, glikoz, \u00fcre ve su gibi maddeler bulunur. Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir insanda yakla\u015f\u0131k bir g\u00fcnde 180 lt lik s\u0131v\u0131 s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu kan bas\u0131nc\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
2. Geri Emilim ve \u0130drar Olu\u015fumu
\n E\u011fer bo\u015falt\u0131m kanalc\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131 aynen d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lsayd\u0131 v\u00fccut \u00e7ok miktarda su ile birlikte glikoz, amino asit, ve inorganik tuzlar gibi faydal\u0131 maddeleri de kaybetmi\u015f olurdu.<\/p>\n
Fakat durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. S\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7indeki faydal\u0131 maddeler ve suyun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kanalc\u0131k h\u00fccreleri taraf\u0131ndan emilerek tekrar kana geri verilir. Su d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer maddeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla aktif ta\u015f\u0131mayla geri emilir.
\n Emilen su miktar\u0131 v\u00fccudun o s\u0131radaki ihtiyac\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olup hipofizden salg\u0131lanan \u201cantidi\u00fcretik\u201d(vazopressin) hormon taraf\u0131ndan ayarlan\u0131r. S\u00fcz\u00fclme ile b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler Bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcne ge\u00e7emezler kanalc\u0131k h\u00fccrelerini saran k\u0131lcal damarlardaki bu maddeler (H+ ve NH+4) aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ile kanalc\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7irilerek idrar olu\u015fturulur. Bu olaya salg\u0131lama veya aktif bo\u015falt\u0131m denir.<\/p>\n
Belirli bir pH\u2019ta olan idrarda su, \u00fcre, \u00fcrik asit vard\u0131r. \u0130drar \u00f6z b\u00f6lgesindeki toplama kanallar\u0131ndan havuzcu\u011fa bo\u015falarak idrar kanal\u0131 ile idrar torbas\u0131nda biriktirilir ve zaman zaman idrar torbas\u0131 d\u00fcz kaslar\u0131n\u0131n otonom \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. B\u00f6bre\u011fin D\u00fczenleyici Rol\u00fc
\n B\u00f6brekler, kan\u0131n bile\u015fimini, pH derecesini, ve v\u00fccuttaki su, sodyum ve potasyum gibi maddelerin miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemede g\u00f6rev yaparlar.
\n Ayr\u0131ca doku s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131ndaki su ve tuz miktar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. B\u00f6breklerin bu d\u00fczenlemede g\u00f6revini yapmas\u0131nda b\u00f6brek \u00fcst\u00fc bezlerinden salg\u0131lanan \u201caldosteron\u201d ve hipofiz bezinin salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cantidi\u00fcretik\u201d hormonun etkisi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
4. B\u00f6bre\u011fin G\u00f6revleri
\nMetabolizma art\u0131klar\u0131 ve zehirli maddeleri atmak.
\nOrganizman\u0131n su dengesini ayarlamak.
\n\u0130\u00e7 ortam\u0131n iyon dengesini d\u00fczenlemek.
\nKan plazmas\u0131n\u0131n osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek.
\nOrganizman\u0131n asit \u2013 baz dengesini d\u00fczenleyerek kan PH s\u0131n\u0131n 7,4 te kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Canl\u0131da metabolik faaliyetler sonucunda v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken zararl\u0131 ve art\u0131k maddeler olu\u015fur. Bu zararl\u0131 ve art\u0131k maddelerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131na bo\u015falt\u0131m, bo\u015falt\u0131mda g\u00f6rev yapan organ ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sisteme de bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi denir. A. B\u0130R H\u00dcCREL\u0130LERDE BO\u015eALTIM Tek h\u00fccreli organizmalarda bo\u015falt\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00f6zel bir yap\u0131 veya sistem yoktur. Tek h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lardan amip, \u00f6glena …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2224,2385,6024,2338,2538,6027,2299,6026,6025,2585],"class_list":["post-2380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-azot","tag-bobrek","tag-bosaltim-sistemleri","tag-karbondioksit","tag-koful","tag-malpighi-tupleri","tag-metabolizma","tag-nefridyum","tag-pelikula","tag-tek-hucreli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2380"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2380\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2380"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}