Mantarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7ok eski zamanlara (Devonian ve Prekambium) kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r.Bitkiler \u00fczerinde mantarlar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini ve baz\u0131 zararlara neden oldu\u011funa ait ilk bilgileri Vedas (M\u00d6. 1200) vermektedir.
\nRomal\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda, depolarda saklanan danelerde ve tah\u0131llarda mantarlar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini Pliny (MS. 23-79) bildirmektedir. Yine bu d\u00f6nemlerde, mantarlara ait baz\u0131 resimlerin \u00e7izildi\u011fi, Pompei’deki kaz\u0131lardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Loncier, \u00e7avdar mahmuzunu (Claviceps purpurae mantar\u0131n\u0131n sklerotiumu) tan\u0131yan ve bunun morfolojik \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren ki\u015fi olarak tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r (1582). Clusius (1526-1609), mantarlar \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve elde etti\u011fi bilgileri 28 sayfal\u0131k bir monograf i\u00e7inde yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nGaspard Bauhin (1560-1624), mantar \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Pinax Theatri Botanici” adl\u0131 eserinde 100 kadar mantar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini bildirmi\u015ftir (1623). Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium ve Botrytis gibi baz\u0131 mantarlar \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bunlara ili\u015fkin \u00f6zl\u00fc bilgiler vermi\u015ftir (1679). Van Sterbeeck (1630-1693), yenilebilen mantarlarla zehirli olanlar aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 belirtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nHooke (1635-1703), mantarlar \u00fczerinde bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 “Micrographia” adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda resimleyerek Royal Society ‘ye sunmu\u015ftur. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, \u00f6zellikle, iki mantar \u00fczerinde (Phragmidium ve Mucor) incelemeler yapm\u0131\u015f, bunlar\u0131n bitki olduklar\u0131na ve bitkilerden orijin ald\u0131klar\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1667).
\nTournefort (1656-1708), \u00e7e\u015fitli mantarlar ve likenler \u00fczerinde incelemeler yaparak bunlar\u0131, morfolojik ve di\u011fer karakterlerine dayanarak, 6 gruba (1-Fungus, 2-Boletus, 3-Agaricus, 4-Lycoperdon, 5-Coralloides, 6-Tubira) ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve “Element de Botanique” adl\u0131 eserinde yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1694). Sebastian Vaillant (1669-1750), mantarlar \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 alfabetik olarak klasifiye etmi\u015f, \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinin de resimlerini \u00e7izmi\u015f ve “Botanicon Parisiense” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1727).
\nAntonio Micheli (1679-1737), mantarlar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 inceleme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 grup isimlerinden yararlanarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (Clavaria, Clathrus, Geaster, Lycoperdon, Phallus, Tuber gibi) ve bunlar\u0131 “Nova Genera Plantarum” adl\u0131 eserde yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1729). Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7izdi\u011fi resimler ve verdi\u011fi bilgilere dayanarak spesifik identifikasyon yap\u0131labilir. Bu eserin \u00e7ok de\u011ferli oldu\u011fu ve mantarlar\u0131n ayr\u0131mlar\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli anahtarlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilmektedir. Kendisinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel klasifikasyonda baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck mantarlara \u00f6zel yer vermi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 Fungi lamellati (Agaricaceae), Fungi porosi (Polyporaceae) ve Fungi romosi (Clavariaceae) diye 3 gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Botrys ve Rhizopus gibi baz\u0131 mantarlar\u0131 da saf k\u00fclt\u00fcrler halinde \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.
\nCarl Von Linne (Linneaus, 1707-1778), bir botanik\u00e7i olan bu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, kendi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 klasifikasyon i\u00e7inde mantarlar\u0131 “Species Plantarum” adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda “Cyrptogamia Fungi” s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f ve Agaricus, Boletus, gibi baz\u0131 generik isimler de kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (l753). Gleditsch (l7l4-l786), mantarlar\u0131n sporlar\u0131 ve sporulasyon \u00f6zellikleri \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve incelemeler yapm\u0131\u015f ve bu karakterlerine g\u00f6re mantarlar\u0131 2 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBuilliard, Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Mucorales ve Mycetozoa ‘lar \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131 “Champignon de France” de yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (l79l). Hendrik Persoon (l76l-l836), mantarlara ili\u015fkin incelemelerini, taksonomik bir yap\u0131t olan “Synopsis Methodica Fungorum” da toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (l80l). Ayr\u0131ca kendisinin 3 volum halinde olan, l822 ve l828 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan “Mycologia Europaea” adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, mantarlar\u0131 2 s\u0131n\u0131f, 6 ordo ve 71 genusa ay\u0131rarak bir klasifikasyon yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nSchweinitz (l780-l834), Kuzey Amerika’da, North Carolina eyaletinde 3000 ve Pennsylvania’da da l200 mantar toplayarak incelemi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 “Synopsis Fungorum Carolina Superioris ve Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali Medico Degantium” adl\u0131 yay\u0131nlarda a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elias Fries (1794-1878), bug\u00fcnk\u00fc mantarlar sistemati\u011finin esas\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015f ve \u0130sve\u00e7’de de mantar klasifikasyonu ile bir fonun kurulmas\u0131nda \u00f6nderlik etmi\u015f olan ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 “Systema Mycologicum” adl\u0131 eserde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nJosef Cordo (l809-l849)’ nun, mantarlar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 6 cilt halinde olan “\u0130cones Fungorum Hucusque Cognitorum” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anton de Bary (1831-1888), mantarlar\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6nemleri \u00fczerinde incelemeler yaparak bir \u00e7ok kapal\u0131 noktalar\u0131 ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Mycetozoa ‘n\u0131n ya\u015fam siklusunu d\u00f6nemini 1859’da a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Harton Peck (1833-1917) de 2500 t\u00fcr mantar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nAndrea Saccardo (1845-1920), mantarlar \u00fczerinde 1880 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f inceleme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, 25 cilt halinde olan ve ilki 1882’de yay\u0131mlanan “Sylloge Fungorum” adl\u0131 eserde toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son cilt, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1931’de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, 80.000 mantar t\u00fcr\u00fc bildirilmi\u015ftir.
\nTulasne’nin g\u00fczel resimlerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f olan “Selecta Fungorum Carpologia” adl\u0131 eseri 1861-1865 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ve 3 cilt halinde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan sonra bir \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, mantarlar \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Patouillard, Quelet, Cooke (1871-1883), Massee (1892-1895), Bresadola (1927-1932), ayr\u0131ca, Engler, Prantl, Rabenhorst, Sydows, Oudemans, Seymour, gibi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar da mantarlar \u00fczerinde inceleme ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nMantarlar, bitkilerde oldu\u011fu gibi, insan ve hayvanlarda da \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131klara (mycoses) neden olurlar. Mantarlar\u0131n bitkilerde hastal\u0131k olu\u015fturdu\u011funa dair bir\u00e7ok yay\u0131nlar vard\u0131r (Fontana (1767), Prevot (1807), Berkeley (1832), K\u00fchn (1858), de Bary (1866), Hartig (1874), Woronin (1878), Whetzel (1918).Lafar, mayalar\u0131n end\u00fcstride kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda, “Technische Mykologie (1904)” adl\u0131 yay\u0131nda bilgi vermi\u015ftir.
\nBal\u0131klarda (sazanlarda) Saprolegnia t\u00fcr\u00fc mantarlardan ileri gelen infeksiyonlar hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilere, 1748 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan “Transactions of the Royal Society” adl\u0131 bilimsel dergide rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Richard Owen (1804-1892), Avian Aspergillosis \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131 ne\u015fretmi\u015ftir (1832). Agostina Bassi (1773-1856), ipek b\u00f6ceklerindeki mantar hastal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131 bir monografta ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1837). Berg (1806-1887), insanlardaki Candida albicans infeksiyonlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. David Gruby (1810-1898), insanlardaki Dermatophyt infeksiyonlar\u0131 ile ilgilenmi\u015f ve bunlara ait bir rapor d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Sabouraud (1864-1938), medikal mikoloji \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015f ve bu konuda da bir kitap yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1910).
\nBug\u00fcn mantarlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerini (morfolojik, fizyolojik, biyokimyasal \u00f6zellikleri ve antijenik yap\u0131lar\u0131, patojeniteleri epidemiyolojileri ve di\u011fer karakterleri) a\u00e7\u0131klayan \u00e7ok de\u011ferli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmakta ve hen\u00fcz kesinlik kazanmam\u0131\u015f veya tam olarak bilinmeyen y\u00f6nleri ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mantarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7ok eski zamanlara (Devonian ve Prekambium) kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r.Bitkiler \u00fczerinde mantarlar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini ve baz\u0131 zararlara neden oldu\u011funa ait ilk bilgileri Vedas (M\u00d6. 1200) vermektedir. Romal\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda, depolarda saklanan danelerde ve tah\u0131llarda mantarlar\u0131n \u00fcredi\u011fini Pliny (MS. 23-79) bildirmektedir. Yine bu d\u00f6nemlerde, mantarlara ait baz\u0131 resimlerin \u00e7izildi\u011fi, Pompei’deki kaz\u0131lardan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Loncier, \u00e7avdar mahmuzunu (Claviceps purpurae …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4395,6312,6126,6315,2274,6317,6310,6311,6316,6314,6313],"class_list":["post-2529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-botanik","tag-devonian","tag-fungi","tag-klasifikasyon","tag-mantar","tag-medikal-mikoloji","tag-mikolojinin-tarihcesi","tag-monograf","tag-mycoses","tag-penicillium","tag-prekambium"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2529"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}