MAGNET\u0130K KUVVET<\/p>\n
Y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n devinimlerinin etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ekme ya da itme kuvvetidir.Elektrik motorlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 magnetik kuvvetlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r, m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n demiri \u00e7ekmesi de magnetik kuvvetin sonucudur.Dura\u011fan elektrik y\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda elektriksel kuvvetler olu\u015fur; hareketli elektrik y\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda ise hem elektriksel, hemde magnetik kuvvetler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.Hareketli iki elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc aras\u0131nda etki g\u00f6steren magnetik kuvvet bunlardan birinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu magnetik alan\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerindeki etkisi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir.
\nBu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, hareketli ve elektriksel olarak y\u00fckl\u00fc iki par\u00e7ac\u0131ktan ikincisine etkiyen magnetik kuvvet (F), bu par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc (q2), h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (V2), birinci par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu magnetik alan\u0131n \u015fiddeti (B1) ve ikinci par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareket do\u011frultusu ile bu magnetik alan\u0131n do\u011frultusu aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sin\u00fcs\u00fc ile orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\u0130kinci par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketi alan do\u011frultusunda ise magnetik kuvvet s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r; hareket alan do\u011frultusuna dik ise kuvvet de en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferini al\u0131r.
\nHareketli y\u00fcke etkiyen magnetik kuvvet, bu y\u00fck\u00fcn h\u0131z vekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile y\u00fck \u00e7evresindeki magnetik alan vekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn belirledi\u011fi d\u00fczleme dik do\u011frultudad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
MAGNET\u0130KL\u0130K
\nM\u0131knat\u0131s ta\u015f\u0131 (Latince magnes) denizcilerin yeni d\u00fcnyalar ke\u015ffetmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu; ama denizciler \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 uzun y\u0131llar bilim adamlar\u0131ndan saklad\u0131lar.Bir m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u0131knat\u0131slardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6steren \u201ck\u0131r\u0131k m\u0131knat\u0131s\u201d ad\u0131 verilen deney 1269 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da, manyetikli\u011fin yap\u0131s\u0131 konusunda ilk belirtiler, 1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda Oersted\u2019\u0131n elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 bir i\u011fneyi sapt\u0131rma \u00f6zelli\u011fini g\u00f6zlemesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.Bu saptamadan sonra manyetikli\u011fin ak\u0131mlarla ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu, D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f ve G\u00f6kadam\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde manyetik alanlar\u0131n ak\u0131mlardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.Ne var ki, bir m\u0131knat\u0131sta bu ak\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir; \u015fu halde mikroskopik bir yap\u0131lar\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.
\n\u00d6nce bu ak\u0131mlar elektronlar\u0131n \u00e7ekirdek \u00e7evresinde, sonra kendi \u00e7evrelerinde d\u00f6nmesine (\u201cspin\u201d) ba\u011fland\u0131; ancak atomun bu gezegen bi\u00e7imindeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc daha sonra d\u00fczeltildi: par\u00e7ac\u0131klar da minik m\u0131knat\u0131slar gibi davran\u0131yordu.\u0130\u015fte bunlar\u0131n manyetik \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131d\u0131r ki, NMR (n\u00fckleer manyetik rezonans) ile g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekni\u011finde yararlan\u0131lan protonlar dokular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bize bilgi verir ve elektronlar G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019in veya \u00e7ok uzaklardaki pulsarlar\u0131n manyetik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7memizi sa\u011flar.
\nBizim \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fimizde bir malzemenin m\u0131knat\u0131slanmas\u0131, par\u00e7ac\u0131k d\u00fczeyindeki bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n bir d\u0131\u015f manyetik alan\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda (k\u0131smen) do\u011frusal dizilimiyle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.Ama ana bile\u015feni demir, kobalt veya nikel olan baz\u0131 ala\u015f\u0131mlar, en az\u0131ndan s\u0131cakl\u0131k belirli bir \u201ckritik\u201d de\u011feri a\u015fmad\u0131k\u00e7a kendili\u011finden m\u0131knat\u0131slanma \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterir.Olay\u0131n kesin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, kuvantum fizi\u011fine ve faz ge\u00e7i\u015fleri kuram\u0131na (hal de\u011fi\u015fimleri) dayan\u0131r.Kritik s\u0131cakl\u0131k dolay\u0131nda m\u0131knat\u0131slanmadaki \u00f6nemli dalgalanmalar gibi olaylar, tam olarak ancak 20 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce, yani yap\u0131lan ilk deneylerden 700 y\u0131l kadar sonra anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.Manyetik \u015feritlerden bilgisayar belleklerine ve ileti\u015fim sistemleri bile\u015fenlerinden so\u011futma tekniklerine kadar pratik uygulamalarsa bu kadar uzun zaman beklemedi. <\/p>\n
MANYET\u0130K ALAN<\/p>\n
Bir cismin m\u0131knat\u0131slanmas\u0131na bir\u00e7ok mekanizma katk\u0131da bulunur.Bir atoma manyetik bir alan uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ind\u00fcklenen elektrik alan\u0131 elektronlar\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcnge hareketlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirir.Bu olay alana ters bir m\u0131knat\u0131slanmayla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: buna diyamanyetiklik denir.Paramanyetiklik atomlar\u0131 \u00f6nceden bir manyetik momente sahip olan cisimlerde bulunur, bu cisimlerde manyetik momentin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7iftle\u015fmemi\u015f elektronlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.Alan bu momentleri kendi do\u011frultusuna sokmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131, ama ind\u00fcklenmi\u015f alan termik (\u0131s\u0131l) \u00e7alkalanma etkileri nedeniyle engellenir ve bu engellenme s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e, g\u00fc\u00e7lenir.S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu etkisinden yararlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: daha \u00f6nce iyi \u201cs\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f\u201d bir malzeme \u00fczerindeki alan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, manyetik enerji azalmas\u0131na s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi e\u015flik eder.Bu \u201c\u00e7ekirdek m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderme olay\u0131\u201d mutlak s\u0131f\u0131ra yakla\u015fma imkan\u0131 verir.
\nTamamen kuvantum kaynakl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir etki, bir do\u015f alan olmasa bile bir manyetik alan\u0131n olu\u015fturabilece\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.\u0130yonlarla (manyetik) serbest elektronlar bir arada bulunursa, bu ortamda elktronlar kom\u015fu iyonlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir e\u015fleme olu\u015fturur; bu e\u015flemenin enerjisi momentlerin nispi y\u00f6nelimine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.E\u015flemenin i\u015faretine g\u00f6re, tam bir s\u0131ralanma (ferromenyetiklik) veya alma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u0131ralanma i\u00e7in (antiferromenyetiklik) en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji elde edilir.\u0130ki t\u00fcr iyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan bir ara durum ferritlerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.S\u0131cakl\u0131k artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ferromanyetik bir cisimde m\u0131knat\u0131slanma azal\u0131r, hatta kritik bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta s\u0131f\u0131rlan\u0131r. Bu durumda d\u00fczenli bir faz\u0131n d\u00fczensiz bir faza kesiksiz ge\u00e7i\u015fi s\u00f6z konusudur.\u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden k\u0131z\u0131l dereceye kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan bir m\u0131knat\u0131s, \u00e7ekim \u00f6zelliklerini kaybeder; tam tersine, okyanus diplerinden \u00e7\u0131kan lavlar so\u011fudu\u011fu s\u0131rada ge\u00e7mi\u015fin manyetik alanlar\u0131n\u0131 belle\u011finde saklayarak m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131r.En eski \u201cizler\u201d 200 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine iner.Ni\u00e7in her t\u00fcr alandan yal\u0131t\u0131lan bir demir par\u00e7as\u0131 az m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131r?X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan bir inceleme, kendili\u011finden m\u0131knat\u0131slanman\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlarda, ama farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nelimler i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir; s\u00f6z konusu alanlar\u0131n ortalamas\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r de\u011ferinii verir.Alanlar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda momentlerin s\u0131ralanmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan enerji fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u0131knat\u0131s i\u00e7inde alan \u00e7izgilerinin hapsolmas\u0131 sonucunda dengelenir.Bir demir par\u00e7as\u0131na alan uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, alana paralel m\u0131knat\u0131slanma \u00f6nce tersinir, sonra tersinmez bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00fcy\u00fcr; bu olay \u00e7eperlerin kristal kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131ndan veya ba\u015fka alanlar\u0131n y\u00f6nelim dengesini bozmas\u0131ndan ileri gelir.Kuvvetli bir alanda hemen hemen genelle\u015fen s\u0131ralanma, m\u0131knat\u0131slanman\u0131n doygunlu\u011fa girmesine yol a\u00e7ar.B alan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011finde M m\u0131knat\u0131slanmas\u0131 bunu ancak belirli bir gecikmeyle izler ve bu bak\u0131mdan B\u2019nin belirli bir de\u011feri i\u00e7in M ayn\u0131 de\u011ferleri almaz.M\u0131knat\u0131slanman\u0131n alana g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fimini inceleyen bir diyagramda m\u0131knat\u0131slanma \u201chisterezis \u00e7evrimini\u201d olu\u015fturur; bu e\u011frinin alan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc \u0131s\u0131l kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini verir.<\/p>\n
MADDELER\u0130N BA\u011eIL MANYET\u0130K GE\u00c7\u0130RGENL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/p>\n
1-Ferromanyetik Madde: Ba\u011f\u0131l manyetik ge\u00e7irgenlikleri 1 den \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck olan maddelerdir.B\u00f6yle maddeler manyetik alana konursa m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131rlar ve b\u00f6lgedeki manyetik alan \u015fiddetini al\u0131rlar.Kobalt, nikel, demir gibi maddeler ferromanyetik maddedir.
\n2-Paramanyetik Madde: Ba\u011f\u0131l manyetik ge\u00e7irgenlikleri 1 den biraz b\u00fcy\u00fck olan maddelerdir.Bunlar manyetik alana konursa \u00e7ok az m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131rlar ve bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgede alan \u015fiddetini biraz artt\u0131r\u0131rlar.Al\u00fcminyum, manganez gibi maddeler paramanyetik maddedir.
\n3-Diyamanyetik Madde: Ba\u011f\u0131l manyetik ge\u00e7irgenlikleri 1 den biraz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan maddelerdir.Bunlar manyetik alana konulduklar\u0131nda alana z\u0131t y\u00f6nde ve zay\u0131f olarak m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131rlar.Bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki magnetik alan \u015fiddetini azalt\u0131rlar.Bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bizmut ve karbon gibi maddeler diyamanyetik maddelerdir.<\/p>\n
MIKNATISLANMANIN SIRLARI <\/p>\n
Demir ile \u00e7elik ferromanyetik malzemelerdir.Manyetik momentler bu malzemelerin i\u00e7inde raslant\u0131sal bir y\u00f6nelime g\u00f6re k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00f6lgeler halinde s\u0131ralan\u0131r.Bir d\u0131\u015f alan uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her b\u00f6lge momentini alanla ayn\u0131 s\u0131raya sokma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterir.B\u00f6lgelerin \u00e7eperleri az \u00e7ok tersinir bir \u015fekilde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir; bu olgu alma\u015f\u0131k menyetik alanlar\u0131n i\u00e7in her b\u00f6lgenin farkl\u0131 de\u011ferler ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir m\u0131knat\u0131slanma bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.Histerezis \u00e7evrimi de bu durumu temsil eder ve uygulanan alan g\u00f6re m\u0131knat\u0131slanman\u0131n de\u011f\u015fimlerini g\u00f6sterir.Dar \u00e7evrim \u201cyumu\u015fak\u201d bir malzemede g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Bir m\u0131knat\u0131s veya bilgisayar belle\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201csert\u201d malzeme (geni\u015f \u00e7evrim) kullan\u0131l\u0131r; bu malzemeler b\u00fcy\u00fck alan de\u011fi\u015fimleri halinde sabit m\u0131knat\u0131slanma g\u00f6sterir. Ferromanyetik maddeler alan \u00e7izgilerini belirli bir y\u00f6ne sevk etme e\u011filimdedir.Bu olay elektrom\u0131knat\u0131slarda veya teyp okuyucu (veya kaydedici) kafalarda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00c7ekirdek aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki (devrenin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131) ak\u0131m \u015fiddetiyle devreyi \u00e7evreleyen bobin i\u00e7indeki ak\u0131m \u015fiddeti do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7ekirdek aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7en manyetik band\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131m\u0131n \u015fiddeti de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek az \u00e7ok y\u00f6nlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur.<\/p>\n
AKIMLAR VE MANYET\u0130K ALANLAR<\/p>\n
Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 manyetik alan, demir tozuyla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir; demir tozu m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131r ve alana do\u011fru y\u00f6nlenir.Benzer \u015fekilde, pusulan\u0131n i\u011fnesi D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011finin s\u0131v\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda dola\u015fan ak\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu D\u00fcnya alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00f6nlenir. Hall sondas\u0131 veya SQU\u0130D\u2019ler gibi daha modern alg\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131lar \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir duyarl\u0131kla \u00f6l\u00e7er.Nitekim, \u201cmanyetokardiyografi\u201d tekni\u011fiyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen insan kalbinin manyetik alan\u0131 10 \u00fczeri eksi (-) 10 teslad\u0131r, yani D\u00fcnya alan\u0131n\u0131n (10 \u00fczeri eksi (-) 4 tesla), milyonda biridir.<\/p>\n
ELEKTR\u0130K AKIMININ MAGNET\u0130K ALANI<\/p>\n
\u0130\u00e7inden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7en bir telin yak\u0131n\u0131na getirilen bir pusula sapar.Pusula i\u011fnesi bir m\u0131knat\u0131s oldu\u011fundan daima \u00e7evresindeki magnetik alanla ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda durur.Ak\u0131m ta\u015f\u0131yan telin yak\u0131n\u0131nda pusulan\u0131n yeni bir do\u011frultuya y\u00f6nelmesi, orada yerin magnetik alan\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir magnetik alan\u0131n bulundu\u011funu ve pusulan\u0131n bu iki magnetik alan\u0131n bile\u015fkesi do\u011frultusuna geldi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.
\nAk\u0131m, hareket eden y\u00fckler oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, bu deneyden, hareket eden y\u00fcklerin magnetik alan meyadana getirdi\u011fini anlar\u0131z.
\nAsl\u0131nda, ak\u0131m magnetik alan meydana getirdi\u011fi gibi, de\u011fi\u015fen bir magnetik alan da ak\u0131m meydana getirir.Magnetik alan\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu ak\u0131ma ind\u00fcksiyon ak\u0131m\u0131 denir.
\nMagnetik alan bir vekt\u00f6r oldu\u011fundan her vekt\u00f6r gibi onunda y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u015fiddeti ve birimi vard\u0131r.Magnetik alan\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc ve \u015fiddeti, tel, halka ve bobin (solenoid) i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 incelenecektir.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcz Bir Telden Ge\u00e7en Ak\u0131m\u0131n Y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc Bulmak \u0130\u00e7in;
\n1-Sa\u011f elinizin ba\u015fparma\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131m y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde teli avucunuzun i\u00e7ine al\u0131n\u0131z.
\n2-Di\u011fer parmaklar\u0131 90\u2019 b\u00fckerek, alan\u0131 sorulan noktan\u0131n \u00fczerine koydu\u011funuz takdirde
\nparmaklar alan y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n
YER\u0130N MANYET\u0130K ALANI<\/p>\n
Herhangi bir yerde ortas\u0131ndan iple as\u0131lan m\u0131knat\u0131s i\u011fnesinin belli bir do\u011frultuyu almas\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131s i\u011fnesine bir manyetik alan\u0131n etkidi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.Bu alan Yer\u2019in manyetik alan\u0131d\u0131r.Yer\u2019in manyetik alan\u0131, Yer\u2019in d\u00f6nme ekseniyle yakla\u015f\u0131k 15\u2019 lik a\u00e7\u0131 yapacak \u015fekilde konmu\u015f \u00e7ubuk m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131 gibidir.
\nBu nedenle bir pusula i\u011fnesi Yer \u00fczerinde pek \u00e7ok yerde co\u011frafi kuzey kutbu g\u00f6stermez.
\nYatay bir pusula i\u011fnesi ile co\u011frafi kuzey g\u00fcney do\u011frultusu aras\u0131nda bir a\u00e7\u0131 vard\u0131r.Bu a\u00e7\u0131ya sapma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 denir.
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131 her ne kadar i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f dev bir m\u0131knat\u0131s ile temsil edilebilir gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyin ger\u00e7ek olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.
\nD\u00fcnya\u2019m\u0131z \u00e7ekirdek k\u0131sm\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck demir rezervlerine sahiptir.Fakat \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar kal\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Yer\u2019in manyetik alan\u0131n\u0131n varolu\u015f nedenini tutarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir teori yoktur.D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki iletken s\u0131v\u0131 tabakalarda olu\u015fan dairesel ak\u0131mlardan, D\u00fcnya manyetik alan\u0131n\u0131n kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.
\nYatay ve d\u00fc\u015fey eksen etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6nebilen m\u0131knat\u0131s orta noktas\u0131ndan as\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda e\u011filir. Bu e\u011filme kusey yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede kuseyi g\u00f6steren manyetik N kutbu, g\u00fcney yar\u0131m k\u00fcrede ise g\u00fcneyi g\u00f6steren manyetik S kutbu yere yak\u0131n olacak \u015fekildedir.
\nM\u0131knat\u0131s i\u011fnesinin yatay d\u00fczlemde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ya e\u011filme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 denir.E\u011filme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri manyetik kutuplara do\u011fru gidildik\u00e7e artar ve kutuplarda 90\u2019 olur.<\/p>\n
MAGNET\u0130K KUTUP<\/p>\n
Bir m\u0131knat\u0131s \u00e7ubu\u011funun her iki ucunda yer alan d\u0131\u015f magnetik alan\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr.Yer\u2019in magnetik alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine serbest\u00e7e yerle\u015ftirilen bir m\u0131knat\u0131s \u00e7ubu\u011fu, kuzey-g\u00fcney do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6nlenir.\u00c7ubu\u011fun kuzeye bakan ucuna kuzey magnetik kutbu, g\u00fcneye bakan ucuna ise g\u00fcney magnetik kutbu denir.\u0130ki m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n benzer kutuplar\u0131 birbirini iter, farkl\u0131 kutuplar\u0131 kutuplar\u0131 ise birbirini \u00e7eker.
\nUzun bir m\u0131knat\u0131s \u00e7ubu\u011funun her iki kutbu aras\u0131ndaki magnetik kuvvet, daha 1750\u2019de bir ters kare yasas\u0131yla tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00d6rne\u011fin, e\u011fer iki kutup aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131rsa, magnetik kuvvet bir \u00f6nceki de\u011ferinin d\u00f6rtte birine d\u00fc\u015fer.
\nM\u0131knat\u0131s \u00e7ubu\u011funun ikiye k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla kuzey ve g\u00fcney kutuplar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz. Her iki yar\u0131m par\u00e7a da kendi kuzey ve g\u00fcney kutuplar\u0131na sahip olur.Elektron ve proton gibi ger\u00e7ek kesikli (ayr\u0131k) elektrik y\u00fcklerinin neden oldu\u011fu elektrik kuvvetlerinin tersine, magnetik kuvvetleri, ancak elektron mikroskopu alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek boyutlardaki \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck magnetik kutuplara kadar izleyebilmek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Asl\u0131nda, magnetik kuvvetler detemel olarak hareket halindeki y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131naras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
MAGENT\u0130K KUTUPLARIN YER DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130RMES\u0130 <\/p>\n
Yer\u2019in magnetik kutuplar\u0131n\u0131n konumunun jeolojik \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca de\u011fi\u015fmesidir.\u00c7o\u011fu kaya\u00e7taki m\u0131knat\u0131slanma do\u011frultusunun, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc jeomagnetik alan do\u011frultusunda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.Bu \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik etmenlere ba\u011flan\u0131yordu, ama 1950\u2019lerde elde edilen paleomagnetik veriler, magnetik kutuplar\u0131n Yer y\u00fczeyinde sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, 20 milyon y\u0131ldan daha gen\u00e7 kaya\u00e7lardaki kutuplanma do\u011frultular\u0131n\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kutup konumlar\u0131yla uyum i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ama 30 milyon y\u0131l geriye gidildi\u011finde, m\u0131knat\u0131slanman\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc jeomagnetik alan do\u011frultular\u0131ndan belirgin bi\u00e7imde farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
\nE\u011fer k\u0131talar\u0131n konumu sabit kalm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren kutuplar\u0131n izledi\u011fi yolun, yerk\u00fcrenin her taraf\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekirdi.Ne var ki farkl\u0131 k\u0131talarda yer de\u011fi\u015ftirme e\u011frilerinin de farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131, k\u0131talar\u0131n kaym\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir.Kutup konum e\u011frilerinin giderek bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kutup konumuna yakla\u015fmas\u0131, k\u0131ta bloklar\u0131n\u0131n jeolojik \u00e7a\u011flar i\u00e7inde birbirlerine g\u00f6re hareket ederek bug\u00fcnk\u00fc konumlar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
MAGNET\u0130K KUVVET Y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n devinimlerinin etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7ekme ya da itme kuvvetidir.Elektrik motorlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 magnetik kuvvetlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r, m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n demiri \u00e7ekmesi de magnetik kuvvetin sonucudur.Dura\u011fan elektrik y\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda elektriksel kuvvetler olu\u015fur; hareketli elektrik y\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda ise hem elektriksel, hemde magnetik kuvvetler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.Hareketli iki elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc aras\u0131nda etki g\u00f6steren magnetik kuvvet bunlardan birinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6944,6946,3130,2134,6945,4956,6942,6943,2138,6947],"class_list":["post-2863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-antiferromenyetiklik","tag-diyamanyetik-madde","tag-elektrik","tag-elektron","tag-ferromenyetiklik","tag-iyonlar","tag-magnetik-kuvvet","tag-miknatis-tasi","tag-proton","tag-solenoid"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2863"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2863\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}