Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra, spontan jenerasyon (abiyogenezis) teorisi, yava\u015f yava\u015f yerini, bir canl\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131dan t\u00fcreyebilece\u011fi (biyogenezis) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nViyanal\u0131 bir doktor olan Marcus Antonius von Plenciz, 1792’de, “Hastal\u0131klarda Jerm Teorisi” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eserinde konu \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve her hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir nedeni oldu\u011funa dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.
\nLouis Pasteur (1822-1895), kuduz, tavuk koleras\u0131 ve antraks hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar (korunma ve a\u015f\u0131lama) yapm\u0131\u015f ve ayr\u0131ca \u015farap ve biran\u0131n maya h\u00fccreleri taraf\u0131ndan fermente edildi\u011fini de (fermentasyon) saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, optimal ko\u015fullar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcretilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan mikroorganizmalalar da baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmelerin meydana gelebilece\u011fini, \u00f6zellikle, vir\u00fclensde olu\u015fanvaryasyonlar\u0131n, a\u015f\u0131lama ile koruyucu etki g\u00f6stereceklerini saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pasteur, 1879-1880 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, hayvanlardaki antraks hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki atten\u00fce su\u015fla (Pasteur-1 ve -2) ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k elde etmi\u015f ve koyunlar\u0131 bu hastal\u0131ktan korumu\u015ftur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 1885’de, kendi y\u00f6ntemi ile vir\u00fcs fiksli tav\u015fan omurili\u011fini bir desikat\u00f6re uygun bir s\u00fcre (8-14 g\u00fcn) koyarak kurutmu\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 ile korunman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu konu \u00fczerinde de Paris’te bir konferans vermi\u015ftir. Fermentasyon \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonunda da, Pasteur a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki esaslar\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur:
\n1) Bira veya \u015farapta meydana gelen her de\u011fi\u015fme, bunlar\u0131 fermente eden veya bozan mikroorganizmalar taraf\u0131ndan ileri gelmektedir.
\n2) Fermente eden etkenler, hava, kullan\u0131lan alet ve maddelerden gelmektedirler.
\n3) Bira veya \u015farap herhangi bir mikroorganizma i\u00e7ermezse, hi\u00e7 bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framaz.
\nPasteur, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucuna g\u00f6re, kendi ad\u0131 ile an\u0131lan past\u00f6rizasyonun esas\u0131n\u0131 da kurmu\u015ftur.
\nBir \u0130ngiliz cerrah\u0131 olan Joseph Lister (1827-1912), Pasteur ‘\u00fcn prensiplerini cerrahiye uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Operasyonlarda dezenfektan bir maddeye (asit fenik) bat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sarg\u0131lar kullanarak infeksiyonun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece, Lister cerrahide, antiseptiklerin \u00f6nemini ve antisepsinin yerini ortaya koymu\u015ftur (1852).
\nSchoenlein, 1839’da, deri hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan olan favus ve pamuk\u00e7uk’un mantarlardan ileri geldi\u011fini saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nEdwin Klebs (1834-1913), L\u00f6ffler ile birlikte difteri hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkenini izole etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bilim adam\u0131, bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, travmatik infeksiyonlar, malarya ve kur\u015fun yaralar\u0131 \u00fczerinde de baz\u0131 faydal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayvanlarda da, deneysel olarak, ilk t\u00fcberkulozis lezyonlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nKarl Joseph Eberth (1835-1926), insanlarda tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131k olan tifonun etkenini (Eberthella typhosa) bulmu\u015ftur.
\nRobert Koch (1843-1910), mikroorganizmalar\u0131 saf \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in kat\u0131 besiyerlerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerden saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler elde etmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, bakteriyolojiye yeni teknikler getirmi\u015ftir. Koch, ayn\u0131 zamanda, hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerinde de baz\u0131 kriterler ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bunlar da “Koch postulatlar\u0131” olarak bilinmektedir.
\n1) Hastal\u0131klar spesifik etkenler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulurlar,
\n2) Etkenler izole edilmeli ve saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretilmelidir,
\n3) Duyarl\u0131 sa\u011flam deneme hayvanlar\u0131na verildiklerinde hastal\u0131k olu\u015fturabilmeli ve
\n4) Tekrar saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretilebilmelidirler.
\nBu 4 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f uzun y\u0131llar ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumu\u015ftur. Koch, mikroorganizmalar\u0131 anilin boyalar\u0131 ile boyama y\u00f6ntemlerini de geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bakteriyoloji alan\u0131nda uygulanabilir hale getirmi\u015ftir. Antraks hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bula\u015fma tarz\u0131n\u0131 ve etkeninin sporlu oldu\u011funu da saptayan Koch, 1882’de, tuberkulozis’in etkenini de izole edebilmi\u015f ve sonralar\u0131, tuberkulozlu hastalar\u0131n te\u015fhisinde \u00e7ok yararlar sa\u011flayan bir biyolojik madde olan “T\u00fcberk\u00fclin”i de haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nOtto Obermeier (1843-1873), 1873’ de, Borrelia recurrentis ‘i bulmu\u015ftur. Karl Weigert (1845-1904) bakterileri boyamada anilin boyalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B. Bang (1848-1932), s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda yavru at\u0131mlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7an hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkenini (Brucella abortus) bulmu\u015ftur. Agostino Bassi, 1835’ de, ipek b\u00f6ce\u011fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve bunun kontak ve g\u0131da ile bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. George Gaffky (1850-1918), tifonun etkenini (E. typhosa) saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretmi\u015f ve tifonun etiyolojisini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. John Snow, 1839’da, epidemik koleran\u0131n sulardan bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. William Welch (1850-1939), 1892’de, gazl\u0131 kangrenin etkenini (C. welchii) ve Hansen’de 1874’de, lepra hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkenini (Hansen basili, M. johnei) tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nicolaier, 1885’de, topraktan tetanoz mikrobunu izole etmi\u015f ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayvanlarda deneysel olarak meydana getirmi\u015ftir K. Shige, 1898’de, dizanteri basilini bulmu\u015f M.leprae’nin de k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Friedrich L\u00f6ffler (1852-1915), Koch ile birlikte difteri basilini \u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve 1884’de saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretebilmi\u015flerdir. W. L\u00f6ffler, 1882’de, domuz erisipel etkenini bulmu\u015ftur. David Bruce (1855-1931), malta hummas\u0131n\u0131n, nagana hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve uyku hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkenlerini bulmu\u015f ve uyku hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u00e7e sine\u011fi ile bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ronald Ross (1857-1923), 1896’da, Plasmodium malaria ‘n\u0131n ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131 saptam\u0131\u015f ve bunu ayd\u0131nlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Theobald Smith (1859-1934), Texas s\u0131\u011f\u0131r hummas\u0131n\u0131n kene ile nakledildi\u011fini saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Albert Neisser (1885-1916), insanlarda gonore’nin etkeni olan gonokok’lar\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur. Hideye Noguchi (1878-1928), k\u00fclt\u00fcr teknikleri ve hayvan zehirleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Treponema pallidum ‘u da saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mikroorganizmalar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra, spontan jenerasyon (abiyogenezis) teorisi, yava\u015f yava\u015f yerini, bir canl\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131dan t\u00fcreyebilece\u011fi (biyogenezis) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Viyanal\u0131 bir doktor olan Marcus Antonius von Plenciz, 1792’de, “Hastal\u0131klarda Jerm Teorisi” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir eserinde konu \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve her hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir nedeni oldu\u011funa dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), kuduz, tavuk …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6295,6300,6168,6302,5323,6297,6298,2388,6299,6301],"class_list":["post-2523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-abiyogenezis","tag-antraks","tag-bakteriyoloji","tag-etiyoloji","tag-fermentasyon","tag-hastaliklarda-jerm-teorisi","tag-kuduz","tag-mikroorganizma","tag-tavuk-kolerasi","tag-tuberkulin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2523"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2523\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}