H\u00dcCRE B\u00d6L\u00dcNMELER\u0130 <\/p>\n
Canl\u0131 bir h\u00fccrenin iki par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131larak yeni h\u00fccreler olu\u015fturmas\u0131na h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi denir. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi \u00e7ekirde\u011fin emir ve denetiminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Belirli bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ve olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015fan h\u00fccreler b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. \u00d6zellik ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re 2 \u00e7e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcnme kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
A. M\u0130TOZ B\u00d6L\u00dcNME <\/p>\n
\u2013 B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Bir h\u00fccreden iki yeni h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Eski ve yeni h\u00fccrelerde kromozomlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve bilgisi de\u011fi\u015fmez. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Tek h\u00fccrelilerde \u00e7o\u011falmay\u0131, \u00e7ok h\u00fccrelilerde b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve onar\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
\u2013 3 farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
1. \u0130nterfaz Evresi <\/p>\n
\u0130ki mitoz aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye haz\u0131rl\u0131k evresidir. Bu safhada h\u00fccre b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini tamamlar ve olgunla\u015f\u0131r. Gerekli maddelerin (enerji, protein, salg\u0131, organel\u2026) sentezi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu evrenin sonunda kal\u0131tsal madde olan DNA kendi e\u015fleyerek say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2. \u00c7ekirdek B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi <\/p>\n
Kal\u0131tsal maddeyi ta\u015f\u0131yan kromozomlar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak 2 \u00e7ekirdekli bir h\u00fccrenin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. 4 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
a. Profaz : Kromatin iplikler k\u0131sal\u0131p kal\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131 ve \u00e7ekirdek\u00e7ik erir. Sentrozomlardan i\u011f iplikleri olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
b. Metafaz : E\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f olan kromozomlar (ikili kromatitler) h\u00fccrenin ekvatoral b\u00f6lgelerinde yanyana dizilerek i\u011f ipliklerine ba\u011flan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
c. Anafaz : \u0130\u011f ipliklerinin \u00e7ekmesi sonucu e\u015f kromozomlar (kromatitler) birbirinden ayr\u0131larak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kutuplara giderler. <\/p>\n
d. Telofaz : Profaz\u0131n tersi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kromozomlar incelip uzayarak kromatinleri olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u011f iplikleri kaybolur. Yeni \u00e7ekirdek zarlar\u0131 olu\u015fur. bu evrenin sonunda birbirinin ayn\u0131s\u0131 iki \u00e7ekirdek olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
3. Sitoplazma B\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi <\/p>\n
Sitoplazman\u0131n iki par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. H\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sel\u00fcloz \u00e7eperinin bulunup bulunmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re iki farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Bakteri, mantar, hayvan ve insan h\u00fccreleri ortadan bo\u011fumlanarak b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrken; bitki h\u00fccreleri ara lamel (orta plak) olu\u015fumu ile sitoplazmas\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Sitoplazma b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi sonucu olu\u015fan iki yeni h\u00fccre aras\u0131nda kal\u0131tsal madde miktar\u0131 hari\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcn fakt\u00f6rler farkl\u0131 miktarlarda bulunabilir. <\/p>\n
B. MAYOZ B\u00d6L\u00dcNME <\/p>\n
\u2013 E\u015feyli \u00fcreyen canl\u0131larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Bir h\u00fccreden 4 yeni h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Eski ve yeni h\u00fccreler aras\u0131nda kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 ve kal\u0131tsal bilgi farkl\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Yeni h\u00fccrelerde kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131ya iner. <\/p>\n
\u2013 Sprem, yumurta, polen gibi \u00fcreme h\u00fccrelerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
Bir h\u00fccre mayoz – 1 ve mayoz – 2 olmak \u00fczere iki kez \u00fcst \u00fcste b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Mayoz – 1 de kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131ya indirilir. Mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmede oldu\u011fu gibi mayozla b\u00f6l\u00fcnecek h\u00fccre, \u00f6nce interfaz evresini ge\u00e7irerek b\u00fcy\u00fcr ve olgunla\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Mayoz – 1 : Kromozom say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131ya indirilir. Kromozomlar \u00fczerindeki baz\u0131 genler de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek kal\u0131tsal \u00e7e\u015fitlilik sa\u011flan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda; tetrat olu\u015fumu, sinapsis olay\u0131 ve krossing over (par\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fimi) olay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Tetrat olu\u015fumu : Anne ve babadan gelen homolog kromozomlar birle\u015ferek 4 kromatitli tetratlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Sinapsis olay\u0131 : Homolog kromozomlar\u0131n karde\u015f olmayan kromatitleri belirli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda birbiriyle birle\u015ferek etkile\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Krossing over olay\u0131 : Sinapsis s\u0131ras\u0131nda baz\u0131 genlerin kromatitler aras\u0131ndaki al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fine krossing over denir. Krossing over neticesinde kromatitler birbirleri ve eski hallerinden farkl\u0131 kal\u0131tsal \u015fifreler ta\u015f\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n
Mayoz – 1 deki profaz, metafaz, anafaz ve telofaz safhalar\u0131 mitoza benzer \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Mayoz bir sonucu olu\u015fan h\u00fccrelerde n say\u0131da kromozom bulunur. <\/p>\n
Mayoz – 2 : Mayoz – 1 de olu\u015fturulan h\u00fccreler mitoza benzer y\u00f6ntemle b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek iki yeni h\u00fccreyi olu\u015fturur. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme \u00f6ncesinde interfaz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Safhalar\u0131 mitozdaki gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
II. \u00dcREME \u00c7E\u015e\u0130TLER\u0130 <\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerine benzer yeni bireyler olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na \u00fcreme (\u00e7o\u011falma) denir. Ya\u015fam i\u00e7in \u015fart olmay\u0131p neslin devam\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131l\u0131r. Canl\u0131larda iki \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
A. E\u015eEYS\u0130Z \u00c7O\u011eALMA <\/p>\n
\u0130lkel yap\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tek bir ata canl\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u00dcremenin temelinde mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme bulunur. Olu\u015fan yavru canl\u0131lar tamamen ana canl\u0131ya benzer canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitlilik bulunmaz. <\/p>\n
1. B\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00c7o\u011falma <\/p>\n
Bir h\u00fccreli canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fclen en h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falma bi\u00e7imidir. Bakteriler, amip, \u00f6glena, paramesyum bu \u015fekilde \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2. Tomurcuklanarak \u00c7o\u011falma <\/p>\n
Ana canl\u0131dan olu\u015fan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n zamanla geli\u015fmesiyle yavru canl\u0131lar olu\u015fur. Bu yavrular ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya da beraber ya\u015fayabilir. Bira mayas\u0131, s\u00fcnger, hidra ve mercanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
3. Sporla \u00c7o\u011falma <\/p>\n
\u00d6zel olarak \u00fcretilmi\u015f tohum \u015feklindeki bir h\u00fccreli sporlarla sa\u011flan\u0131r. Sporlar uygun \u015fartlar\u0131 bulduklar\u0131nda \u00e7imlenerek yeni bir canl\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturur. \u00c7i\u00e7eksiz bitkiler, mantarlar ve s\u0131tma etkeni olan plazmodyumda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
4. Rejenerasyonla \u00c7o\u011falma <\/p>\n
V\u00fccuttan kopan par\u00e7an\u0131n yenilenip geli\u015fmesiyle yavru canl\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yass\u0131 solucan planarya, toprak solucan\u0131 ve deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
5. \u00c7elikle ve Yumruyla \u00c7o\u011falma <\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerde g\u00f6vde par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n toprakta filizlenmesi sonucu sa\u011flan\u0131r. S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, i\u011fde, g\u00fcl, \u00fcz\u00fcm, patates gibi bitkilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
B. E\u015eEYL\u0130 \u00c7O\u011eALMA <\/p>\n
Geli\u015fmi\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131 olan canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130ki farkl\u0131 atan\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Cinsiyet fakt\u00f6r\u00fc kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Atalardan birisi erkek ve di\u011feride di\u015fi cinsiyetinde olur. \u00dcremenin temelinde mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve d\u00f6llenme olaylar\u0131 bulunur. Olu\u015fan yavrular birbirinden ve ata canl\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 karakterlerde olurlar. <\/p>\n
E\u015feyli \u00e7o\u011falma sonucu olu\u015fan bireylerde \u00e7e\u015fitlilik bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7evre \u015fartlar\u0131na uyma yenetekleri \u00e7ok y\u00fcksektir. Daha \u00e7ok \u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitki, hayvan ve insanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. E\u015feyli \u00fcremede 3 temel mekanizma vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Mayoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnme : Sperm ve yumurtan\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
D\u00f6llenme : Sperm ve yumurtalar\u0131n birle\u015ferek d\u00f6llenmi\u015f yumurta olan zigotun olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Genel olarak suda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131larda d\u0131\u015f d\u00f6llenme; karada ya\u015fayan canl\u0131larda i\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Geli\u015fme : Zigotun mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerle b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp farkl\u0131la\u015farak yavru canl\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r. Geli\u015fmesini yumurta i\u00e7inde ve v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tamamlayanlar d\u0131\u015f geli\u015fme; geli\u015fmesini anne rahminde tamamlayanlar i\u00e7 geli\u015fme yaparlar. <\/p>\n
III. \u0130NSANDA \u00c7O\u011eALMA <\/p>\n
\u0130nsan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131nda, erkek ve di\u015fi \u00fcreme sistemi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Erkek \u00fcreme sisteminde bulunan testisler, mayozla milyonlarca spermin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Spermler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 ve hareketlidir. \u0130\u00e7erisinde 23 tane kromozom bulunur. Di\u015fi \u00fcreme sisteminde bulunan yumurtal\u0131klar ayda bir olmak \u00fczere mayozla yumurtan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Yumurtalar b\u00fcy\u00fck, kam\u00e7\u0131s\u0131z ve hareketsizdir. \u00c7ekirde\u011finde 23 tane kromozom bulunur. <\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131nda i\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme ve i\u00e7 geli\u015fme olaylar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Spermler yumurtan\u0131n yumurta kanal\u0131nda d\u00f6llenmesini sa\u011flarlar. Yumurta kanal\u0131nda olu\u015fan zigot hemen b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flar. Zigotun b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle olu\u015fan dut \u015feklindeki h\u00fccre toplulu\u011funa morula denir. Morula d\u00f6l yata\u011f\u0131na (rahim) ba\u011flanarak yavrunun geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
Yavru ile anne rahmi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6bek ba\u011f\u0131 ve plasenta sa\u011flar. Plasenta g\u00f6bek ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anne rahmine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Burada yavru kan\u0131 ile anne kan\u0131 aras\u0131nda madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Embriyo 9 ayl\u0131k geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci sonunda do\u011farak anneden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Annenin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir bebe\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; yeterli ve dengeli beslenmesi, sigara, alkol ve uyu\u015fturucudan uzak durmas\u0131, doktor kontrol\u00fcnde bulunmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00dcCRE B\u00d6L\u00dcNMELER\u0130 Canl\u0131 bir h\u00fccrenin iki par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131larak yeni h\u00fccreler olu\u015fturmas\u0131na h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi denir. H\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi \u00e7ekirde\u011fin emir ve denetiminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Belirli bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ve olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015fan h\u00fccreler b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir. \u00d6zellik ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re 2 \u00e7e\u015fit b\u00f6l\u00fcnme kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A. M\u0130TOZ B\u00d6L\u00dcNME \u2013 B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u2013 Bir h\u00fccreden iki yeni h\u00fccre olu\u015fur. \u2013 Eski ve yeni …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2370,2181,6028,6030,6029,6034,2274,6032,2369,2568,2570,2303,6037,6033,6031,6036,2371,6035],"class_list":["post-2382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-anafaz","tag-bakteri","tag-canlilarda-ureme","tag-cekirdek-bolunmesi","tag-interfaz-evresi","tag-krossing-over","tag-mantar","tag-mayoz","tag-metafaz","tag-mitoz","tag-profaz","tag-protein","tag-rejenerasyonla-cogalma","tag-sinapsis-olayi","tag-sitoplazma-bolunmesi","tag-sporla-cogalma","tag-telofaz","tag-tomurcuklanarak-cogalma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2382"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2382\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}