Presler, elektrik motorundan al\u0131nan d\u00f6nme hareketini mekanik enerjiye \u00e7eviren ve bu enerjiyi kullanan makinalard\u0131r…<\/p>\n
1.MEKAN\u0130K PRESLER<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Sistemi<\/p>\n
Elektrik motoru ile elde edilen d\u00f6nme hareketi kay\u0131\u015flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Volana aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sebebi elektrik motorunun devir say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcksektir (900d\/dk). Preslerin dakikadaki vuru\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekiyor (20 vuru\u015f gibi). Bu y\u00fczden motorun devir say\u0131s\u0131 aktarma organlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Volana ba\u011fl\u0131 olan milin \u00fczerinde kavrama ve fren grubu vard\u0131r. Kavrama ve fren grubu pn\u00f6matik veya hidrolik kumanda ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Volan motordan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nme hareketi ile s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6ner, fakat volan mili d\u00f6nmez. Biz par\u00e7a basmak istedi\u011fimiz zaman kavrama kumandas\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokar\u0131z (pedal ile) ve volan mili d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flar. Volan milindeki d\u00f6nme hareketi di\u015fliler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla devir say\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclerek krank (Eksantrik mile) \u2018a aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Eksantrik milin g\u00f6revi dairesel hareketi do\u011frusal harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektir. Presin krank miline biyel kolu dedi\u011fimiz kollarla ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunan hareketli kafaya (ko\u00e7 , slayt) krank milinin eksen ka\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar do\u011frusal hareket yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Biz buna presin kursu (strok) diyoruz. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tonajl\u0131 preslerde bu strok ayarlanabilir yap\u0131labilir. B\u00fcy\u00fck tonajl\u0131 preslerde strok sabit yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fik y\u00fckseklikte kal\u0131p ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca slayt ayar mekanizmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mekanik presin slayt a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya indi\u011fi pozisyonda geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi pozisyona A.\u00d6.N. (180\u00b0) yukar\u0131da durdu\u011fu pozisyona \u00dc.\u00d6.N. (360\u00b0)denir.<\/p>\n
Mekanik preslerde iki tip hareket mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
1.kademeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma (kal\u0131p ba\u011flamada kullan\u0131l\u0131yor )
\n 2.pedal ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma (par\u00e7a basmada kullan\u0131l\u0131yor )<\/p>\n
Pedal ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada dikkat edilecek hususlar<\/p>\n
Pedal ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada pedala bas\u0131nca kavrama ve fren ventilleri enerjilenir, fren a\u00e7ar. Ventiller pozisyon de\u011fi\u015ftirerek kavramay\u0131 devreye sokar, slayt a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya inmeye ba\u015flar. A.\u00d6.N \u2018ya 20\u00b0 kalana kadar pedaldan elini \u00e7ekersen pres durur fakat A.\u00d6.N \u2019ya 5\u00b0den daha az kalm\u0131\u015fsa pres \u00dc.\u00d6.N \u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kana kadar hareketini otomatik olarak yapar. Bu olay\u0131 preslerin \u00fczerinde bulunan strok g\u00f6stergesinden g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Buradan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi pedal ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00e7ok dikkatli olmak gerekiyor ve pedal kontrollerinin \u00e7ok iyi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n
Presler Fonksiyonlar\u0131na G\u00f6re ;<\/p>\n
1.Tek Etkili
\n 2.\u00c7ift Etkili
\n 3.\u00dc\u00e7 Etkili presler olarak ayr\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
-Tek Etkili Presler<\/p>\n
Bu preslerde bir slayt hareketi vard\u0131r. Slayt tabla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine g\u00f6re bir, iki ve d\u00f6rt biyel kolu ile ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Tek etkili presler \u00e7e\u015fitli metal \u015fekillendirme (Kesme, Delme, \u00c7ekme vs.)kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
-\u00c7ift Etkili Presler<\/p>\n
Bu preslerde iki ayr\u0131 slayt ve slayt hareketi vard\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fta hareket eden slayt pot \u00e7emberi veya d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131, i\u00e7tekine de i\u00e7 bask\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. D\u0131\u015f bask\u0131ya kal\u0131b\u0131n sa\u00e7 tutan k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u011flan\u0131r. Esas \u015fekil verecek g\u00f6bek i\u00e7 bask\u0131ya ba\u011flan\u0131r. \u00d6nce d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya iner ve sac\u0131 gergin bir \u015fekilde tutar, daha sonra i\u00e7 bask\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya iner ve \u00e7ekme i\u015flemi yapar. Bu t\u00fcr presler derin \u00e7ekme i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
-\u00dc\u00e7 Etkili Presler<\/p>\n
\u00c7ift etkililerde oldu\u011fu gibi iki slayt hareketli ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde bir tane slayt hareketi de tablan\u0131n alt\u0131nda olur.
\n Preslerin kolayca tan\u0131nabilmesi i\u00e7in pres g\u00f6vdelerinde etiketler mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
G\u00d6VDE YAPILARINA G\u00d6RE MEKAN\u0130K PRESLER<\/p>\n
Preslerde g\u00f6vde malzemesi d\u00f6kme demirdir. Presin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, pres g\u00f6vdesi kendisine etki eden kuvvetler nedeniyle \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fimine u\u011frar. Pres g\u00f6vdesinde meydana gelen bu \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fimi, gerek preste imal edilen par\u00e7an\u0131n kalitesine gerekse kal\u0131p \u00f6mr\u00fc \u00fczerine ters y\u00f6nde etki eder. Bu nedenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda, pres g\u00f6vdesindeki \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015fiminin minimum olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in presler m\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe esneme yapmayacak \u015fekilde imal edilir. Bunun i\u00e7inde pres imalat\u0131nda malzeme tasarrufu g\u00f6zetmeksizin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6vdeye gelecek kuvvetlerin, g\u00f6vdenin mukavemet edebilece\u011fi de\u011ferden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131na dikkat edilir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6vde Yap\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00f6re Presler<\/p>\n
-A\u00e7\u0131k G\u00f6vdeli Presler
\n -D\u00fcz Kenarl\u0131 Presler olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir;<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k G\u00f6vdeli Presler:<\/p>\n
Bu presler tek etkilidir. Avantaj\u0131, daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatl\u0131 olmas\u0131, malzeme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve aktar\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki kolayl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu tiplere, kal\u0131plar\u0131n kolayca \u00f6nden ve yandan ba\u011flanabilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra malzeme s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Bas\u0131lan par\u00e7alar kal\u0131p alt\u0131na, yanlara yada arkaya at\u0131labilir. Bu preslerin bir dezavantaj\u0131 y\u00fck alt\u0131nda g\u00f6vde yap\u0131s\u0131 sebebiyle a\u00e7\u0131sal deformasyona u\u011framas\u0131 ve hizalama (alt ve \u00fcst tablalardaki paralelli\u011fin bozulmas\u0131)bozukluklar\u0131na sebep vermesidir. Bunun neticesinde z\u0131mba ve kal\u0131plar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n
D\u00fcz Kenarl\u0131 Presler:<\/p>\n
Bu preslerde hizalamay\u0131 sa\u011flayacak en iyi ko\u015fullar mevcuttur. Y\u00fck alt\u0131nda g\u00f6vde esnemesi d\u00fcz ve yere diktir. Esneme kal\u0131p ile ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda oldu\u011fundan kal\u0131ba da zarar\u0131 yoktur. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fcz kenarl\u0131 presler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere oranla daha yava\u015f vuru\u015f yaparlar, nedeni derin \u00e7ekmeli par\u00e7alarda \u015fekillendirme problemi olmas\u0131, darbeden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc kal\u0131p ve pres \u00f6m\u00fcrlerinin azalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemektir.<\/p>\n
Bir presin tonaj ve kapasitesi, en b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvveti harcayarak basabilece\u011fi par\u00e7aya g\u00f6re belirlenir. Preslerin y\u00fckleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve kapasitesini bir di\u011fer presle mukayese edebilmek i\u00e7in o presin \u00f6ncelikle hangi \u015fartlar ve par\u00e7alar i\u00e7in imal edildi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmek gerekirlidir. Ayr\u0131ca preslerin ihtiyaca uygunlu\u011funun ilk kontrol\u00fc pres tahrik sisteminin kapasitesidir. Bu da krank ve eksantri\u011fin ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flar ve di\u011fer elemanlara do\u011fru geriye gider. Pres kursu en dar kal\u0131pta bile par\u00e7ay\u0131 basabilecek ve a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rahat\u00e7a par\u00e7ay\u0131 alabilecek y\u00fckseklikte se\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/p>\n
PRES ELEMANLARI VE FONKS\u0130YONLARI<\/p>\n
Kavrama ve Fren Grubu:<\/p>\n
Motordan volana aktar\u0131lan d\u00f6nme hareketini istedi\u011fi zaman (pedala bas\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman) \u015fafta aktar\u0131lan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla presin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 inip kalkmas\u0131n\u0131 ve istendi\u011fi zaman durdurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan mekanizmad\u0131r. Kavrama ve fren grubu hava ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kavrama di\u015flilerinden al\u0131nan g\u00fc\u00e7 ara di\u015flilerle \u015fafta aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Ara di\u015flilerde bu hareketi \u015faft ile biyel koluna aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Preslerin ba\u015far\u0131yla ve g\u00fcvenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda en m\u00fckemmel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gereken sistemler kavrama ve fren sistemleridir. kavrama metal \u015fekillendirmesi i\u00e7in gerek kuvveti sa\u011flar ve kontrol eder. Pres devaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kavrama volanda \u015fafta g\u00fc\u00e7 aktar\u0131r. Her vuru\u015f istendi\u011fi zaman kavrama, presin d\u00f6nen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 hareketsiz konumdan tam h\u0131za ge\u00e7irmekte, frenlerde bu h\u0131zl\u0131 hareketi her vuru\u015fun sonunda dura\u011fan hale getirmektedir. Frenler ve kavramalar s\u00fcrekli bak\u0131m ve kontrole ihtiya\u00e7 g\u00f6sterirler. Kavrama hava bas\u0131nc\u0131yla s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeli y\u00fczeyleri birle\u015ftirirken, frenlerde yay kullan\u0131r. Yay kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, g\u00fc\u00e7 kesilmesi veya hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi halinde fonksiyonunu kaybetmemesi i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n
Eksantrik Di\u015fli Grubu:<\/p>\n
Kavrama milinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nme hareketini di\u015fliler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla krank miline aktar\u0131r. Krank milinin d\u00f6nmesi ile biyel kolu krank milinin eksantrik ka\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar do\u011frusal hareket yapar. Eksantrik di\u015flilerin konstr\u00fcksiyon yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re preste istenen h\u0131z elde edilir. Bu h\u0131z ayar\u0131 pres imalat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, presin kullan\u0131lma amac\u0131na g\u00f6re istenen slayt h\u0131z\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak ayarlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Biyel Kolu:<\/p>\n
Eksantrik mildeki d\u00f6nme hareketini, eksantrik milin eksen ka\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar do\u011frusal harekete \u00e7evirir.<\/p>\n
Slayt Ayar Vidas\u0131:<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fik y\u00fcksekliklerde kal\u0131p ba\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in slayt ile tabla aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi ayarlayan d\u00fczenektir.<\/p>\n
Presin do\u011frusal hareketi de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fi i\u00e7in biz slayt vidas\u0131 ile pres kafas\u0131n\u0131, kal\u0131p y\u00fcksekliklerine g\u00f6re a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 veya yukar\u0131 y\u00f6nde do\u011frusal hareket yapt\u0131rabiliriz. Biyel kolunun ucuna bir vida ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131 bir motor ile somun d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Vida sabit oldu\u011fundan somunun ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu hareketli kafa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve yukar\u0131 hareket ettirilebilir, b\u00f6ylece istenen kurs ayar\u0131 yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Tablalar:<\/p>\n
Hidrolik ve mekanik preslerde kal\u0131p ile pres yata\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tablalar, kal\u0131p ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 uygun d\u00fcz y\u00fczey sa\u011flarlar ve a\u015f\u0131nmalar\u0131 halinde tekrar ta\u015flanabilirler. Kal\u0131ptan yast\u0131\u011fa uzanan bas\u0131n\u00e7 pimlerinin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi bo\u015fluklar vard\u0131r. Tablalar kal\u0131plara destek vermesi ve esnemesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeterince kal\u0131n olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tablalar\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi, uzunlu\u011fu ve kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 her pres yata\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re standartt\u0131r. Bu standartla\u015fma ile presler aras\u0131 kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fimi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur. Baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck preslerde kal\u0131p de\u011fi\u015fimini h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in hareketli tablalar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Denge Silindiri:<\/p>\n
Slayda ba\u011flanan \u00fcst kal\u0131b\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 her kal\u0131p i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Slayd\u0131n volandan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve vuru\u015f esnas\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 enerjiyi \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00fc noktaya \u00e7\u0131karken bo\u015fa harcamamak i\u00e7in, de\u011fi\u015fen kal\u0131p a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 slayda hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla fazladan bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn de\u011feri her kal\u0131p i\u00e7in ayr\u0131d\u0131r ve bu da denge silindirlerinin bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek suretiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n slayt \u00fczerindeki etkisini ortadan kald\u0131rmam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
Denge silindirleri slayd\u0131n her iki yan\u0131ndaki kolonlar i\u00e7indedir. Hava ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Denge silindirleri kolonlar i\u00e7inde dik konuma sahiptir. \u00dcstten pres \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, alttan ise piston mili ile slayda ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Denge silindiri h\u0131zl\u0131 ve darbeli hareketler sonucu olu\u015fabilecek di\u015flilerin a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bo\u015fluk do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6revleri:<\/p>\n
-Slayda ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131b\u0131n ve slayd\u0131n hareketli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nde reaksiyon olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
-Daha \u00e7abuk durma sa\u011flayarak pres fren g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
-Ana yataklardaki bo\u015flu\u011fu al\u0131r ve kesme operasyonlardaki k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 darbeleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n
-Tahrik sistemindeki di\u015flilerin bo\u015flu\u011funu al\u0131r. <\/p>\n
-Slayt ayar vidas\u0131ndaki y\u00fck\u00fc azaltarak slayt ayar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Denge silindirlerine dengesiz bas\u0131n\u00e7 verilirse, kal\u0131p kolonlar\u0131nda s\u0131y\u0131rma olabilir, par\u00e7ada \u00e7e\u015fitli etkiler yapabilir, vuru\u015f tam olmaz (\u00d6rnek:Kesme kal\u0131b\u0131 tam kesmez veya \u00e7apakl\u0131 keser), pres k\u0131zaklar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131y\u0131rmalara sebep olabilir. Denge silindiri bas\u0131nc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferse pres stop eder. <\/p>\n
Bas\u0131nc\u0131n, kal\u0131p a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in bir kontrol vanas\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
Denge silindiri pres g\u00f6vdesine montelidir, silindir \u00e7ubu\u011fu (piston mili) slayda ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Silindirler genelde bo\u015flukta veya kolonlarda bulunurlar.<\/p>\n
Denge silindiri bas\u0131nc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu zaman pres tablas\u0131 devaml\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 salma yapar.<\/p>\n
Hava Yast\u0131klar\u0131:<\/p>\n
Pres alt tablas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bulunurlar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck preslerde tek yast\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fck preslerde \u00e7ift yast\u0131k vard\u0131r. Preslerde pot \u00e7emberi g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rerek par\u00e7an\u0131n d\u00fcz ve \u00e7evresel olarak e\u015fit kuvvetle tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Hava yast\u0131klar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya kesilmi\u015f par\u00e7ay\u0131 kal\u0131ptan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revi de yapar.<\/p>\n
Hava yast\u0131klar\u0131, bir hava pistonu ve silindirden ibarettir. Verdi\u011fimiz hava miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re, kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nde bir kuvvet olu\u015fturur. Yukar\u0131dan gelen kuvvetlerle de tahliyeden havay\u0131 atarak pistonun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 hareket etmesini sa\u011flar. Hava yast\u0131klar\u0131 derin \u00e7ekme ve \u00fct\u00fcleme kal\u0131plar\u0131nda par\u00e7ay\u0131 tutarak gerdirmede kesme kal\u0131plar\u0131nda par\u00e7a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revi yapar. Yast\u0131klara fazla bas\u0131n\u00e7 verilirse par\u00e7a y\u0131rtma yapar, az bas\u0131n\u00e7 verildi\u011finde de pot yapar.<\/p>\n
Yast\u0131k ayalar\u0131 kal\u0131p pim boylar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r. Az say\u0131da pim kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131plarda yast\u0131k bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir. Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 verdi\u011fimizde kal\u0131b\u0131n dengeleme pimi yok ise pimler s\u0131y\u0131rmaya maruz kal\u0131rlar ve kas\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in pim boyunda k\u0131salma yapar. Pim kal\u0131p tablas\u0131nda \u015fi\u015fmeden dolay\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131r, sonu\u00e7ta kal\u0131p zarar g\u00f6rebilir.<\/p>\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Y\u00fck Sistemi:<\/p>\n
Biyel kolunun hareketli kafaya ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde vuru\u015f ayar\u0131n\u0131 dengeleyen bir silindirden ibarettir. Bu silindirin i\u00e7erisinde bir hava pompas\u0131 ile ya\u011f bas\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ya\u011f\u0131n bas\u0131nc\u0131, presin maksimum bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011ferinde olur. Prese herhangi bir sebeple max. bas\u0131nc\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir vuru\u015f verilirse, pres a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcke girer, kavrama devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kal\u0131r. Silindirdeki ya\u011f bo\u015falt\u0131larak tahliye edilir. Bu da presin s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler (silindire belli bir bas\u0131n\u00e7ta ya\u011f g\u00f6nderdi\u011fimiz zaman, silindirin kursu kadar biyel kolu yukar\u0131ya kalkar, bu de\u011fer 10-15 mm kadard\u0131r. Pres a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcke ge\u00e7ince ya\u011f bo\u015fal\u0131r ve presteki bu 10-15 mm mesafe kadar bo\u015fluk meydana gelerek pres s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenir.)<\/p>\n
Pres s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa, kolonlardaki saplamalar rezistans ile \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p uzat\u0131l\u0131r ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmaya neden olan \u00f6n y\u00fck kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Pres geri kademeye al\u0131narak s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmadan kurtar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
[e]Pres D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler:<\/p>\n
Preste bas\u0131lan par\u00e7an\u0131n \u00fcst kal\u0131ptan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar, kesme kal\u0131plar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu kal\u0131plar \u00fcst s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131c\u0131da yay olmayan kal\u0131plard\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc sistemi olan kal\u0131plarda genelde kal\u0131p \u00fcst\u00fcndeki itici pimlerine g\u00f6re pres d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ayaklar\u0131 ayarlan\u0131r. Kal\u0131ba zarar vermemek ve pres d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n zorlanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ayar hatas\u0131 yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereklidir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mesafe az verilirse par\u00e7a kal\u0131ptan d\u00fc\u015fmez.<\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mesafesi fazla verilirse:<\/p>\n
-Kal\u0131p i\u00e7 g\u00f6be\u011fini tutan pimler (saplamalar) k\u0131r\u0131labilir,<\/p>\n
-Pres d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc c\u0131vatalar\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131na, e\u011filmesine sebep olabilir, <\/p>\n
-Kal\u0131p itici pimlerin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olabilir.<\/p>\n
Par\u00e7a Al\u0131c\u0131 Aparatlar:<\/p>\n
Kesme kal\u0131plar\u0131nda kesilen (veya delinen) par\u00e7an\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan aparatlar her kal\u0131p y\u00fcksekli\u011fine g\u00f6re ayarlan\u0131r. Pres ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00e7ubu\u011fu, aparat\u0131n gidip-geldi\u011fi u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlan\u0131r. Aparat\u0131n hareketli ucu aparat kolunun kenar\u0131na de\u011fmeyecek \u015fekilde getirilir ve al\u0131c\u0131 tepsi ba\u011flant\u0131 kolu tak\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 tepsi ba\u011flant\u0131 kolu, kal\u0131p ve slayt y\u00fcksekli\u011fine (di\u015fi ve erkek kal\u0131p aras\u0131ndaki mesafeye g\u00f6re) ayarlanarak s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Tepsinin di\u015fi ve erkek kal\u0131ba \u00e7arpmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
2-H\u0130DROL\u0130K PRESLER:<\/p>\n
Hidrolik presler ya\u011f bas\u0131nc\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan preslerdir. Mekanik preslerde oldu\u011fu gibi tek tesirli, \u00e7ift tesirli olabilirler. Veya g\u00f6vde yap\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6vdeli veya kapal\u0131 g\u00f6vdeli (d\u00fcz kenarl\u0131) olabilirler. <\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Sistemi:<\/p>\n
Elektrik motorundaki elektrik enerjisi ile ya\u011f basmaya yarayan pompalar d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclerek sisteme bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 ya\u011f bas\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bas\u0131lan ya\u011f \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6n denetim valfleri ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 ayar reg\u00fclat\u00f6rleri ile denetlenerek silindirlere etki ettirilir ve silindirler ileri geri (do\u011frusal) hareket ederler ve mekanik enerji meydana gelmi\u015f olur. Silindirlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olan slayt (hareketli kafa) a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 hareket eder.<\/p>\n
Silindirlere g\u00f6nderilen ya\u011f miktar\u0131 ve bas\u0131nc\u0131 kontrol edilebildi\u011fi i\u00e7in presin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 h\u0131zlar\u0131 ve tonaj\u0131 istenen de\u011ferlerde ayarlanabilir. Bu \u00f6zelliklerden dolay\u0131 \u00f6zellikle derin \u00e7ekme kal\u0131plar\u0131nda hidrolik presler tercih edilir. \u00c7ift tesirli preslerde iki tane slayt hareketi vard\u0131r. D\u0131\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan slayda pot \u00e7emberi, i\u00e7te \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan slayda ise i\u00e7 bask\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Derin \u00e7ekme kal\u0131b\u0131 prese ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman \u00f6nce pot \u00e7emberi sa\u00e7a basar ve bas\u0131nc\u0131 kilitler. Daha sonra i\u00e7 bask\u0131 devreye girer ve sa\u00e7a basarak derin \u00e7ekme i\u015flemini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Daha sonra i\u00e7 bask\u0131 ayarlanan bas\u0131n\u00e7 de\u011ferine ula\u015f\u0131nca d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131 bo\u015fal\u0131r ve i\u00e7 bask\u0131 yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru kalkmaya ba\u015flar ve d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131y\u0131 da yukar\u0131ya kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bas\u0131lan par\u00e7an\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re pot \u00e7emberinin d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fesindeki bask\u0131 kuvvetini ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayarlama imkan\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu preslerde iki tip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma pozisyonu vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1-Kademeli (el ile)<\/p>\n
2-pedal konumu (otomatik)<\/p>\n
1-Kademeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 butonlar\u0131na bast\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcrece pres a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 hareket eder.<\/p>\n
2-Pedal konumunda ise d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 tutup kilitleyene kadar pedala basar\u0131z ve daha sonra pedaldan elimizi \u00e7eksek bile pres otomatik olarak derin \u00e7ekme i\u015flemini yapar ve \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00fc noktaya kalkar.
\n Hidrolik preslerde istenen strok aral\u0131klar\u0131nda istenen h\u0131zlarda hareket etme imkan\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEK: Pres yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya h\u0131zl\u0131, saca basmas\u0131na \u00e7ok az bir miktar kal\u0131nca yava\u015f inebilir. Bu hareket tarz\u0131 \u00f6zellikle derin \u00e7ekme sa\u00e7 par\u00e7alar\u0131n bas\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Ayn\u0131 hareketi yukar\u0131 kalkarken de yapabilir.<\/p>\n
Hidrolik preslerde maksimum tonaj par\u00e7a basma an\u0131nda elde edilir. \u0130stenen bas\u0131nca ula\u015f\u0131nca prosestat denilen bas\u0131n\u00e7 kontrol elemanlar\u0131, ventillerin pozisyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirerek presin geri d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
Hidrolik preslerde pres kursu silindir boylar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Tonaj ise silindir \u00e7aplar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ift tesirli hidrolik preslerde de slayt ayar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Slayt ayar\u0131, pot \u00e7emberi ile i\u00e7 bask\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki mesafeyi ayarlamada kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Presin t\u00fcm hareketi mikroswitch, prosestat vb. kontrol elemanlar\u0131 ile kontrol edilir.<\/p>\n
Hidrolik- Mekanik Presleri Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
1-Hidrolik preste vuru\u015f boyunca kuvvet sabittir, mekanik preste ise slayt pozisyonuna g\u00f6re kuvvet de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n
2-Hidrolik preste kurs y\u00fcksekli\u011fi kolayca ayarlan\u0131r ve kontrol alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Mekanik preste ise kurs y\u00fcksekli\u011fi krank ve eksantrik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3-Hidrolik presin h\u0131z\u0131 ayarlanabilir, mekanik presin h\u0131z\u0131 ise tahrik sistemiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve sabittir.<\/p>\n
4-Hidrolik pres a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcke giremez, \u00f6nceden ayarlanm\u0131\u015f bir kuvvete ula\u015f\u0131nca slayt hareketini sona erdirir. Mekanik pres ise a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcke girer ve koruyucu sistem yoksa prese ve kal\u0131ba zarar verebilir.<\/p>\n
5-Mekanik presler, devrini daha h\u0131zl\u0131 tamamlar ve seri \u00fcretime daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6-Enerji volanda depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan mekanik preste daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck motor kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Hidrolik presler, e\u015fde\u011fer bir mekanik prese oranla 2-2,5 kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc motor kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
7-Mekanik presin slayt h\u0131z\u0131, daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan y\u00fcksek darbe hareketi isteyen kesme ve delme i\u015flemlerine daha uygundur. Ayn\u0131 i\u015flemler hidrolik preslerde yap\u0131labilir ancak b\u0131\u00e7ak ve z\u0131mbalar\u0131n metali kesim esnas\u0131ndaki \u015foku hidrolik sisteme zarar verebilir.<\/p>\n
Mekanik presler harekete ge\u00e7tikten sonra slayt geri al\u0131namaz ve vuru\u015funu tamamlamak zorundad\u0131r. E\u011fer diren\u00e7 fazla gelirse a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da kalarak ya s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma olur ya da kal\u0131b\u0131 k\u0131rar (veya presi zay\u0131f bir noktadan k\u0131rabilir). Hidrolik sistemde bas\u0131n\u00e7, ayarl\u0131 bir valf ile ayarlanabilir. Sistem bas\u0131nc\u0131 sadece malzeme direncini ge\u00e7ecek seviyede tutulur. Malzeme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, cinsi, \u00e7ift basma ve yanl\u0131\u015f kal\u0131p ba\u011flamalarda sistem sadece valf de\u011feri kadar bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygular, \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Hidrolik presleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcke sokmak hemen hemen imkans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Presler, elektrik motorundan al\u0131nan d\u00f6nme hareketini mekanik enerjiye \u00e7eviren ve bu enerjiyi kullanan makinalard\u0131r… 1.MEKAN\u0130K PRESLER \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Sistemi Elektrik motoru ile elde edilen d\u00f6nme hareketi kay\u0131\u015flar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Volana aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun sebebi elektrik motorunun devir say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcksektir (900d\/dk). Preslerin dakikadaki vuru\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekiyor (20 vuru\u015f gibi). Bu y\u00fczden motorun devir say\u0131s\u0131 aktarma organlar\u0131nda …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6915,6917,6913,6914,6916],"class_list":["post-2839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-cift-etkili-presler","tag-duz-kenarli-presler","tag-preslerin-ayrintili-olarak-incelenmesi","tag-tek-etkili-presler","tag-uc-etkili-presler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2839","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2839"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2839\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2839"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2839"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2839"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}