ISI VE SICAKLIK
\n Bir buz kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi yere koydu\u011fumuzda eridi\u011fi, yaz\u0131n elektrik tellerinin sarkt\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeterince \u0131s\u0131 alan suyun kaynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise baz\u0131 yerlerde sular\u0131n dondu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yani k\u0131saca \u0131s\u0131 baz\u0131 kimyasal ve fiziksel olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine neden olur. Is\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen kavramlard\u0131r.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131k
\n Bir maddenin belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re, so\u011fuklu\u011funu veya \u0131l\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren nicelik, s\u0131cakl\u0131k olarak bilinir.
\n Bir maddedeki her molek\u00fcl\u00fcn kinetik enerjisi farkl\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjilerinin toplam\u0131, toplam molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcrse, ortalama kinetik enerjisi bulunur. Bu ortalama kinetik enerji s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu de\u011ferin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu madde daha s\u0131cak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck demektir.
\n Bir maddenin ortalama kinetik enerjisi ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe s\u0131cakl\u0131k denir. Bir maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiyorsa, \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 veriyor ya da \u00e7evresinden \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131yordur.
\n Is\u0131
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan maddeler bir araya konuldu\u011funda aralar\u0131nda enerji al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olur. Al\u0131nan ya da verilen enerji \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi denir.
\n \u2022 Is\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerdir.
\n \u2022 Is\u0131 enerji \u00e7e\u015fididir,s\u0131cakl\u0131k enerji de\u011fildir.
\n \u2022 Is\u0131 kalorimetre ile,s\u0131cakl\u0131k ise termometre ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n \u2022 Is\u0131 birimi calori veya Joule’d\u00fcr S\u0131cakl\u0131k birimi ise sadece Derece’dir.
\n \u2022 Is\u0131 madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.S\u0131cakl\u0131k ise madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi (Termometreler)
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lara termometre denir. Maddelerin boyutlar\u0131nda meydana gelen de\u011fi\u015fim, s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki de\u011fi\u015fim olarak kabul edilebilir. Termometreler bu esasa g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015flerdir.
\n Termometrelerde 76 cm-Hg bas\u0131nc\u0131nda sabit iki s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri se\u00e7ilir. Birisi suyun donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011feri ise suyun kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131k T ile sembolize edilir.
\n Celcius (Santigrad \u00b0C) termometrelerinde, suyun donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 0 \u00b0C , kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 100 \u00b0C al\u0131narak, 100 e\u015fit b\u00f6lme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Kelvin suyun donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 273 \u00b0K, kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise 373 \u00b0K alarak 100 e\u015fit b\u00f6lme yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Herhangi bir X termometresinde ise, suyun donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2013 10 \u00b0X, kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise 70 \u00b0X al\u0131narak, 80 e\u015fit b\u00f6lme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Termometrelerdeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferlerini birbirine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in,<\/p>\n
e\u015fitlikleri kullan\u0131labilir.
\n Buradan \u00e7\u0131kan sonuca g\u00f6re, Celcius termometresindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri 1 b\u00f6lme y\u00fckselirse, Fahrenhait\u2019te; 1,8 b\u00f6lme, Kelvin\u2019de 1 b\u00f6lme; X termometresinde ise; 0,8 b\u00f6lme y\u00fckselir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 10 \u00b0C iken, Fahrenhait termometresi
\n F = 18 + 32 = 50 \u00b0F de\u011ferini g\u00f6sterir.
\n Termometrenin Duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden etkilenen termometrelerin duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha fazlad\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in termometrenin haznesinde daha fazla s\u0131v\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kla daha \u00e7ok genle\u015fen s\u0131v\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. C\u0131van\u0131n tercih edilmesi bundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131lcal boru dar olmal\u0131 ki genle\u015fen s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n hareketi rahat g\u00f6zlenebilsin.
\n Yer\u00e7ekim kuvvetinin s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011fu bir yerde termometre \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc genle\u015fme yer\u00e7ekimine ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.
\n Is\u0131 Enerjisi
\n Maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken enerji \u00e7e\u015fidine \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi denir. Q ile g\u00f6sterilir. Is\u0131 bir enerji \u00e7e\u015fidi oldu\u011fundan enerji birimleri \u0131s\u0131 birimleri olarak al\u0131nabilir. Uluslararas\u0131 birim (SI) sistemine g\u00f6re enerji birimi Joule (Jul)d\u00fcr.
\n 1 cal = 4,18 Joule d\u00fcr.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131k De\u011fi\u015fimi
\n Elimizle bir maddeye dokundu\u011fumuzda s\u0131cakl\u0131k hissediyorsak madde elimize \u0131s\u0131 veriyordur. Dokundu\u011fumuzda so\u011fukluk hissediyorsak elimiz maddeye \u0131s\u0131 veriyordur.
\n Buna g\u00f6re, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olan iki madde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da birbirine de\u011fecek \u015fekilde yan yana konuldu\u011funda aralar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olur. S\u0131cak olan madde \u0131s\u0131 verip s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131rken, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan madde \u0131s\u0131 alarak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar ve sonu\u00e7ta \u0131s\u0131l denge sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\n Is\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 her zaman s\u0131cak maddelerden so\u011fuk maddelere do\u011fru olur. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fit olan maddelerde \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olmaz.
\n \u00d6z \u0131s\u0131
\n Yaln\u0131z s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimine bak\u0131larak bir maddenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da verdi\u011fi \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131 bulunamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi maddenin cinsine ve miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir maddenin cinsinin \u0131s\u0131nmaya etkisi \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131 olarak ifade edilir. Bir maddenin birim k\u00fctlesinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1 \u00b0C de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in gerekli \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131na \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131 denir. c ile g\u00f6sterilir.
\n Her saf maddenin ayn\u0131 \u015fartlardaki \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. Ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikler madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.
\n Bir cismin m gram\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 DT kadar de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in verilmesi ya da al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131
\n Q=m.c.\uf044t
\n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile bulunur.
\n Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131ya g\u00f6re, e\u015fit k\u00fctleli maddelere e\u015fit miktar \u0131s\u0131 verildi\u011finde, \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fimi, \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olan\u0131nkine g\u00f6re daha fazla olur.
\n Is\u0131 S\u0131\u011fas\u0131
\n Bir maddenin k\u00fctlesi ile \u00f6z \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131m\u0131na (m.c) \u0131s\u0131 s\u0131\u011fas\u0131 denir. Is\u0131 s\u0131\u011fas\u0131 madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zellik de\u011fildir.
\n Is\u0131 Al\u0131\u015f Veri\u015fi
\n Is\u0131ca yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ortamda bir araya konulan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 maddeler aras\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi olur. Daha \u00f6ncede a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yaln\u0131z cisimler aras\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi var ise, al\u0131nan \u0131s\u0131 verilen \u0131s\u0131ya e\u015fittir. Is\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u0131cak cisimden so\u011fuk cisme do\u011fru olur.
\n Qal\u0131nan = Qverilen
\n m1 . c1 . \uf044T1 = m2 . c2 . \uf044T2
\n \u0130ki madde aras\u0131nda hal de\u011fi\u015fimi yok ise, yukar\u0131daki e\u015fitlik ge\u00e7erlidir. Is\u0131l denge sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda iki maddenin son s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesinlikle e\u015fit olur.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 T1 \u00b0C ve T2 \u00b0C olan ayn\u0131 cins s\u0131v\u0131dan e\u015fit k\u00fctleli kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131rsa, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n son s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n son s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kar\u0131\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir de\u011ferdir. T2 > T1 ise, T2 > Tson > T1 olur.
\n ER\u0130ME ve DONMA
\n Maddelerin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6re, kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halinde bulunduklar\u0131 biliniyor. Maddeler \u0131s\u0131 alarak ya da \u0131s\u0131 vererek bir halden di\u011fer bir hale ge\u00e7i\u015f yapabilirler. Maddelerin bir halden ba\u015fka bir hale ge\u00e7mesine hal de\u011fi\u015ftirme denir.
\n Maddelerin kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesine erime, s\u0131v\u0131 halden kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesine de donma denir.
\n E\u011fer bir maddeye \u0131s\u0131 verildi\u011fi halde s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmiyorsa madde hal de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor demektir. Madde hal de\u011fi\u015ftirirken s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez, verilen \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi maddenin molek\u00fcller aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 kopararak hal de\u011fi\u015ftirmesinde harcan\u0131r.
\n Hal de\u011fi\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda maddelerin hacminde de de\u011fi\u015fme olur.
\n Erime S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Sabit atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn kat\u0131 maddelerin kat\u0131 halden s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi sabit bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri vard\u0131r. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferine erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da erime s\u0131cakl\u0131k noktas\u0131 denir.
\n Sabit atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda her maddenin erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. \u00d6rne\u011fin deniz d\u00fczeyinde buzun erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 0 \u00b0C dir.
\n Erime Is\u0131s\u0131
\n Erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir kat\u0131n\u0131n 1 gram\u0131n\u0131n yine ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta s\u0131v\u0131 hale gelmesi i\u00e7in verilmesi gerekli \u0131s\u0131ya erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 denir. Erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 da ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir. K\u00fctlesi m olan, erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir kat\u0131y\u0131 eritmek i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131,
\n Q=m. Le
\n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile bulunur.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, buzun erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 Le = 80 cal\/g d\u0131r.
\n S\u0131v\u0131 bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131 vererek kat\u0131 haline ge\u00e7mesine donma denir. Sabit atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131 maddelerin kat\u0131 hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi sabit bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri vard\u0131r. Bu de\u011fere donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da donma s\u0131cakl\u0131k noktas\u0131 denir.
\n Erime ile donma birbirinin tersidir. Bundan dolay\u0131 bir maddenin erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na e\u015fittir. Erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 da donma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fittir. \u00d6rne\u011fin deniz d\u00fczeyinde 0 \u00b0C deki su donarken d\u0131\u015far\u0131 80 cal\/g l\u0131k \u0131s\u0131 verir.
\n \u2022 Madde hal de\u011fi\u015ftirirken s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\n \u2022 Bir maddenin erime s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ile donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fittir.
\n \u2022 Erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131,maddenin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerindendir.
\n Erime ve Donmaya Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler
\n Erime ve donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 normal \u015fartlarda sabittir. E\u011fer bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve maddenin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilirse, maddelerin erime ve donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n 1. Bas\u0131nc\u0131n Erime ve Donmaya Etkisi
\n Bas\u0131n\u00e7, birim y\u00fczeye etkiyen dik kuvvet oldu\u011fundan, maddenin molek\u00fcllerini bir arada tutarak da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde etki eder.
\n Erirken hacmi artan maddeler i\u00e7in, bas\u0131nc\u0131n artmas\u0131 erimeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in erime noktas\u0131 y\u00fckselir. Bas\u0131nc\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ise, erime noktas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.
\n Buz erirken hacmi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bas\u0131nc\u0131n artmas\u0131, hacmin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r. Buz i\u00e7in yani erirken hacmi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen maddeler i\u00e7in bas\u0131nc\u0131n azalmas\u0131 erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltir.
\n Deniz d\u00fczeyinde, normal bas\u0131n\u00e7ta 0 \u00b0C de eriyen buz, bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta da eriyebilir.
\n Y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131n zirvesindeki karlar\u0131n yaz mevsiminde de erimemesinin nedenlerinden birisi de a\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseklere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a azalmas\u0131 ve kar\u0131n erime noktas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesidir.
\n 2. Safs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Erime ve Donmaya Etkisi
\n Saf bir maddenin i\u00e7ine ba\u015fka bir madde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, maddenin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozulur. Saf olmayan bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, saf maddeye g\u00f6re erime ve donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir.
\n Arabalar\u0131n so\u011futucu suyunun i\u00e7ine antifriz denen maddenin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 suyun donma noktas\u0131n\u0131
\n \u2013 20 \u00b0C, \u2013 25 \u00b0C gibi s\u0131cakl\u0131klara indirmektedir.
\n K\u0131\u015f\u0131n hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 0 \u00b0C nin alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu durumlarda, yollardaki buzu eritmek i\u00e7in, tuz d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tuz, buzun erime noktas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr ve (\u2013) de\u011ferli s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda da buz eriyebilir.
\n KAYNAMA, BUHARLA\u015eMA ve S\u00dcBL\u0130MLE\u015eME
\n Buharla\u015fma
\n S\u0131v\u0131 bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131 olarak gaz haline ge\u00e7mesi olay\u0131na buharla\u015fma denir. Buharla\u015fma olay\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fczeyinde olur. Is\u0131 alan s\u0131v\u0131 molek\u00fcllerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fczeyinde,molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 \u00e7ekim kuvvetini ve s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczey gerilimini yenerek gaz faz\u0131na ge\u00e7er.
\n Buharla\u015fmaya bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve di\u011fer fiziksel \u015fartlar\u0131n etkisi \u00e7oktur.
\n \u2022 \u2022 Buharla\u015fma her s\u0131cakl\u0131kta olabilir.
\n \u2022 \u2022 Maddeler d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u0131s\u0131 alarak buharla\u015f\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla buharla\u015fman\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde serinleme olur.
\n \u2022 \u2022 S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 buharla\u015fmay\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u2022 A\u00e7\u0131k hava bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 buharla\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u2022 S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fczey alan\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a buharla\u015fma daha fazla olur.
\n \u2022 \u2022 R\u00fczgarl\u0131 havada buharla\u015fma fazla oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar daha \u00e7abuk kurur.
\n Kaynama
\n Bir kapta bulunan s\u0131v\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckselir ve buharla\u015fma artar. S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesiyle meydana gelen buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyine etki eden bas\u0131nca e\u015fit oldu\u011fu an, s\u0131v\u0131 kaynamaya ba\u015flar. Kaynama s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\n Kaynama S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131
\n Sabit atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131 maddelerin, s\u0131v\u0131 halden gaz hale ge\u00e7ti\u011fi sabit bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011feri vard\u0131r. Bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011ferine kaynama noktas\u0131 denir. Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir.
\n Buharla\u015fma Is\u0131s\u0131
\n Kaynama noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f 1 gram s\u0131v\u0131 maddenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131kta gaz haline gelmesi i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131ya buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 denir. Buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 Lb ile g\u00f6sterilir. Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki m graml\u0131k maddeyi gaz haline getirmek i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131
\n Q=m.Lb
\n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile bulunur. Suyun buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131
\n Lb = 540 cal\/g d\u0131r. Buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir.
\n Gaz halindeki bir maddenin \u0131s\u0131 vererek s\u0131v\u0131 hale ge\u00e7mesine yo\u011funla\u015fma denir. Erime ve donmada oldu\u011fu gibi, yo\u011funla\u015fma da, kaynaman\u0131n tersidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir maddenin kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yo\u011funla\u015fma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fittir. Buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ile yo\u011funla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 da e\u015fittir.
\n \u2022 Kaynama ve yo\u011funla\u015fma an\u0131nda maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez.
\n \u2022 Bir maddenin kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yo\u011funla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fittir
\n \u2022 Bir maddenin buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 ile yo\u011funla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 e\u015fittir.
\n \u2022 Kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelliklerdendir.
\n S\u00fcblimle\u015fme
\n Baz\u0131 kat\u0131 maddeler \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca s\u0131v\u0131 h\u00e2le ge\u00e7meden do\u011frudan gaz h\u00e2le ge\u00e7erler. Bu olaya s\u00fcblimle\u015fme denir. Naftalin, ernet ve baz\u0131 koku yayan maddelerin zamanla azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fakat hi\u00e7 s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Bu t\u00fcr maddelerde s\u00fcblimle\u015fme olur.
\n Kaynama ve Yo\u011funla\u015fmaya Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler
\n Yine erime ve donmada oldu\u011fu gibi, kaynama ve yo\u011funla\u015fmaya etki eden fakt\u00f6rler vard\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve maddenin safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.
\n \u2022 Kaynama olay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in, buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131na e\u015fit olmas\u0131 gerekir. Atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131 artarsa, a\u011fz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k kaptaki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynamas\u0131 zorla\u015f\u0131r. Atmosfer bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ise kaynamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131v\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta kaynar.
\n Deniz d\u00fczeyinde 100 \u00b0C de kaynayan saf su, Ankara\u2019da 96 \u00b0C de, Erzurum\u2019da ise 94 \u00b0C de kaynar.
\n D\u00fcd\u00fckl\u00fc tencerede bas\u0131nc\u0131n artmas\u0131yla s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yemekler daha \u00e7abuk pi\u015fer.
\n \u2022 Saf s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan farkl\u0131 maddeler s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n safl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bozar. Safl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozulan s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n kaynama noktas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fir. \u00d6rne\u011fin suyun i\u00e7ine tuz kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, kaynama noktas\u0131 y\u00fckselir.
\n Suyun Hal De\u011fi\u015fim Grafi\u011fi
\n Bir par\u00e7a buz \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nce s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. Erime s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na geldi\u011finde hal de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flar ve buzun tamam\u0131 eriyinceye kadar s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmez. Is\u0131 enerjisi verilmeye devam edildi\u011finde, suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar ve 100 \u00b0C de kaynamaya ba\u015flar. S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 bitinceye kadar s\u0131cakl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmez. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re buzun s\u0131cakl\u0131k-ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi grafi\u011fi \u015fekildeki gibi olur.<\/p>\n
Buzun erime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 Le = 80 cal\/g, buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131
\n Lb = 540 cal\/g d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 0 \u00b0C deki 1 gram buzu eritmek i\u00e7in 80 calorilik \u0131s\u0131 gerekirken, 100 \u00b0C deki 1 gram suyu gaz haline ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in 540 calori gerekir. Bundan dolay\u0131 \uf044Q1 < \uf044Q2 dir.\n Madde \u0131s\u0131 h\u0131z\u0131 sabit olan ocakla \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yorsa, \u0131s\u0131 ekseni yerine zaman ekseni al\u0131nabilir.\n GENLE\u015eME\n Is\u0131 alan cisimlerin molek\u00fcllerinin hareketi artar. Bu da molek\u00fcller aras\u0131 uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olur. Bunun sonucunda da cismin hacmi artar yani genle\u015fir.\n Is\u0131t\u0131lan cisimlerin hacminde meydana gelen art\u0131\u015fa genle\u015fme, azalmaya ise b\u00fcz\u00fclme denir.\n Genle\u015fme ve b\u00fcz\u00fclmelerin sonucunda elektrik tellerinin yaz\u0131n sark\u0131k, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise gergin durdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tren raylar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fme yerlerinde genle\u015fmeden dolay\u0131 bo\u015fluk b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r.\n Kat\u0131larda Genle\u015fme\n Kat\u0131 madde, \u00e7ubuk \u015feklinde ise boyca uzama, levha \u015feklinde ise y\u00fczeyce genle\u015fme, k\u00fcre ve silindir gibi cisimlerde ise hacimce genle\u015fme olarak incelenir.\n Boyca Uzama\n Kat\u0131 bir \u00e7ubuk, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131p s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda boyunun uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenir. Boyu uzayan bir \u00e7ubu\u011fun geni\u015fli\u011fi de artar. Fakat boyundaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n yan\u0131nda geni\u015fli\u011findeki art\u0131\u015f ihmal edilecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bundan dolay\u0131 metalin tek boyutta genle\u015fti\u011fi kabul edilir ve buna boyca uzama denir. \n\n \u0130lk boyu \uf06c0 olan bir \u00e7ubu\u011fun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 DT kadar art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, boyundaki Dl uzama miktar\u0131,\n \uf044t=\uf06c\uf030.\uf061.\uf044T \n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile hesaplan\u0131r. Buradaki a katsay\u0131s\u0131, maddenin cinsine ba\u011fl\u0131 olup boyca uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 olarak ifade edilir.\n Birim uzunluktaki bir \u00e7ubu\u011fun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1 \u00b0C art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda boyundaki uzama miktar\u0131 boyca uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fittir.\n \u2022 Uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 kat\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir.\n \u2022 \u00c7ubuk \u015feklindeki maddelerin boyca uzamas\u0131 kesit alan\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir.Ayn\u0131 maddeden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ilk boylar\u0131 ee\u015fit olan \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fit oalrak art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa ,kal\u0131n olan \u00e7ubukla ince olan \u00e7ubu\u011fun boylar\u0131 e\u015fit miktarda artar.\n \u2022 Genle\u015fmenin terzi b\u00fcz\u00fclmedir.Bir \u00e7ubuk s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ne kadar uzuyorsa ,ilk duruma g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fit miktar azalt\u0131l\u0131rsa , e\u015fit miktar k\u0131sal\u0131r.\n \u2022 \uf061 uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olan \u00e7ubuk, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fazla uzar so\u011futuldu\u011funda ise fazla k\u0131sal\u0131r.\n \u0130lk boylar\u0131 e\u015fit olan X ve Y metal \u00e7ubuklar\u0131ndan X in uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 Y ninkinden b\u00fcy\u00fck olsun (aX > aY).d
\n Bu \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fit miktar art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, X in boyu daha fazla uzar. E\u011fer s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fit miktar azalt\u0131l\u0131rsa X in boyu daha fazla k\u0131sal\u0131r.
\n Fakat bu \u00e7ubuklar birbirinden ayr\u0131lmayacak \u015fekilde per\u00e7inlenmi\u015f iseler, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda ya da so\u011futulduklar\u0131nda b\u00fck\u00fclme meydana gelir. <\/p>\n
X in uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 Y ninkinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lma sonucu X \u00e7ubu\u011fu daha fazla uzayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Y nin \u00fczerine do\u011fru b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcr. So\u011futulma sonucunda ise X daha fazla k\u0131salaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Y \u00e7ubu\u011fu X in \u00fczerine do\u011fru b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
Y\u00fczeyce Genle\u015fme
\n \u0130nce levha \u015feklindeki kat\u0131 maddelerin kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki genle\u015fme, y\u00fczeyindeki genle\u015fmenin yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in dikkate al\u0131nmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6yle bir levhadaki genle\u015fmeye y\u00fczeyce genle\u015fme denir.
\n Y\u00fczey alan\u0131 S0 olan ince metal bir levha \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fczey alan\u0131 artar. Y\u00fczey alan\u0131ndaki DS art\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131<\/p>\n
\uf044S=So.2\uf061.\uf044T
\n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile hesaplan\u0131r. \u0130ki boyutta genle\u015fme oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in a uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 2a olarak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde so\u011futulan levhan\u0131n y\u00fczey alan\u0131ndaki azalma da ayn\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131 ile hesaplan\u0131r.
\n \u015eekildeki levhan\u0131n i\u00e7indenr yar\u0131\u00e7apl\u0131 bir par\u00e7a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p at\u0131l\u0131yor.
\n a. Levha \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genle\u015fme olur. Genle\u015fme sonucu levhan\u0131n y\u00fczey alan\u0131 artar. \u0130\u00e7teki bo\u015flu\u011fun alan\u0131 da artar. Yani r yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Is\u0131t\u0131lan bu levha i\u00e7e do\u011fru genle\u015fmez hep d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru genle\u015fir. Fotokopik b\u00fcy\u00fctme gibi olur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a, b ve r uzunluklar\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcde artar.
\n b. Levha so\u011futuldu\u011funda, levhan\u0131n y\u00fczey alan\u0131 azal\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a, b ve r uzunluklar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yine fotokopik k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeye benzetebiliriz. <\/p>\n
Hacimce Genle\u015fme
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler hacimce genle\u015fir. Fakat baz\u0131 do\u011frultulardaki genle\u015fmeler ihmal edilecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011funda, boyca uzama ve y\u00fczeyce genle\u015fme durumlar\u0131 olur.
\n \u0130lk hacmi V0 olan k\u00fcresel bir cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \uf044T kadar de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011finde hacmindeki de\u011fi\u015fme miktar\u0131 olan \uf044V,
\n ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ile bulunur.
\n Buradaki a de\u011ferine hacimce genle\u015fme katsay\u0131s\u0131 denir. Hacimce genle\u015fme \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in
\n \uf061 = 3\uf061 diyebiliriz. <\/p>\n
S\u0131v\u0131larda Genle\u015fme
\n S\u0131v\u0131lar i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 kab\u0131n \u015feklini al\u0131r. Is\u0131t\u0131lan bir s\u0131v\u0131, hacimce genle\u015fir. \u0130\u00e7i su dolu bir kap \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015fmas\u0131, genle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Burada s\u0131v\u0131 genle\u015firken kapta genle\u015fir. Fakat s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n genle\u015fme katsay\u0131s\u0131 kat\u0131lar\u0131nkinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131v\u0131, kaptan daha fazla genle\u015fir ve ta\u015fma olur. E\u011fer kap ile s\u0131v\u0131 e\u015fit miktar genle\u015fse idi s\u0131v\u0131 ta\u015fmazd\u0131.
\n Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131ya g\u00f6re, ayn\u0131 cins s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u015fit miktar art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa, hacmi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan s\u0131v\u0131 daha fazla genle\u015fir. Su di\u011fer s\u0131v\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde genle\u015fir.
\n +4 \u00b0C de hacmi en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011ferini al\u0131r. +4 \u00b0C den itibaren hacmi artar ve 0 \u00b0C deki hacmi ile +8 \u00b0C deki hacmi e\u015fit olur. Buna g\u00f6re suyun hacim \u2013 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve \u00f6zk\u00fctle \u2013 s\u0131cakl\u0131k grafi\u011fi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi olur.<\/p>\n
+4 \u00b0C de hacmin minimum oldu\u011fu yerde \u00f6zk\u00fctle maksimum de\u011ferini al\u0131r. \u00d6zk\u00fctlesi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan s\u0131v\u0131 altta oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, su birikintilerinin, g\u00f6llerin ve denizlerin, dip k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k +4 \u00b0C civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.
\n \u015eekilde kesit alan\u0131 veri len K, L, M kaplardaki ayn\u0131 cins s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fit miktar art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, L ve M kaplar\u0131ndaki s\u0131v\u0131lar e\u015fit miktar genle\u015fir. r
\n \uf044V = V0 . \uf061 . \uf044T ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re,\uf020\uf061\uf020ve \uf044T e\u015fit iken ilk hacmi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan s\u0131v\u0131 daha \u00e7ok genle\u015fir. K deki s\u0131v\u0131 ise bunlara g\u00f6re daha az genle\u015fir.
\n Fakat genle\u015fen s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n kaplardaki y\u00fckselme miktarlar\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, durum de\u011fi\u015fir. M kab\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131 daha dar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131v\u0131 burada daha fazla y\u00fckselir. L deki s\u0131v\u0131 hacmi K dekinin iki kat\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, \uf044VL = 2\uf044VK olur.
\n Fakat L nin kesit alan\u0131 da K nin kesit alan\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131 oldu\u011fundan K ve L deki s\u0131v\u0131 y\u00fckselmeleri e\u015fit olur.
\n ISI \u0130LET\u0130M\u0130 VE YALITIMI
\n Is\u0131 enerjisi bir yerden ba\u015fka bir yere \u00fc\u00e7 yolla yay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 1. \u0130letim yoluyla
\n 2. Konveksiyon (madde ak\u0131m\u0131) yoluyla
\n 3. I\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla<\/p>\n
1. \u0130letim
\n Is\u0131n\u0131n iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kat\u0131larda olur. Kat\u0131lar\u0131n molek\u00fcl yap\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 alan bir molek\u00fcl ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki molek\u00fcllere aktararak onlar\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olur. O molek\u00fcllerde \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kom\u015fu molek\u00fcllere aktar\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece bir ucu \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan kat\u0131 maddenin iletim yoluyla di\u011fer ucu da \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r.
\n Kat\u0131 maddelerde \u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde y\u00fcz olarak iletilmez. \u0130letme durumu baz\u0131 maddelerde h\u0131zl\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda ise yava\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 iletkenli\u011fi kat\u0131 maddeler i\u00e7in ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelliktir.
\n En iyi iletkenler saf metaller ve bunlar i\u00e7inde de alt\u0131nd\u0131r.
\n X, Y \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131n u\u00e7lar\u0131ndan e\u015fit uzakl\u0131\u011fa konulan mumlardan \u00f6nce hangisi d\u00fc\u015ferse, o \u00e7ubu\u011fun \u0131s\u0131 iletkenli\u011fi daha fazla demektir. <\/p>\n
S\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz molek\u00fclleri aras\u0131ndaki uzakl\u0131k kat\u0131lar\u0131nkine g\u00f6re fazla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iletim yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 iletemez.
\n 2. Konveksiyon (Madde Ak\u0131m\u0131)
\n S\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlar ak\u0131\u015fkan olduklar\u0131ndan kolay hareket edebilirler. Is\u0131nan maddeler genle\u015ferek hacmi artar ve \u00f6zk\u00fctlesi azal\u0131r. \u00d6zk\u00fctlesi azalan ak\u0131\u015fkan yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken, \u00f6zk\u00fctlesi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan ak\u0131\u015fkan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 iner ve bir sirk\u00fclasyon (s\u0131v\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131) meydana getirir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin kalorifer yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00e7evresindeki hava molek\u00fcllerini \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r ve \u0131s\u0131nan hava genle\u015ferek odan\u0131n di\u011fer taraflar\u0131na gider ve oralar\u0131 da \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r.
\n Bir s\u0131v\u0131 alttan \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nan s\u0131v\u0131 genle\u015fir ve \u00f6zk\u00fctlesi azal\u0131r. \u00d6zk\u00fctlesi azalan s\u0131v\u0131 yukar\u0131, yukar\u0131daki daha so\u011fuk ve \u00f6zk\u00fctlesi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan s\u0131v\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 iner ve s\u0131v\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir sirk\u00fclasyon olur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kab\u0131n alt taraf\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmakla s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131 da madde ak\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla \u0131s\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur.
\n 3. I\u015f\u0131ma
\n S\u0131cak cisimler \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yaparlar. Etrafa elektromanyetik dalga g\u00f6nderirler. Bu dalgalar enerji paketcikleridir (foton). Bu enerji dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 so\u011furan y\u00fczeyler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Enerji dalgalar\u0131 yayan cisim ise enerji kaybetti\u011fi i\u00e7in so\u011fur.
\n G\u00fcne\u015fin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla olur. G\u00fcne\u015ften yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131 so\u011furan y\u00fczeyler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Koyu renkli y\u00fczeyler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok so\u011furdu\u011fu i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar. A\u00e7\u0131k renkli y\u00fczeyler ise daha \u00e7ok yans\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in az \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar.
\n Termoslar\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyinin parlak olmas\u0131 \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla ka\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7indir. Termosun d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi parlak ise, d\u0131\u015fardan i\u00e7eriye \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n girmesini azaltmak i\u00e7indir.
\n S\u0131cak bir metal par\u00e7as\u0131 zemine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda zamanla so\u011fur. Bu cismin so\u011fumas\u0131 yani \u0131s\u0131 kayb\u0131, iletim, konveksiyon ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla olur. Zemine temas etti\u011fi i\u00e7in iletimle \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 zemine aktar\u0131r. Havadaki molek\u00fcller cisme \u00e7arparak ondan \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca s\u0131cak cisimler g\u00f6zlerimizle g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz k\u0131z\u0131l \u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar yayarlar. Yani \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla da \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 verir ve zamanla so\u011furlar. <\/p>\n
Binalardaki \u00e7ift cam, tu\u011flalar aras\u0131na konulan k\u00f6p\u00fck, bodrum katlardaki strofor, \u00e7at\u0131lardaki izocam, su saatleri \u00fczerine d\u00f6k\u00fclen odun tala\u015f\u0131, oda zeminlerinin parke ile d\u00f6\u015fenmesi \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na birer \u00f6rnektir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ISI VE SICAKLIK Bir buz kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n geldi\u011fi yere koydu\u011fumuzda eridi\u011fi, yaz\u0131n elektrik tellerinin sarkt\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeterince \u0131s\u0131 alan suyun kaynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n ise baz\u0131 yerlerde sular\u0131n dondu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yani k\u0131saca \u0131s\u0131 baz\u0131 kimyasal ve fiziksel olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine neden olur. Is\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fen kavramlard\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131k Bir maddenin belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2796,3689,7024,7019,7022,6754,7021,7018,7020,7023,4937],"class_list":["post-2896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atmosfer","tag-buharlasma","tag-buzun-erime-isisi","tag-calori","tag-erime-sicakligi","tag-genlesme","tag-isi-alis-verisi","tag-isi-ve-sicaklik","tag-joule","tag-kaynama-sicakligi","tag-termometre"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2896"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2896\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2896"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}