Optik, Optik \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ilgili olaylar\u0131 inceleyen fizik dal\u0131. Optik, \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ilgili olaylar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fik modelde inceler. Buna g\u00f6re optik \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r:
\n 1) Geometrik optik,
\n 2) Fizik optik (Dalga opti\u011fi),
\n 3) Kuvantum opti\u011fi.
\n 1) Geometrik optik:I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n izotrop (her taraf\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelli\u011fi ayn\u0131) ortamda do\u011frusal yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temel kabul eder. Yans\u0131ma, k\u0131r\u0131lma ve ayd\u0131nlanma olaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen optik k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Newton, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kaynaktan yay\u0131lan tanecikler gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6ylece geometrik optik geli\u015fti. I\u015f\u0131k olaylar\u0131n\u0131 izah etmede yeterli zannedildi. Halbuki Newton\u2019un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleriyle geli\u015fen geometrik optikle ancak yans\u0131ma, k\u0131r\u0131lma ve ayd\u0131nlanma olaylar\u0131 izah edilebilir. Aynalar, \u0131\u015f\u0131k prizmalar\u0131, mercekler, optik aletler, geometrik optikle incelenebilir.<\/p>\n
2. Fizik optik:I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga yap\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011funu temel kabul ederek; giri\u015fim, k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m ve kutuplanma olaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen optik k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Newton\u2019la ayn\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015fayan Huygens, Newton\u2019un yan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini ortaya att\u0131. Dalga modeli, geometrik optikle a\u00e7\u0131klanamayan giri\u015fim, k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m, polarma (kutuplanma) olaylar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliyordu.<\/p>\n
Giri\u015fim: Young deneyi: Paralel demet haline getirilmi\u015f akkor lamba \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nce dar bir yar\u0131ktan ge\u00e7irilir, yar\u0131ktan ge\u00e7irilen \u0131\u015f\u0131k tekrar birbirlerinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 mm mesafede bulunan iki dar yar\u0131ktan ge\u00e7irilirse, yar\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan dalgalar ayn\u0131 fazl\u0131 dalgalar haline gelir. Yani iki yar\u0131k, ayn\u0131 fazl\u0131 iki kaynak haline gelmi\u015f olur. Bu iki kayna\u011fa takriben 1 m uzaktaki perdede karanl\u0131k ve ayd\u0131nl\u0131k \u015feritler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u015feritlere, giri\u015fim sa\u00e7aklar\u0131 denir. Bu olay, Newton\u2019un \u0131\u015f\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc siyah \u015ferit noktalar\u0131nda, iki kayna\u011f\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131na ait yol fark\u0131, dalga boyunun tek katlar\u0131 \u015feklindedir ve yokedici giri\u015fimle siyah g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n
Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k \u015ferit noktalar\u0131nda ise iki kaynaktan \u00e7\u0131kan dalgalar\u0131n giri\u015fimi, aralar\u0131ndaki yol fark\u0131 dalga boyunun tam katlar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan birbirini kuvvetlendirici giri\u015fim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u0130nce zarlar\u0131n, mesela sabun k\u00f6p\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn rengarenk g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesi de, alt ve \u00fcst y\u00fczeyden yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f dalgalar\u0131n giri\u015fimleriyle meydana gelir. Yol farklar\u0131n\u0131n geometrik yeri k\u00fcrev\u00ee bir y\u00fczey olursa meydana gelen giri\u015fim deseni, ayn\u0131 merkezli i\u00e7i\u00e7e halkalar \u015feklindedir, bunlara \u201cNewton halkalar\u0131\u201d denir.<\/p>\n
\u0130nterferometre: Giri\u015fim \u00f6zelli\u011finden faydalan\u0131larak kullan\u0131lan cihazd\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sahalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n kullanma sahas\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mesafelerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesidir. K\u0131r\u0131lma indislerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde, saydam cisimlerin y\u00fczlerinin d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kontrol\u00fcnde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130nterferometrelerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensipleri \u015f\u00f6yledir; Monokromatik (tek renkli) bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, paralel demet haline getirilerek k\u0131sm\u00ee ge\u00e7irgen bir levha \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrler. Bu levha, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki demete ay\u0131r\u0131r. Birinci demeti ge\u00e7irerek bir paralel kayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 lama g\u00f6nderir. Kayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131dan \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, bir aynadan yans\u0131t\u0131larak tekrar kayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar kayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131dan ge\u00e7ip tekrar k\u0131sm\u00ee yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 \u00fczerine d\u00f6nerler. K\u0131sm\u00ee yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 bu sefer bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 bir d\u00fcrb\u00fcne g\u00f6nderir. K\u0131sm\u00ee ge\u00e7irgen levhadan yans\u0131t\u0131lan ikinci demet halindeki \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ise, ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yans\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 aynaya dik olan ba\u015fka bir aynadan yans\u0131yarak tekrar levhaya d\u00f6nerler. Levhaya ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar da d\u00fcrb\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131rlar. Aynalar\u0131n levhaya uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 e\u015fit al\u0131narak, iki demet aras\u0131ndaki yol fark\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131r olacak \u015fekilde ayarlan\u0131r. \u0130kinci demetin yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayna, levhaya dalga boyunun yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa yol fark\u0131 yine dalga boyu kadar olur ve yine yap\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fim yani d\u00fcrb\u00fcnde \u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6zlenir. Ayna, levhaya dalga boyunun d\u00f6rtte biri kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa yol fark\u0131 dalga boyunun yar\u0131s\u0131na e\u015fit oldu\u011fundan yok edici giri\u015fim olur ve d\u00fcrb\u00fcn i\u00e7i karanl\u0131k olur. Ayna s\u00fcrekli yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa karanl\u0131k ve ayd\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm birbirini takip eder. Kararma say\u0131s\u0131, aynan\u0131n yakla\u015fma miktar\u0131n\u0131, dalga boyuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak verir. Bu durumda ayna, mikrometre olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130nterferometrelerde laser \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 kullan\u0131larak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler daha da hassasla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n K\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m:
\n I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir engel arkas\u0131ndaki g\u00f6lge b\u00f6lgesinde bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6lge b\u00f6lgesi, tanecik modeline g\u00f6re yasak b\u00f6lgedir. \u00c7ok dar yar\u0131klara (yar\u0131k geni\u015fli\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga boyu mertebesinde) gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131k, yar\u0131ktan ge\u00e7tikten sonra, sanki yar\u0131k noktas\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 imi\u015f gibi yay\u0131l\u0131r. (Bu olaya tek yar\u0131kta giri\u015fim olay\u0131 da denir.) Bir kaynaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p paralel hale getirilen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok dar bir yar\u0131ktan ge\u00e7mesi ile yar\u0131\u011f\u0131n gerisindeki perde (ekran) \u00fczerinde ayn\u0131 merkezli ayd\u0131nl\u0131k ve karanl\u0131k halkalar meydana gelir. Bu halkalara k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m sa\u00e7aklar\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Saydam bir levha \u00fczerindeki \u00e7izgi veya yar\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131 1 cm\u2019de birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz adet olursa \u201ck\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m a\u011f\u0131\u201d elde edilir. K\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m a\u011f\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga boyunu \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n iki nokta mikroskopta incelenirken her nokta, k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m halkalar\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f halde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. B\u00f6yle yak\u0131n noktalar birbirinden ay\u0131rd edilemez. Mikroskoplar\u0131n ay\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fc, ihtiva ettikleri merce\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat ay\u0131rma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r mesafesi, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalgaboyunun yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131r. (Bkz. Mikroskop)
\n Kutuplanma (Polarma):
\n I\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131 enine dalgalard\u0131r. Yay\u0131lma do\u011frultusuna ve birbirine dik olan elektrik ve manyetik alanlar titre\u015fim yaparlar. Bu titre\u015fim sin\u00fczoidal bir titre\u015fimdir (Bkz. Elektromanyetik Dalga). I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n titre\u015fiminden, daha ziyade elektrik alan\u0131n\u0131n titre\u015fimi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc elektrik alan\u0131 daha bask\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n
I\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131 ince bir turmalin kristali levhas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irilirse, sadece bir d\u00fczlemde titre\u015fim kal\u0131r, di\u011fer d\u00fczlemlerdeki titre\u015fimler so\u011furulur. B\u00f6ylece \u0131\u015f\u0131k kutuplanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu kristal levhaya \u00e7apraz durumda ikinci bir kristal levha, kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne konursa, \u0131\u015f\u0131k titre\u015fimi tamamen kaybolur, ikinci levhadan \u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n
I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutuplanmas\u0131 yans\u0131ma ve k\u0131r\u0131lma olay\u0131nda da g\u00f6zlenir. Yans\u0131yan ve k\u0131r\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar kutuplan\u0131r. Yans\u0131yan \u0131\u015f\u0131n gelme d\u00fczlemine dik olarak, k\u0131r\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131n ise paralel olarak kutuplan\u0131r. Yans\u0131yan ve k\u0131r\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n birbirine dik olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yan gelme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na \u201cBrewster a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u201d denir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n tanjant\u0131, k\u0131ran ortam\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lma indisine e\u015fittir.<\/p>\n
\u201cMalus kanununa\u201d g\u00f6re, kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddetinde azalma g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kristallerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u201c\u00e7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131\u201d \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirler. \u00c7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki demet haline getirmektedir. Bunun sebebiyse \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu kristaller i\u00e7indeki her do\u011frultuda ayn\u0131 h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kiye ayr\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n her iki k\u0131sm\u0131 da kutuplan\u0131r. Gelme d\u00fczlemine, dik olarak kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131na normal \u0131\u015f\u0131n, paralel olarak kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131na ise extra normal \u0131\u015f\u0131n denir. \u0130nce turmalin kristali levhalar\u0131 bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlardan birini so\u011furarak (emerek) di\u011ferini ge\u00e7irir. B\u00f6ylece kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n elde edilmi\u015f olur. \u00c7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kristallerde, iki demetin birle\u015fti\u011fi bir do\u011frultu bulunur. Bu do\u011frultuya \u201coptik eksen\u201d denir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kristallerden kalsit (\u0130zlanda spat\u0131 olarak da bilinir). Optik ekseninden ge\u00e7en \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczlemle kesilip \u201cKanada balsam\u0131\u201d ile tekrar yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, i\u00e7inde ince bir yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tabakas\u0131 olan prizma elde edilir. Bu prizmaya \u201cNicol prizmas\u0131\u201d denir. Nicol prizmas\u0131nda Kanada balsam\u0131, ikiye ayr\u0131lan demetten normal \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Extra-normal \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ise ge\u00e7irir. B\u00f6ylece, \u0131\u015f\u0131n gelme d\u00fczlemine paralel olarak kutuplanm\u0131\u015f olarak \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde tabi\u00ee kristaller yerine, \u00e7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve bir demeti so\u011furucu (emici) plastik kutuplay\u0131c\u0131lar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Polaraid kutuplay\u0131c\u0131, Herapath isimli fizik\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131, o tarihten sonra Nicol prizmalar\u0131n yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Polaraid, nitrosel\u00fcloz \u00fczerine iyodokinin s\u00fclfat eriyi\u011fi s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp gerdirilerek elde edilir. Daha sonra iki cam aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Polaraid g\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6zl\u00fckleri, sadece d\u00fc\u015fey y\u00f6nde kutuplanm\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ge\u00e7irerek g\u00f6z\u00fc \u015fiddetli \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan korurlar. Ayr\u0131ca, yine \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fiddetini azaltmak maksad\u0131 ile oto camlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutuplanma \u00f6zelli\u011finden faydalan\u0131larak polarimetreler ve fotoesneklikle gerilim analizi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Polarimetre: Maddelerin optik\u00e7e aktifliklerini \u00f6l\u00e7en cihazd\u0131r. Optik\u00e7e aktiflik, kutuplanm\u0131\u015f, (polar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kutuplanma d\u00fczlemini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek demektir. Kuvarts, \u015feker eriyi\u011fi ve baz\u0131 ya\u011flar optik\u00e7e aktiftirler (Organik maddelerin \u00e7o\u011fu optik\u00e7e aktiftirler).<\/p>\n
Polarimetre (polariskop da denir), biri sabit di\u011feri d\u00fc\u015fey bir d\u00fczlemde d\u00f6nebilen iki kutuplay\u0131c\u0131dan meydana gelir. Kutuplay\u0131c\u0131 olarak \u00e7o\u011funlukla kalsit kristalleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu iki kristalden birincisine (sabit olana) polariz\u00f6r, ikincisine ise (d\u00f6nebilene) analiz\u00f6r denir. I\u015f\u0131k polariz\u00f6rden girip kutuplanarak analiz\u00f6r \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fer. Analiz\u00f6r, polariz\u00f6re paralel halde iken \u0131\u015f\u0131k analiz\u00f6r\u00fcn gerisine d\u00fc\u015febilir, \u00e7apraz halde iken \u0131\u015f\u0131k analiz\u00f6r\u00fc ge\u00e7emez. Ara durumlarda (ne paralel ne de \u00e7apraz durumlarda) ise ayd\u0131nlanma \u015fiddeti d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n
\u00c7apraz durumdaki polariz\u00f6r ve analiz\u00f6r aras\u0131na optik\u00e7e aktif bir madde konursa, analiz\u00f6rden \u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc araya konan madde polariz\u00f6rden \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutuplanma d\u00fczlemini \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. \u00c7evirme miktar\u0131, analiz\u00f6r\u00fc tekrar \u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7miyecek \u015fekilde d\u00f6nd\u00fcrerek bulunur. B\u00f6ylece maddelere ait de\u011fi\u015fik \u00e7evirme a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bulunabilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131lar optik\u00e7e aktifli\u011fin miktar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7evirme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fa veya sola olmas\u0131 durumuna g\u00f6re maddeler sa\u011f-sol optik izomeriye sahiptir, denir.<\/p>\n
Polarimetre molek\u00fcl boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n tayininde, konsantrasyon miktar\u0131n\u0131n (deri\u015fikli\u011fin) tayininde ve g\u0131da maddelerinin kontrollerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hassas polarimetrelerde polariz\u00f6r-analiz\u00f6r aras\u0131na, polariz\u00f6r k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir a\u00e7\u0131 yapacak \u015fekilde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kristal kutuplay\u0131c\u0131 konur. B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6zleme b\u00f6lgesinde en karanl\u0131k durum ayd\u0131nlanma ile mukayese edilerek daha kolay incelenir. Elektronik kontroll\u00fc otomatik polarimetreler halihaz\u0131rda en hassas \u00f6l\u00e7meyi yapabilen aletlerdir.<\/p>\n
Sadece \u015feker i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan polarimetrelere sakarimetre de denir. Titre\u015fim d\u00fczleminin d\u00f6nmesini tayf analiziyle grafik halinde veren polarimetrelere de spektropolarimetre cihazlar\u0131 denir.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 maddelere ait optik\u00e7e aktiflik d\u0131\u015f kuvvetlerin meydana getirdikleri gerilme ile de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Cam sel\u00fcloit, pleksi cam\u0131 gibi maddeler, gerilimler sebebiyle \u00e7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 hale gelirler. Statik hesaplamalarda gerilime maruz kalacak elemanlar\u0131n yukar\u0131daki maddelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck modelleri, jips tabakalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iki kutuplay\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131na konarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kuvvetlerle gerdirilirler. Gerilen b\u00f6lgeler \u00e7ift k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 durumuna ge\u00e7tiklerinden, modelin foto\u011fraf\u0131nda gerilen b\u00f6lgeler meydana \u00e7\u0131kar, g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu tekni\u011fe fotoesneklikle gerilim \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme denir.<\/p>\n
3. Kuvantum Opti\u011fi:Max Planck\u2019\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n enerjilerinin kuvantumlu olu\u015funu ke\u015ffetmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re \u0131\u015f\u0131k, atomdan yay\u0131lan enerji paketleri (dalga katarlar\u0131) \u015feklindedir. Her bir pakete \u201cfoton\u201d denir. Kuvantum opti\u011fi ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k madde etkile\u015fimi, fotoelektrik olay, \u201cCompton\u201d olay\u0131 incelenebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Optik, Optik \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ilgili olaylar\u0131 inceleyen fizik dal\u0131. Optik, \u0131\u015f\u0131kla ilgili olaylar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fik modelde inceler. Buna g\u00f6re optik \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131r: 1) Geometrik optik, 2) Fizik optik (Dalga opti\u011fi), 3) Kuvantum opti\u011fi. 1) Geometrik optik:I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n izotrop (her taraf\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelli\u011fi ayn\u0131) ortamda do\u011frusal yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temel kabul eder. Yans\u0131ma, k\u0131r\u0131lma ve ayd\u0131nlanma olaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen optik …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[7072,7071,6776,7074,7073,3350,2160,2740,7076,7075],"class_list":["post-2938","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-fizik-optik","tag-geometrik-optik","tag-interferometre","tag-izotrop","tag-kuvantum-optigi","tag-mikroskop","tag-newton","tag-optik","tag-polarimetre","tag-young-deneyi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2938","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2938"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2938\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2938"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2938"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2938"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}