MERKEZC\u0130L KUVVET VE HAREKET YASALARI<\/p>\n
Bir k\u00fctle, dairesel bir y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u00fcst\u00fcnde hareket etti\u011finde, merkezka\u00e7 ve merkezcil kuvvetler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir ipin ucuna ba\u011flanan ta\u015f, bir eksen \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye te\u011fet do\u011frultuda f\u0131rlay\u0131p ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7maya zorlayan bu kuvvete, merkez ka\u00e7 ad\u0131 verilir. Ta\u015f\u0131n merkezka\u00e7 kuvvet etkisinde kal\u0131p uzakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen ve onu y\u00f6r\u00fcngede tutan kuvvetse, merkezcil kuvvet diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Merkezka\u00e7 ve merkezcil kuvvetlerin \u015fiddetleri ayn\u0131, y\u00f6nleri terstir ve her zaman ikisi birlikte bulunur.
\n 1687\u2019de Sir \u0130saac NEWTON \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcnl\u00fc hareket yasas\u0131 yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci yasada, bir kuvvet etki etmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece her taneci\u011fin, ya belirli bir konumda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yada d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir h\u0131zla hareket etti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. H\u0131z, do\u011frultu belirtilmeksizin, yolun zamana g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fimi diye tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Oysa y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f h\u0131z, belirli bir y\u00f6ndeki h\u0131zd\u0131r. Ta\u015f, de\u011fi\u015fmez bir h\u0131zla d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir hareket yapmaktad\u0131r. Ama, hareketin do\u011frultusu her an de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finden, y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 da her an de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Newton\u2019un birinci hareket yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re, ta\u015f\u0131n etkilendi\u011fi merkezcil kuvvet, h\u0131z\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130vme, zamana g\u00f6re h\u0131z\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi diye tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ta\u015f\u0131n ivmeli bir hareket yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bu ivme, dairesel y\u00f6r\u00fcnge boyunca de\u011fildir; y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye dik, yani d\u00f6nme eksenine do\u011frudur. De\u011feriyse, y\u00f6r\u00fcnge h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n karesinin, y\u00f6r\u00fcngenin yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131yla b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne e\u015fittir.
\n Newton\u2019un ikinci hareket yasas\u0131na g\u00f6re; bir cisme etki eden kuvvet, o cismin k\u00fctlesi ile kuvvetin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ivmenin \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na e\u015fittir. Burada ivmenin y\u00f6n\u00fc, kuvvetin y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ta\u015f\u0131 etkileyen merkezcil kuvvet, ta\u015f\u0131n k\u00fctlesi ile merkeze do\u011fru olan ivmenin \u00e7arp\u0131na e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
MERKEZC\u0130L KUVVETT\u0130N KULLANILDI\u011eI \u00d6RNEKLER<\/p>\n
REG\u00dcLAT\u00d6R, MERKEZKA\u00c7<\/p>\n
Merkezka\u00e7 reg\u00fclat\u00f6r, dizel motoru (gemilerde kullan\u0131lanlar) ya da buhar t\u00fcrbini (elektrik alt\u00f6rnat\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00f6nd\u00fcrenler) gibi birincil i\u015f makinalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen bir otomatik d\u00fczenleme sistemidir.<\/p>\n
Geri besleme:buhar g\u00fcc\u00fcyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan makinalar\u0131n ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, h\u0131z\u0131 denetleyen reg\u00fclat\u00f6rler d\u00f6ner toplu ayg\u0131tlard\u0131. D\u00f6ner toplu reg\u00fclat\u00f6rler, \u00fcstlerindeki kolun merkezka\u00e7 kuvvetler sonucu bir yaya kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmesiyle, motor h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7erlerdi. Bu yal\u0131n reg\u00fclat\u00f6rler, geri besleme yoluyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131; yani sistem,denetim alt\u0131ndaki niceli\u011fin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesiyle elde edilen verilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla , s\u00fcrekli olarak ayarlan\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130stenen h\u0131z\u0131n elde edilmesi i\u00e7in yay, \u00f6nceden belli bir miktar gerilirdi. B\u00f6ylece, makinan\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7te \u00f6nceden bilinemeyecek bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik sonucu h\u0131zda bir sapma oldu\u011funda , gelen buhar ayarlanarak, makinan\u0131n gerekli h\u0131za geri d\u00f6nmesi sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Dalgalanma: 1868\u2019de James Clerk Maxwell, h\u0131zdaki istenmeyen oynaman\u0131n matematiksel a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde karars\u0131zl\u0131k ya da dalgalanma denen bu hareket, reg\u00fclat\u00f6r h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak dalgalanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile, mekanik toplu reg\u00fclat\u00f6r yerine, elektrikli tako-jenerat\u00f6r kullanma olana\u011f\u0131 Maxwell\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, klasik otomatik denetim kuram\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini ve bu reg\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin d\u00fczensiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.
\n K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, toplu reg\u00fclat\u00f6r\u00fcn kol yay\u0131n\u0131, do\u011frudan h\u0131zla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, h\u0131z\u0131n karesiyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak hareket ettirdi\u011fi (merkezka\u00e7 kuvvetinin do\u011fmas\u0131 nedeniyle) ve bu sistemin duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istenen h\u0131zla k\u0131sa birlikte de\u011fi\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Sistem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zlarda \u00e7ok hantal, y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlardaysa dalgal\u0131 olabilmektedir. Ne var ki, demiryolu ve karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan motorlar gibi birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, istenen h\u0131z\u0131n ya hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemesi ya da \u00e7ok az de\u011fi\u015fmesi nedeniyle, bu \u00f6zellik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maz. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile, mekanik toplu reg\u00fclat\u00f6r yerine, elektrikli tako-jenerat\u00f6r kullanma olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir\u00e7ok modern reg\u00fclat\u00f6rde hala merkezka\u00e7 kuvvetten yararlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcke duyarl\u0131l\u0131k: yal\u0131n reg\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin gecikme ad\u0131 verilen bir kusurlar\u0131 daha vard\u0131r. Motora bindirilen y\u00fck\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fmesi durumunda, istenen h\u0131zda ge\u00e7ici yada kal\u0131c\u0131 bir gecikme ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Gecikme g\u00f6stermeyen reg\u00fclat\u00f6re e\u015fzamanl\u0131 denir. Bu konun \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu alanlardan biri, elektrik \u00fcretimidir. Elektrik \u00fcretiminde gecikmeler, alternatif ak\u0131m frekans\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan etkiler. Bu sistemlerde kullan\u0131lan reg\u00fclat\u00f6rler, y\u00fcke duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131tla, motorun h\u0131z\u0131 kadar , \u00fcst\u00fcndeki y\u00fck de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek, geri beslenir. Y\u00fck\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi, hareket ettirilen y\u00fck ile motor aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurularak ya da makine i\u00e7indeki elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerek yap\u0131labilir. Do\u011fal olarak bu, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck b,r karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve daha zor bir planlama sorunu yarat\u0131r.
\n Y\u00fcke duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, y\u00fckteki bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik, belirli bir s\u00fcre alan bir gecikme art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Denetim sistemi, ancak gecikmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fczeltme i\u015flemine ba\u015flaya bildi\u011finden, reg\u00fclat\u00f6rde ge\u00e7ici bir gecikmenin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Y\u00fckteki de\u011fi\u015fiklikten sonraki ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda da , h\u0131zda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir hata kalabilir. Buna kal\u0131c\u0131 gecikme denir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 gecikme, y\u00fcke duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131t kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nlenebilir. Bu ama\u00e7la, hem h\u0131zdaki gecikmeye, hem e gecikmenin de\u011fi\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tepki g\u00f6steren bir reg\u00fclat\u00f6r kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Y\u00fcke duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131t kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda reg\u00fclat\u00f6r, y\u00fckteki de\u011fi\u015fmeyse hemen tepki g\u00f6sterebilir, yani gecikmenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemez. Dikkatli bir planlamayla, ge\u00e7ici gecikme \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131labilir ve b\u00f6ylece kal\u0131c\u0131 gecikme ortadan kalkar.<\/p>\n
MERKEZC\u0130L KUVVETT\u0130N KULLANILDI\u011eI BA\u015eKA \u00d6RNEKLER:<\/p>\n
Merkezcil kuvvet baz\u0131 debriyaj t\u00fcrlerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Merkezcil kuvvetten baz\u0131 kimyasal bile\u015fenlerin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131nda da yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Uzayda gezegenler ve uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131, k\u00fctle \u00e7ekim k\u00fctle \u00e7ekim kuvvetleri etkisiyle elips ya da daire bi\u00e7imli harekete zorlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
MERKEZC\u0130L KUVVET VE HAREKET YASALARI Bir k\u00fctle, dairesel bir y\u00f6r\u00fcnge \u00fcst\u00fcnde hareket etti\u011finde, merkezka\u00e7 ve merkezcil kuvvetler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir ipin ucuna ba\u011flanan ta\u015f, bir eksen \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye te\u011fet do\u011frultuda f\u0131rlay\u0131p ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak y\u00f6r\u00fcnge d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7maya zorlayan bu kuvvete, merkez ka\u00e7 ad\u0131 verilir. Ta\u015f\u0131n merkezka\u00e7 kuvvet etkisinde kal\u0131p uzakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyen ve …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6972,3130,2753,6973,6971,2160,6974,2879],"class_list":["post-2875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-eksen","tag-elektrik","tag-ivme","tag-james-clerk-maxwell","tag-merkezcil-kuvvet","tag-newton","tag-regulator","tag-yorunge"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2875"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2875\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}