H\u00fccre: Canl\u0131n\u0131n, ya\u015fayan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimine h\u00fccre ad\u0131 verilir. \u0130lk h\u00fccre teorisi 1838 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mathias Schleiden ve Theodor Schwan taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan bu teoriye g\u00f6re, “B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir; h\u00fccreler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduklar\u0131 halde birlikte i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar”.
\nH\u00fccre, h\u00fccre zar\u0131, stoplazma, organeller ve h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirde\u011finden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
H\u00fccre Zar\u0131: H\u00fccreyi \u00e7evreleyerek d\u0131\u015f etkilerden koruyan, \u015fekil veren ve madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fini sa\u011flayan yar\u0131 saydam b\u00f6l\u00fcme h\u00fccre zar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. H\u00fccre zar\u0131 protein ve lipitten olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Danielli ve Dawson Zar Modeli:<\/p>\n
Singer ve Nicolson Zar Modeli: Bu modele g\u00f6re h\u00fccre zar\u0131 tek katl\u0131 lipid tabakas\u0131ndan meydana gelmi\u015ftir ve karbonhidratlarla protein molek\u00fcllerinin g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu lipid tabakas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli hareket halindedir.
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131 se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan baz\u0131 maddeler di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7erken baz\u0131 zararl\u0131 maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fine izin verilmez. Zardan madde ge\u00e7i\u015fi ile ilgili baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilmi\u015ftir.
\nK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcller b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllere g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er.
\nN\u00f6t\u00fcr molek\u00fcller iyonlara g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er
\nYa\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnen molek\u00fcller \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyenlere g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er
\nYa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zenler \u00e7\u00f6zemeyenlere g\u00f6re daha kolay ge\u00e7er.
\nH\u00fccre Zar\u0131nda Madde Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi<\/p>\n
Endositoz: H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcllerin h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisine al\u0131nmas\u0131na endositoz denir. Endositoz olay\u0131, fagositoz ve pinositoz adlar\u0131 verilen iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. H\u00fccre \u00e7eperinden dolay\u0131 endositoz bitki h\u00fccrelerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez.<\/p>\n
a)Fagositoz: H\u00fccrenin, h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck besinleri yalanc\u0131 ayaklar \u00e7\u0131kartarak sar\u0131p i\u00e7ine almas\u0131 olay\u0131na fagositoz denir. Bu yolla kat\u0131 molek\u00fcller i\u00e7eri al\u0131n\u0131r. Akyuvar ve amiplerde g\u00f6zlenebilir.<\/p>\n
b)Pinositoz: H\u00fccrenin, b\u00fcy\u00fck besinleri h\u00fccre zar\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir kesecik yard\u0131m\u0131 ile i\u00e7eri almas\u0131 olay\u0131na pinositoz ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Ekzositoz: H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck besinlerin h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131na ekzositoz ad\u0131 verilir. <\/p>\n
H\u00fccre Zar\u0131ndan Madde Ge\u00e7i\u015fli:<\/p>\n
Dif\u00fczyon: Molek\u00fcller \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamdan az yo\u011fun ortama do\u011fru hareket ederler bu olaya dif\u00fczyon ad\u0131 verilir. H\u00fccre i\u00e7i ile d\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki yo\u011funluk fark\u0131 sayesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen dif\u00fczyon olay\u0131, h\u00fccrenin enerji harcamadan madde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bazen dif\u00fczyonu h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisindeki ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 proteinler devreye girer bu t\u00fcr madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fine ise “kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dif\u00fczyon” ad\u0131 verilir. Dif\u00fczyon olay\u0131 h\u00fccre i\u00e7i ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki madde yo\u011funlu\u011fu e\u015fitleninceye kadar devam eder.<\/p>\n
Osmoz: Suyun yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki dif\u00fczyonudur. Yani suyun az yo\u011fun ortamdan \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortama ge\u00e7i\u015fine osmoz ad\u0131 verilir.
\nOsmoz olay\u0131 h\u00fccrenin bulundu\u011fu ortama g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00fccrenin yo\u011funlu\u011fundan b\u00fcy\u00fckse bu ortama “hipertonik” ortam ad\u0131 verilir, ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00fccrenin yo\u011funlu\u011fundan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse bu ortama “hipotonik” ortam ad\u0131 verilir, ortam\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu h\u00fccrenin yo\u011funlu\u011funa e\u015fitse bu ortama “izotonik” ortam ad\u0131verilir. Ortama g\u00f6re osmoz olay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir.<\/p>\n
a)Plazmoliz: Bir h\u00fccre kendisinden daha yo\u011fun (hipertonik) bir ortama konulursa, h\u00fccreden d\u0131\u015f ortama do\u011fru bir su dif\u00fczyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir h\u00fccrede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu su kayb\u0131na plazmoliz ad\u0131 verilir.
\nPlazmoliz olay\u0131 bitki ve hayvan h\u00fccresi i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde g\u00f6zenir. Palazmolize u\u011frayan hayvan h\u00fccresi b\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcrken, bitki h\u00fccresinin \u015feklinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaz. Bitki h\u00fccresinde stoplazma zardan ayr\u0131larak \u00e7ekirde\u011fin \u00e7evresinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
b)Deplazmoliz: Plazmolize u\u011fram\u0131\u015f bir h\u00fccrenin saf suya yada kendisinden daha az yo\u011fun (hipotonik) bir ortama koyuldu\u011funda kaybetti\u011fi suyu geri alarak \u015fi\u015fmesine deplazmoliz denir.<\/p>\n
c)Turgor: Bir bitki h\u00fccresi ihtiyac\u0131 olandan fazla su al\u0131p \u015fi\u015ferse bu olaya turgor ad\u0131 verilir. <\/p>\n
Turgor Bas\u0131nc\u0131: Turgor olay\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda suyun h\u00fccre \u00e7eperine uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nca “turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131” ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Osmotik Bas\u0131n\u00e7: H\u00fccrenin yo\u011funlu\u011fundan kaynaklanan su \u00e7ekme kuvvetine osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 denir. Osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Emme Kuvveti: Osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 ile Turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farka emme kuvveti ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Aktif Ta\u015f\u0131ma: H\u00fccre kendisinden daha yo\u011fun bir ortam i\u00e7erisinde ise dif\u00fczyon yapamaz bu durumda h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisine madde olmak i\u00e7in enerji harcamas\u0131 gerekir. H\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 proteinler ve enzimlerin yard\u0131m\u0131 ile h\u00fccre i\u00e7erisine madde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma denir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00fccre: Canl\u0131n\u0131n, ya\u015fayan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimine h\u00fccre ad\u0131 verilir. \u0130lk h\u00fccre teorisi 1838 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mathias Schleiden ve Theodor Schwan taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan bu teoriye g\u00f6re, “B\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131lar h\u00fccrelerden meydana gelmi\u015ftir; h\u00fccreler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olduklar\u0131 halde birlikte i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcrler ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar”. H\u00fccre, h\u00fccre zar\u0131, stoplazma, organeller ve h\u00fccre \u00e7ekirde\u011finden olu\u015fur. H\u00fccre Zar\u0131: H\u00fccreyi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6114,6109,5613,3444,6113,6110,6111,2530,6108,2531,4486,5650,3445,6112,3446,2303,3352,5916],"class_list":["post-2414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aktif-tasima","tag-danielli-ve-dawson-zar-modeli","tag-deplazmoliz","tag-difuzyon","tag-ekzositoz","tag-endositoz","tag-fagositoz","tag-hucre","tag-hucre-ve-yapisi","tag-hucre-zari","tag-lipit","tag-organeller","tag-osmoz","tag-pinositoz","tag-plazmoliz","tag-protein","tag-stoplazma","tag-turgor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}