Fizi\u011fin dallar\u0131, Mekanik Cisimlerin hareketleri ve etkile\u015fmelerinin temel fizik ilkeleriyle kavranmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak incelenmesi mekani\u011fin kapsam\u0131na girer. Bu anlamda t\u00fcm fizik, mekanik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Klasik mekanik ya da Newton mekani\u011fi, atomlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck cisimlerle ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zlarla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n
Klasik mekanik i\u00e7inde, kinematik yaln\u0131zca bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla ilgilenirken, dinamik par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketi ile buna etkiyen kuvvet aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 inceler. Statik, denge konumundaki nesnelerle ilgilenir. Esneklik, bi\u00e7imi bozulabilen kat\u0131lar\u0131n mekani\u011fidir. Hidrostatik ve hidrodinamik ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla durgun ve hareketli ak\u0131\u015fkanlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Klasik mekani\u011fin temellerini, Isaac Newton’\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 hareket yasas\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Birinci yasa, bir cismin, bir etki alt\u0131nda kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece d\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi boyunca sabit h\u0131zla hareket edece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u0130kinci yasa, bir cisme etkiyen net kuvvetle cismin momen-tumunun de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 S verir. Etki-tepki yasas\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasa, e\u015fit b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ama z\u0131t y\u00f6nl\u00fc | kuvvetlerin etkisiyle \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan iki cisim s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, gene e\u015fit b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ve z\u0131t y\u00f6nl\u00fc kuvvetlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131m belirtir. K\u00fctle\u00e7ekimi momentum, a\u00e7\u0131sal momentum, enerji ve korunum yasalar\u0131 mekani\u011fin belli ba\u015fl\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 olarak say\u0131labilir.
\n Termodinamik ve \u0131s\u0131Termodinamik, fiziksel olaylar\u0131n olu\u015fum ko\u015fullar\u0131m ve ara etkile\u015fimlerini, enerji ve entropi de\u011fi\u015fimleriyle inceleyen bilim dal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6rt temel yasa \u00fczerine kuruludur ve t\u00fcmdengelim y\u00f6ntemiyle \u00e7e\u015fitli sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015f\u0131r. Birinci yasa, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sistem i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fimler sonunda enerji i\u00e7eri\u011finin sabit kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan, enerjinin korunumu yasas\u0131d\u0131r; ikinci yasa, yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir sistemde entropinin s\u00fcrekli olarak artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yasa, mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yetkin kristallerin entropisinin s\u0131f\u0131r olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Sonuncusu, s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131na yasa olarak bilinen bir aksiyomdur; buna g\u00f6re, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir sistemle ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u0131s\u0131l dengede olan iki sistem, birbiriyle de \u0131s\u0131l dengededir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle Maxwell ve Boltzmann’\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilen istatistiksel mekanik, \u00e7ok say\u0131daki par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n toplu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k yasalar\u0131na dayanarak a\u00e7\u0131klayan bir y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131r. \u0130statistiksel mekani\u011fe g\u00f6re bir sistemin d\u00fczensizlik derecesi, sistemin entropisinin bir fonksiyonudur. Is\u0131 olarak aktar\u0131lan enerji, d\u00fczensiz hallerde bulunan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n enerjisidir. S\u0131cakl\u0131k ise, enerjinin par\u00e7ac\u0131klar aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nicel bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Elektrik ve magnetizma. \u0130lkin farkl\u0131 olaylar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, sonra elektromagnetizma ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilen bu bilim dal\u0131, elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n etkile\u015fmelerini inceler. Y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar durgun olduklar\u0131nda bir elektrik kuvvetiyle etkile\u015firler. Hareketli olduklar\u0131nda ise buna ek olarak magnetik kuvvet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Elektromagnetizmada alan kavram\u0131 \u00f6nemli rol oynar. Elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n, kendisini \u00e7evreleyen uzaydaki t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde bir elektrik alam yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu alan i\u00e7inde bulunan bir ba\u015fka y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n buna bir elektriksel kuvvetle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Klasik elektromagnetizma-n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, 19. “y\u00fczy\u0131lda J. C. Maxwell’in ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00f6rt denklemle \u00f6zetlenebilir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar, y\u00fckl\u00fc par\u00e7ac\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fmeleri kapsar. Optik. I\u015f\u0131k elektromagnetik dalgalardan olu\u015ftu\u011fundan, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen opti\u011fin konusu, uygulamal\u0131 elektromagnetizma olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bununla birlikte, bu fizik dal\u0131m, \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca izledi\u011fi yollarla ilgilenen geometrik optik ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici dalga olaylar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen fiziksel optik olarak iki b\u00f6l\u00fcme ay\u0131rmak, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r. Temel dalga olay\u0131, uzayda bir noktada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan iki dalgan\u0131n birle\u015ferek farkl\u0131 bir bile\u015fke dalga vermesi olan giri\u015fimdir. Benzer bir olay da, \u00e7ok say\u0131da dalga kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015fim olarak bilinen k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131md\u0131r. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n dalga \u00f6zellikleri, inter-ferometre ve k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 gibi d\u00fczeneklerle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Atom fizi\u011fi Klasik mekanik ve klasik elektromagnetizma, atom fizi\u011findeki problemlere uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u00f6kten yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Atomlar, \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck G\u00fcne\u015f sistemleri olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Atomun yap\u0131s\u0131, ancak kuvantum mekani\u011fi temelinde kavranabilir. Daha ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar ise, g\u00f6relilik kuvantum mekani\u011fini gerektirir.<\/p>\n
Atomlar \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, bunlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ancak dolayl\u0131 deney teknikleriyle anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, maddenin sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da so\u011furdu\u011fu elektromagnetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi ve yorumlanmas\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fan spektroskopi gelir. T\u00fcm kimyasal elementler, \u00f6zg\u00fcn dalgaboylar\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar veren tayflar g\u00f6sterir. Dalga mekani\u011fi kullan\u0131larak ve elektron k\u00fctlesi ve y\u00fck\u00fc, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131, Planck sabiti gibi baz\u0131 atom sabitlerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla belirtici dalgaboylar\u0131 ve atomun enerjileri hesaplanabilir.
\n Kat\u0131 hal fizi\u011fiYo\u011fun haldeki maddelerin, elektriksel, magnetik, optik ve esneklik \u00f6zelliklerini ara\u015ft\u0131ran kat\u0131 hal fizi\u011fi, \u00f6ncelikli olarak kristallerle ilgilenir; bunun nedeni, bu maddelerin basit geometrik d\u00fczenleni\u015flerinin, kuvantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok cisim-li sistemlere uygulanmas\u0131nda kuramsal kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n N\u00fckleer fizikAtomdan yakla\u015f\u0131k on bin kez k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan atom \u00e7ekirde\u011finin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve karars\u0131z \u00e7ekirdeklerin \u0131\u015f\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran bilim dal\u0131 n\u00fckleer fiziktir. Karars\u0131z radyoaktif \u00e7ekirdekler, alfa par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131, beta par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fctlesiz n\u00f6trinolar, pozitronlar gibi par\u00e7ac\u0131klar da salarlar (bak. radyoaktiflik). \u00c7ekirdek \u00f6zellikleri, sa\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m deneyleriyle saptan\u0131r. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek h\u0131zlara \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan y\u00fcksek enerjili par\u00e7ac\u0131klarla bombalanan (d\u00f6v\u00fclen) hedef \u00e7ekirdeklerin bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalardan sonraki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri, \u00e7ekirdek tepkimeleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7ekirdek b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve \u00e7ekirdek kayna\u015fmas\u0131 yeni elementlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an tepkimelerdir.
\n Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f fizi\u011fin en yo\u011fun ilgi alan\u0131, temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalard\u0131r. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k fizi\u011fi ya da y\u00fcksek enerji fizi\u011fi olarak bilinen bu dal \u00e7ok say\u0131daki temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. Kararl\u0131 elektron ve protondan, 10’2\u00b0saniyelik \u00f6mr\u00fc olan \u00e7ok karars\u0131zlar\u0131na kadar geni\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar, kabarc\u0131k odas\u0131 gibi d\u00fczenekler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla incelenir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f fizi\u011fin kuramsal temellerini, kuvantum ve g\u00f6relilik kuramlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Fizi\u011fin \u00e7e\u015fitli dallar\u0131n\u0131n konular\u0131, deneysel y\u00f6ntemleri ve kuramsal teknikleri ne kadar farkl\u0131 olsa da, bu iki kuram\u0131n uyarlamalar\u0131na, bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131nda rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Kuvantum mekani\u011fi, elek-tromagr\u0131etik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n s\u00fcrekli dalgalardan de\u011fil, enerji ve momentumlan, frekanslar\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olan par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011fa benzer fotonlar-dan olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrer. Klasik mekanik, bir olas\u0131 de\u011ferler aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015febilen fiziksel niceliklerle belirlenirken, kuvantum kuram\u0131n\u0131n belirleyici \u00f6zelli\u011fi kesikli (ayr\u0131k) de\u011ferler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 ve i\u00e7kin olarak belirsizlik ilkesine yer vermesidir.<\/p>\n
A. Einstein’\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu g\u00f6relilik kuram\u0131 iki temel postula \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur:
\n 1) Bir \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket durumlar\u0131 ne olursa olsun t\u00fcm g\u00f6zlemciler, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 de\u011feri \u00f6l\u00e7erler.
\n 2) T\u00fcm eylemsiz koordinat sistemlerinde fizik yasalar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Birinci postuladaki \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011fi, deneysel olarak kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci postula ise, klasik mekanik i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Fizi\u011fin dallar\u0131, Mekanik Cisimlerin hareketleri ve etkile\u015fmelerinin temel fizik ilkeleriyle kavranmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak incelenmesi mekani\u011fin kapsam\u0131na girer. Bu anlamda t\u00fcm fizik, mekanik olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Klasik mekanik ya da Newton mekani\u011fi, atomlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck cisimlerle ve \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck h\u0131zlarla ilgilidir. Klasik mekanik i\u00e7inde, kinematik yaln\u0131zca bir par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla ilgilenirken, dinamik par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2230,7136,2722,7132,7135,7134,6714,6864,7133,2163],"class_list":["post-2972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atom","tag-atom-fizigi","tag-einstein","tag-fizigin-dallari","tag-hidrodinamik","tag-hidrostatik","tag-magnetizma","tag-momentum","tag-newton-mekanigi","tag-termodinamik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2972","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2972"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2972\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2972"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2972"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2972"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}