Uzun y\u0131llar, canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendili\u011finden meydana geldikleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, olduk\u00e7a fazla bir taraftar bulmu\u015ftu. Bunlara g\u00f6re, canl\u0131lar, \u00e7amurdan, dekompoze organik materyallerden, s\u0131cak sulardan ve benzer karakterleri g\u00f6steren durumlardan orijin almaktad\u0131r. Van Helmont (1477-1544), farelerin meydana gelebilmesi i\u00e7in, toprak i\u00e7eren bir t\u00fclbent i\u00e7ine bu\u011fday ve biraz da peynir konulduktan sonra ah\u0131r veya benzer bir yerde hi\u00e7 dokunulmadan uygun bir s\u00fcre bekletilmesinin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, havada kalm\u0131\u015f etlerde kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 da bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in destek kabul ediliyordu.
\nFrancesco Redi (1626-1697), canl\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u00f6nceki canl\u0131dan gelmekte oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan ve bunu deneysel olarak g\u00f6steren ilk bilim adam\u0131d\u0131r. F. Redi, iki kavanoz i\u00e7ine et ve bal\u0131k koyduktan sonra birinin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve di\u011ferini a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deneme sonunda, a\u011fz\u0131 kapal\u0131 olan kavanozdaki et ve bal\u0131kta kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k olanda ise kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fclbent \u00fczerinde sinek kurtlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u00e7inde olmamas\u0131, kurt\u00e7uklar\u0131n sinekler taraf\u0131ndan meydana getirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, ayr\u0131ca, kurt\u00e7uklardan sineklerin meydana geli\u015fini de izlemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, etin belli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kurt\u00e7uklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc veya etin kurt\u00e7uk meydan getirmesi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (spontan generasyon) g\u00f6lgelenmi\u015f ve reddedilmi\u015ftir. Biyolog, \u015fair ve lisanc\u0131 F. Redi, 105 parazitin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri nedeniyle kilisenin zulm\u00fcne u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, odun y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fczerine konulmu\u015f ve kanaatini de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in de yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nLouis Joblot (1647-1723), saman\u0131 iyice kaynatt\u0131ktan sonra ikiye ay\u0131rarak kavanozlara koymu\u015f, bunlardan birinin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 iyice kapatm\u0131\u015f di\u011ferini ise a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k olan kavanozda birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra mikroorganizmalar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, kapal\u0131 olanda ise b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, L. Joblot, bir kere ve iyice kaynat\u0131larak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc canl\u0131dan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ortamda, yeniden bir canl\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendili\u011finden meydana gelemeyece\u011fini ispatlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da, F. Redi gibi, dekompoze hayvan vebitki materyallerininin kendili\u011finden bir canl\u0131 olu\u015fturma yetene\u011fine sahip olamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimseyerek, abiyogenezis teorisinin olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nJohn Needham (1713-1781), yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 denemede, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve a\u011fz\u0131 kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f et suyu i\u00e7eren bir kavanozda bir s\u00fcre sonra canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemi\u015f ve benzer durumu \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve a\u011fz\u0131 kapal\u0131 olan kavanozda da saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, J. Needham, spontan generasyon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve desteklemi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak tahripedilen mikroorganizmalar sonradan yeniden hayatiyet kazanarak kendili\u011finden olu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hayvansal dokular\u0131n “vejetatif veya vital kuvvetleri” olduklar\u0131na ve cans\u0131z materyalleri canl\u0131 hale getirebilece\u011fine de inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, bir nat\u00fcralist olan Buffon taraf\u0131ndan da do\u011frulanarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nLazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir seri deneme sonunda, J. Needham’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc reddetmi\u015f ve \u0131s\u0131tman\u0131n yeterli derece ve s\u00fcrede yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. L. Spallanzani, \u0131s\u0131tman\u0131n yeterli derece ve s\u00fcrede yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan ve a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n, mantar yerine, ate\u015fle ve hava girmeyecek derecede kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde herhangi bir animakulat\u0131n meydana gelmeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Needham, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 olarak, uzun s\u00fcre kaynatman\u0131n organik maddelerdeki “vejetatif veya vital kuvvetleri” yok edece\u011fini ve spontan jenerasyon i\u00e7in gerekli olan g\u00fc\u00e7leri ortadan kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131, Spallanzani verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tta, ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre kaynat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f et suyu veya saman enfusyonunun a\u011fz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa belli bir s\u00fcre sonra i\u00e7inde tekrar animakulatlar\u0131n meydana gelece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.
\nLavoisier, 1775 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 denemelerde havada oksijenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015f ve bunun ya\u015fam i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011funu vurgulayarak, spontan jenerasyon teorisinin do\u011frulu\u011funu iddia etmi\u015ftir. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, kaynatmakla \u015fi\u015felerin i\u00e7indeki oksijenin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da et suyu veya saman infusyonunda canl\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da savunmu\u015ftur.
\nSchulze ve Schwann, Lavoisier’in oksijeni bulmas\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 61 y\u0131l sonra, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir seri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, e\u011fer hava s\u00fclf\u00fcrik asit veya potasyum hidroksit sol\u00fcsyonundan (Schulze, 1836) veya \u00e7ok s\u0131cak bir cam t\u00fcpten (Schwann, 1837) ge\u00e7irildikten sonra et suyuna veya saman infusyonuna gelirse herhangi bir mikroorganizman\u0131n \u00fcremedi\u011fini g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015flerdir. Ancak, bu denemeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar, havan\u0131n bu tarz i\u015fleme tabi tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n havadaki hayat jermlerinin asitten veya s\u0131cak cam t\u00fcpten ge\u00e7erken tahrip olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece abiyogenezis’in olu\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Schwann, ayr\u0131ca oksijenin yaln\u0131z olarak, ortamda mikroorganizmalar\u0131n olu\u015fmalar\u0131na veya \u00fcremelerine yeterli olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nSchr\u00f6der ve von Dush, 1854 ile 1861 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Schulze ve Schwann’\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na baz\u0131 yenilikler ilave etmi\u015flerdir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, bunlar havay\u0131 asit veya \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f t\u00fcpten ge\u00e7irmek yerine, pamuktan ge\u00e7irerek et suyu veya saman infusyonuna vermi\u015fler. Deneme sonunda, ortamda herhangi bir animakulata rastlamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu deneme ile , hem pamu\u011fun mikroplar\u0131 tutabilece\u011fini ve hem de asit veya s\u0131cak havan\u0131n animakulat olu\u015fmas\u0131na zararl\u0131 bir etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Ancak, baz\u0131lar\u0131, havadaki tozlarda bulunan baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n, havan\u0131n asit veya alkaliden veya pamuktan ge\u00e7irili\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015flerdir. Sonralar\u0131, pamukta da mikroorganizmalar\u0131n bulunabilece\u011fi ortaya konulmu\u015ftur.
\nJohn Tyndall (1820-1893), \u00f6n taraf\u0131nda cam bulunan a\u011fa\u00e7tan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr kutusu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve iki yan taraf\u0131na camdan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pencereler yerle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve tozlar\u0131 tutmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de , kutunun i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc gliserinle s\u0131vam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yandaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck camdan g\u00f6nderilen \u0131\u015f\u0131k (\u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131) yard\u0131m\u0131 ile kutunun i\u00e7inde tozlar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 saptanm\u0131\u015f ve optikal olarak temiz bulunmu\u015ftur. Sonra kutu i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcplere pipetle steril besiyerleri konmu\u015f ve t\u00fcpler alttan \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak steril hale getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcpler i\u00e7indeki besiyerleri oda s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesine kadar \u0131l\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra besiyerlerinin steril olarak kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015ftir. Bu denemenin sonucuna g\u00f6re, toz i\u00e7ermeyen havan\u0131n mikropsuz olaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tyndall, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir seri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, mikroorganizmalar\u0131n iki formunun olabilece\u011fine dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Termolabil (vejetatif formlar) ve termostabil (sporlu mikroorganizmalar). Fraksiyone sterilizasyonla s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n mikroorganizmalardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini de saptayarak kendi ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan Tindalizasyon (Tyndallization, fraksiyone sterilizasyon) y\u00f6ntemini bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Uzun y\u0131llar, canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendili\u011finden meydana geldikleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, olduk\u00e7a fazla bir taraftar bulmu\u015ftu. Bunlara g\u00f6re, canl\u0131lar, \u00e7amurdan, dekompoze organik materyallerden, s\u0131cak sulardan ve benzer karakterleri g\u00f6steren durumlardan orijin almaktad\u0131r. Van Helmont (1477-1544), farelerin meydana gelebilmesi i\u00e7in, toprak i\u00e7eren bir t\u00fclbent i\u00e7ine bu\u011fday ve biraz da peynir konulduktan sonra ah\u0131r veya benzer bir yerde hi\u00e7 dokunulmadan uygun …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6295,5938,2164,2587,5078,6294,4713,6296],"class_list":["post-2521","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-abiyogenezis","tag-biyolog","tag-oksijen","tag-parazit","tag-potasyum-hidroksit","tag-spontan-generasyon-teorisi","tag-sulfurik-asit","tag-vejetatif"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2521","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2521"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2521\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2521"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2521"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2521"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}