N\u00dcKLEER SANTRALLER\u0130N \u00d6NEM\u0130,YARARLARI ve ZARARLARI<\/p>\n
1)Santral T\u00fcrleri<\/p>\n
Bir \u00fclke elektrik enerjisini hemen hemen her alanda kullan\u0131r.Bu elektrik enerjisini santrallerden sa\u011flan\u0131r.Santraller \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
a)Hidroelektrik santralleri
\nb)Termik santraller
\nc)N\u00fckleer santraller<\/p>\n
Hidroelektrik santrallerde suyun potansiyel enerjisinden, termik santrallerde yakacaklar yak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve n\u00fckleeer santraller-
\n de atomun \u00e7ekirde\u011finin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji
\n kullan\u0131l\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
2)N\u00fckleer Santrallerde Enerji \u00dcretimi<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer santralde enerji,istasyonun merkezindeki reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilen \u0131s\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r.Bu \u0131s\u0131,uranyum atomunun zincirleme reaksiyonu sonucu elde edilir.Bu reaksiyon kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131l\u0131r.N\u00f6tronlar\u0131n s\u00fcrati \u00f6nce mod\u00fclat\u00f6rden ge\u00e7irilerek
\n yava\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece di\u011fer \u00e7ekirdekleri par\u00e7alamalar\u0131 kolay-
\n la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.Reakt\u00f6rde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6tronlar emme yetene\u011fi olan kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.Buradan n\u00f6tronlar\u0131 b\u0131rakarak veya \u00e7ekerek reaksiyonlar kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r.B\u00f6l\u00fcnen uranyum
\n atomlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 verir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ubuklardan \u00e7\u0131kan bu \u0131s\u0131 reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7evresini saran gaz tabakas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan emilir.Is\u0131nan gaz,\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiricisi de denilen \u0131s\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131r.Bunlara \u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiricisi de denmesinin nedeni,gazda bulunan \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 ufak borular\u0131n i\u00e7indeki suya vermeleridir.Is\u0131 e\u015fanj\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcndeki su,a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nma sonucu buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.Bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fturulan buhar sadece y\u00fcksek bir \u0131s\u0131ya de\u011fil,ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek bir bas\u0131nca da sahiptir.Bu y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cak buhar kal\u0131n borular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla t\u00fcrbinlere yollan\u0131T\u00fcrbin i\u00e7inde bulunan pervane bas\u0131nl\u0131 gazla d\u00f6ner,t\u00fcrbin jenerat\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u00fcratle d\u00f6n\u00fcnce enerji \u00fcretir.Olu\u015fan buhar yeniden \u0131s\u0131 haline gelir,su yine buharla\u015f\u0131r.
\n Uranyum sadece su \u00fcretmez,radyasyon da \u00fcretir ve radyasyon insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece zararl\u0131 ve tehlikelidir.Bu nedenle reakt\u00f6r i\u00e7indeki reakasiyonu d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131karamayacak \u015fekilde \u00e7elik ve \u00e7ok kal\u0131n betonla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kontrol odas\u0131nda her\u015fey b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkatle monit\u00f6rden izlenir.Burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar olu\u015fan elektrik enerjisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck
\n bir kentin enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar olmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrek-
\n li bir \u015fekilde denetler.
\n At\u0131klar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 ve Saklanmas\u0131
\n Sonunda reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yeterli \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 \u00fcretecek enerji kalmaz. Uranyum atomlar\u0131ndaki enerji t\u00fckenmi\u015ftir.Bu \u00e7ubuklar son derece s\u0131cak hem de ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 radyasyon nedeniyle tehlikelidir. Bu nedenle \u00f6zel,kal\u0131n muhafazal\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle al\u0131n\u0131rlar.
\n Uranyum \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 so\u011fuyuncaya,radyasyon normal seviyeye gelinceye kadar suyun alt\u0131nda muhafaza edilirler.Zaman\u0131 gelince de bunlar kal\u0131n muhafazalar i\u00e7inde dikkatle analizlerinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 istasyonlara nakledilirler.Burada yap\u0131lan analizler sonucu radyasyon seviyesi y\u00fcksek olanlar ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Radyasyonu normal d\u00fczeye inen kat\u0131 cisimler topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fc- l\u00fcrken,s\u0131v\u0131 denize verilir.Radyasyonu y\u00fcksek olanlar,bu ama\u00e7la yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zel binalara al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fczde uranyum atomlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle elektrik \u00fcretmeye daha y\u0131llarca devam eder.<\/p>\n
1kg uranyumun verece\u011fi enerjiyi ancak 25ton k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yanmas\u0131yla elde edilir.Uranyum \u00e7ok daha fazla enerji \u00fcretebilir ama i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda sadece %1’i kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn \u0130ngiltere’nin elektrik enerjisinin %20’sini ve gelecekte daha \u00e7ok bu enerjiyi kar\u015f\u0131layacak olan uranyum sa\u011flar.
\n N\u00fckleer Santrallerin \u00d6nemi ve Zararlar\u0131<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer santrallerde atom \u00e7ekirdekleri par\u00e7alanarak enerji sa\u011flan\u0131r.Atomun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi y\u00fcksektir,ama \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n radyasyon ancak \u00f6zel binalarda veya kur\u015fun mezarlarda saklan\u0131r ve uzun y\u0131llar radyasyon yayar.<\/p>\n
1970’li y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan petrol darbo\u011faz\u0131nda n\u00fckleer enerjiyle kurtulunmu\u015f ama saklanmas\u0131 da \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan talep azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Ayr\u0131ca santraldeki ufak bir s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 milyonlarca canl\u0131n\u0131n radyasyona maruz kalmas\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin;1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya’da \u00c7ernobil N\u00fckleet Santrali’ndeki s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131dan 3milyon insan radyasyona maruz kalm\u0131\u015f,radyasyon,Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n T\u00fcrkiye’de de 1976’dan beri Akkuyu’da n\u00fckller santral kurulmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir ama \u00e7evre \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin bask\u0131lar\u0131yla ertelenmi\u015ftir.Ayr\u0131ca 25km a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en Ecemi\u015f Fay\u0131’da buray\u0131 tehdit etmektedir.<\/p>\n
ATOM ENERJ\u0130S\u0130 \u0130LE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 KURULU\u015eLAR<\/p>\n
1)Atom Enerjisi Ajans\u0131(Uluslararas\u0131)
\n Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin koruyuculu\u011fu alt\u0131nda,\u00f6zerk e\u011filimde h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct.957’de kuruldu,merkezi Viyana’dad\u0131r. Genel amac\u0131,atom enerjisinin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada bar\u0131\u015fa,sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa ve
\n refaha katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7abukla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve artt\u0131rmakt\u0131r.5 Mart 1970’te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi antla\u015fmas\u0131 ajans\u0131,atom ve enerjisinin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131l-
\n mas\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fckleer silah \u00fcretimine yol a\u00e7mamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmakla g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir.IAEA 110 \u00fcye devleti biraraya getirir.T\u00fcrkiye, 14 Haziran 1957 tarihi ve 7015 yasa uyar\u0131nca ajansa \u00fcyedir.<\/p>\n
2)Atom Enerjisi Kurumu(T\u00fcrkiye)<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de,atom enerjisinin kalk\u0131nma planlar\u0131na uygun olarak,bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama\u00e7larla ve \u00fclke yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131
\n sa\u011flamak;temel ilke ve politikalar belirleyip \u00f6nermek;
\n bilimsel teknik ve idari \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak, d\u00fczenlemek,
\n desteklemek,kordine etmek ve denetlemek \u00fczere yasayla kurulmu\u015f bir kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n
6821 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla 956’da kurulan Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu’nun yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine ili\u015fkin 2680 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa uyar\u0131nca 1982’de faaliyete ge\u00e7en Atom Enerjisi Kurumu(k\u0131sa ad\u0131TAEK)Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu,Dan\u0131\u015fma Kurulu,\u0130htisas Daireleri ve ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flardan olu\u015fur.TAEK a\u015fkan\u0131,konusunda bilgi ve uzmanl\u0131k sahibi ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndan ba\u015fbakan taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilir ve ortak kararname ile atan\u0131r.Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu,TAEK ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131,Milli savunma,d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri enerji ve tabi kaynaklar bakanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan birer \u00fcye ile n\u00fckleer alanda e\u011fitim,\u00f6\u011fretim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan d\u00f6rt \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesinden;Dann\u0131\u015fma Kurulu da n\u00fckleer alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00f6\u011freten \u00fcyeleri ile \u00f6teki ilgili kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndaki uzmanlar aras\u0131ndan,Atom enerjisi komisyonu’nun \u00f6nerisi ve ba\u015fbakan\u0131n onay\u0131 ile g\u00f6revlendirilen ki\u015filerden olu\u015fur.Kurumun ba\u015fl\u0131ca ihtisas daireleri;N\u00fckleer g\u00fcvenlik dairesi;Radyasyon sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi dairesi; Ara\u015ft\u0131rma-geli\u015ftirme-koordinasyon dairesi ve Teknoloji dairesi’dir.Kurum,ayr\u0131ca n\u00fckleer alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak \u00fczere,ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim merkezleri,laboratuvarlar,deneme merkezleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcretimine d\u00f6n\u00fck olmayan pilot tesisler gibi ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flar olu\u015fturulabilir.Halen kuruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan d\u00f6rt kurulu\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r: 1962’de \u0130stanbul’da kurulan \u00c7ekmece n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim merkezi, 1966’da Ankara’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Ankara n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve e\u011fitim merkezi,1981’de kurulanAnkara-Lalahan veteriner hekimlik hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k n\u00fckleer ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcs\u00fc,1986’da Karadeniz \u00dcniversitesi’nde kurulan ve 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan Deniz ve \u00e7evre radyobiyolojisi ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3)N\u00fckleer Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\n
Ankara’da Hacettepe \u00dcn\u00fcversitesi’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak n\u00fckleer bilimler alan\u0131nda lisans\u00fcst\u00fc e\u011fitim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumudur.1982’de kurulan enstit\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye’de n\u00fckleer teknoloji’nin kurulup geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli bilimadamlar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lar;n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r tasar\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00fczeylerde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapar.\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131nda n\u00f6tronik alan\u0131ndaki ve termikle\u015fme hesaplar\u0131 ile ilgili kurumsal ve say\u0131sal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda,deneysel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da yer al\u0131r;n\u00f6tron etkinle\u015ftirme konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
4)N\u00fckleer Enerji Ajans\u0131<\/p>\n
Ekonomik i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve kalk\u0131nma te\u015fkilat\u0131 \u00fcyesi Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle Avust-ralya,ABD,Kanada ve Japonya’n\u0131n \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu kurulu\u015ftur.Avrupa topluluklar\u0131 komisyonudur.
\n N\u00fckleer enerji ajans\u0131’n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.Kurulu\u015fun merkezi Paris’tedir.Amac\u0131,n\u00fckleer enerjinin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 uyumlu bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirmektedir. \u00d6teki ululararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flarla ve \u00f6zellikle de Uluslararas\u0131 atom enerjisi ajans\u0131 ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u00dcKLEER SANTRALLER\u0130N \u00d6NEM\u0130,YARARLARI ve ZARARLARI 1)Santral T\u00fcrleri Bir \u00fclke elektrik enerjisini hemen hemen her alanda kullan\u0131r.Bu elektrik enerjisini santrallerden sa\u011flan\u0131r.Santraller \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r. a)Hidroelektrik santralleri b)Termik santraller c)N\u00fckleer santraller Hidroelektrik santrallerde suyun potansiyel enerjisinden, termik santrallerde yakacaklar yak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve n\u00fckleeer santraller- de atomun \u00e7ekirde\u011finin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan enerji kullan\u0131l\u0131l\u0131r. 2)N\u00fckleer Santrallerde Enerji \u00dcretimi N\u00fckleer santralde …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6891,6892,2769,3785,5290,2139,6893,6894,6890,6888,5002,6793,3665,3605,6889],"class_list":["post-2823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atom-enerjisi-ajansi","tag-atom-enerjisi-kurumu","tag-elektrik-enerjisi","tag-hidroelektrik-santraller","tag-jenerator","tag-notron","tag-nukleer-bilimler-enstitusu","tag-nukleer-enerji-ajansi","tag-nukleer-santraller","tag-nukleer-santrallerin-onemi","tag-potansiyel-enerji","tag-reaktor","tag-termik-santraller","tag-uranyum","tag-yararlari-ve-zararlari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2823"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2823\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2823"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2823"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}