A. CANLILARDA BESLENME \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130 <\/p>\n
H\u00fccredeki besinlerin metabolizmada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na beslenme denir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda ortak olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Beslenme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan su ve mineralleri b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r olarak al\u0131rlar. Organik yap\u0131da olan protein, ya\u011f, vitamin ve \u015fekerlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 canl\u0131larda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. <\/p>\n
1. \u00dcretici Beslenme (Ototrofluk) <\/p>\n
Organik besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 fotosentez yaparak kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131r. H\u00fccrelerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 klorofiller yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini emerek organik besin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n
\u00dcrettikleri besinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam olaylar\u0131nda kullan\u0131rken bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da yedek olarak depolarlar. Ye\u015fil bitkiler, \u00f6glena, mavi ye\u015fil alg ve baz\u0131 bakteriler bu gruba girerler. <\/p>\n
2. T\u00fcketici Beslenme (Heterotrofluk) <\/p>\n
Organik besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r alarak kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Beslenme de kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt alt grubu bulunur. <\/p>\n
a. Ot\u00e7ul beslenme : Besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 bitkisel besinlerden kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Bitkilerin k\u00f6k, g\u00f6vde, yaprak, meyve ve tohumlar\u0131nda depolanm\u0131\u015f olan besinleri kullan\u0131rlar. A\u011f\u0131z ve sindirim kanallar\u0131 otlar\u0131n sindirimini sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda az\u0131 di\u015flerin say\u0131s\u0131 fazla olup y\u00fczeyleri de geni\u015flemi\u015ftir. Sindirim kanallar\u0131 otlar\u0131n sel\u00fclozunu par\u00e7alayabilmek i\u00e7in et\u00e7illere oranla daha uzun yap\u0131dad\u0131r. At, inek, ke\u00e7i, koyun, ser\u00e7e, \u00e7ekirge, kelebek, a\u011fa\u00e7 kakan bu gruba girer. <\/p>\n
b. Et\u00e7il beslenme : Besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 hayvansal kaynaklardan kar\u015f\u0131larlar. Hayvansal organizmalar\u0131n v\u00fccudunda depolanm\u0131\u015f olan besinleri kullan\u0131rlar. A\u011f\u0131z ve sindirim kanallar\u0131 etlerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
A\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda k\u00f6pek ve kesici di\u015fleri geli\u015fmi\u015f yap\u0131dad\u0131r. Sindirim kanallar\u0131 ot\u00e7ullara g\u00f6re daha k\u0131sa uzunluktad\u0131r. Aslan, \u015fahin, y\u0131lan, k\u00f6pek bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kurba\u011fa, akrep, bit, kurt, tilki, kartal, timsah bu gruba girer. <\/p>\n
c. Hem ot\u00e7ul hem et\u00e7il beslenme : Besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak hayvansal ya da bitkisel k\u00f6kenli organizmalar\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. A\u011f\u0131z ve sindirim kanallar\u0131 hem et\u00e7il hem ot\u00e7ul beslenecek \u015fekilde farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan, ay\u0131, kaplumba\u011fa, evcil kedi ve k\u00f6pek, karga, tavuk, fare ve baz\u0131 bal\u0131klar bu gruba girer. <\/p>\n
d. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl beslenme (Saprofitlik) : Besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f canl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccutlar\u0131 ve sindirim at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kar\u015f\u0131larlar. A\u011f\u0131z ve sindirim kanallar\u0131 yoktur. Besinleri v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcterek sindirir ve emerler. <\/p>\n
\u00c7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl beslenen canl\u0131lar \u00e7o\u011funlukla toprak y\u00fczeyinde ve i\u00e7inde bulunurlar. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fctme faaliyeti sonucu \u00e7evrede bulunan canl\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece do\u011fal temizlik sa\u011flan\u0131r. Topra\u011f\u0131n mineral oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bakterilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, k\u00fcf mantarlar\u0131, \u015fapkal\u0131 mantarlar ve maya mantarlar\u0131 bu gruba girer. <\/p>\n
B. FARKLI YA\u015eAMA \u015eEKL\u0130NE SAH\u0130P CANLILAR <\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar tek ba\u015flar\u0131na besin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fka canl\u0131larla birlikte ya\u015farlar. Bu \u015fekilde iki farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr aras\u0131nda beslenme y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bir al\u0131\u015f veri\u015f etkile\u015fimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. <\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar aras\u0131 beslenme etkile\u015fiminin faydal\u0131 olup olmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 tipi bulunur. <\/p>\n
1. Mutualizm <\/p>\n
Beraber ya\u015fayan iki canl\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak faydalanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mutalist ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 madde de\u011fi\u015fimi yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130kisi birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olup ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 durumunda her ikisi de zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
\u0130nsanlarla, ba\u011f\u0131rsaklar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan vitamin \u00fcreten bakteriler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
Ot\u00e7ul memelilerle sel\u00fcloz sindirici bakteriler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
Yaban ar\u0131lar\u0131 ile \u00e7i\u00e7ekler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
Mantarlarla su yosunlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
Baklagillerle azot bakterileri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
2. Kommensalizm <\/p>\n
Beraber ya\u015fayan iki canl\u0131dan birinin yarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, di\u011ferinin etkilenmedi\u011fi ya\u015fama \u015feklidir. Buradaki beraberlikte konak canl\u0131 etkilenmezken konuk, canl\u0131 konaktan besin al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 durumunda konu\u011fun ya\u015fam\u0131 olumsuz etkilenir. <\/p>\n
K\u00f6pek bal\u0131klar\u0131yla vantuz(echeneis) bal\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki <\/p>\n
3. Parazit Ya\u015fama <\/p>\n
Beraber ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n birinin yarar, di\u011ferinin zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc beraberliktir. Konuk canl\u0131n\u0131n beslenme ve sindirim yap\u0131lar\u0131 geli\u015fmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya\u015fayamaz ve konak bir canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudunu beslenmede kullan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Parazit canl\u0131 v\u00fccut i\u00e7inde ve organlarda bulunuyorsa i\u00e7 parazitlik; v\u00fccut d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunuyorsa d\u0131\u015f parazitlik ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bit, pire, sivrisinek, yara mantar\u0131, klorofilsiz bitkiler d\u0131\u015f; tenya, ba\u011f\u0131rsak solucan\u0131 ve mikroplar i\u00e7 parazitli\u011fe \u00f6rnektir. <\/p>\n
C. BES\u0130N Z\u0130NC\u0130R\u0130 <\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar aras\u0131 ili\u015fkinin temelinde beslenme bulunur. Canl\u0131 organizmalar organik besin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kendisine uygun olan di\u011fer organizmalar\u0131n v\u00fccudunu kaynak olarak kullan\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n
\u00dcretici ve t\u00fcketici canl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda bir zincirin halkalar\u0131 \u015feklindeki beslenme ili\u015fkisine besin zinciri denir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjinin temel kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi olup besin zinciri bu enerjinin canl\u0131dan canl\u0131ya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. <\/p>\n
Besin zincirleri fotosentez yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar ve art\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesiyle biter. <\/p>\n
Besin zincirinin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcreticiler bulunurken, di\u011fer halkalar\u0131nda t\u00fcketici \u00f6zellikteki canl\u0131lar bulunur. <\/p>\n
1. halka – \u00dcreticiler <\/p>\n
2. halka – Ot\u00e7ullar <\/p>\n
3. halka – Et\u00e7iller <\/p>\n
4. halka – Y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131lar <\/p>\n
5. halka – \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcller <\/p>\n
(Fotosentezle organik besin \u00fcretirler, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisini ilk olarak kullan\u0131rlar.) <\/p>\n
(\u00dcreticilerin depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjiyi birinci derece t\u00fcketici olarak kullan\u0131rlar.) <\/p>\n
(\u00dcreticilerin depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjiyi ikinci derece t\u00fcketici olarak kullan\u0131rlar.) <\/p>\n
(\u00dcreticilerin depolad\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjiyi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece t\u00fcketici olarak kullan\u0131rlar.) <\/p>\n
(\u00d6len canl\u0131lar\u0131 ve kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak beslenirler. Artan besin ve enerjinin fazlas\u0131, toprakta birikerek fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olur.) <\/p>\n
D. ENERJ\u0130 P\u0130RAM\u0130D\u0130 <\/p>\n
Besin zincirinin her bir halkas\u0131ndaki canl\u0131lar\u0131n birey say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla enerji piramidi olu\u015fur. Bu nedenle enerji piramidinin ilk kat\u0131nda \u00fcreticiler ve son kat\u0131nda y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 canl\u0131lar bulunur. \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcller herbir katla ili\u015fki halindedir. <\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015ften al\u0131nan \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisi 1. kattan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru besinler i\u00e7erisinde aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Enerji piramidinde, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru her kattaki; <\/p>\n
\u2013 Canl\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131r, <\/p>\n
\u2013 T\u00fcr say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131r, <\/p>\n
\u2013 Toplam besin ve enerji miktar\u0131 azal\u0131r, <\/p>\n
\u2013 V\u00fccutta biriken art\u0131k oran\u0131 artar, <\/p>\n
\u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015fmeler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Enerji piramidin her bir kat\u0131ndaki besin ve enerjinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 canl\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rken depo edilen miktar\u0131 sonraki katlara aktar\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Besin Zinciri ve Enerji Piramidinin Bozulmas\u0131 <\/p>\n
Do\u011fal ortamlardaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011ferdeki olumsuz de\u011fi\u015fme ve geli\u015fmeler ekosistemlerdeki canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fczenini bozar. Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanmalar, iklim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, kurakl\u0131klar, don, sel, deprem, f\u0131rt\u0131na, kimyasal – biyolojik ve n\u00fckleer kirlenmeler besin zincirinin i\u015fleyi\u015fini bozar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A. CANLILARDA BESLENME \u015eEK\u0130LLER\u0130 H\u00fccredeki besinlerin metabolizmada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na beslenme denir. B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131larda ortak olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Beslenme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan su ve mineralleri b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r olarak al\u0131rlar. Organik yap\u0131da olan protein, ya\u011f, vitamin ve \u015fekerlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 canl\u0131larda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. 1. \u00dcretici Beslenme (Ototrofluk) Organik besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 fotosentez yaparak kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131r. H\u00fccrelerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 klorofiller yard\u0131m\u0131yla g\u00fcne\u015f …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6099,6104,2498,6102,5804,6101,2299,5805,2561,6100,6103,5930,6105,2303,4858,2113],"class_list":["post-2410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-canlilarin-dogayla-etkilesimleri","tag-etcil-beslenme","tag-fotosentez","tag-heterotrofluk","tag-kommensalizm","tag-mavi-yesil-alg","tag-metabolizma","tag-mutualizm","tag-oglena","tag-organik-besin","tag-otcul-beslenme","tag-ototrof","tag-parazit-yasama","tag-protein","tag-vitamin","tag-yag"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2410"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2410\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}