Orta \u00c7a\u011f<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’nda ba\u015fta aritmetik olmak \u00fczere, matemati\u011fin geometri, cebir ve trigonometri gibi dallar\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan matematik\u00e7iler yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geli\u015fmelerden en \u00f6nemlisi, geleneksel Ebced Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n yerine Hintlilerden \u00f6\u011frenilen Hint Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Konumsal Hint rakamlar\u0131, 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’na girmi\u015f ve hesaplama i\u015flemini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in matematik alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Daha \u00f6nce Arap alfabesinin harflerinden olu\u015fan harf rakam sistemi kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu ve bu sistemde say\u0131lar, sabit de\u011ferler alan harflerle g\u00f6steriliyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin i\u00e7in a harfi, 10 i\u00e7in y harfi ve 100 i\u00e7inse k harfi kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sistem konumsal de\u011fildi. B\u00f6yle bir rakam sistemi ile i\u015flem yapmak son derece g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Erken tarihlerden itibaren ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131n ve aritmetik\u00e7ilerin kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 Hint Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc derhal farkedilmi\u015f ve yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu rakamlar daha sonra Bat\u0131’ya ge\u00e7erek Roma Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n yerini alacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cebir bilimi \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131 matematik\u00e7ilerinin elinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir disiplin kimli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle H\u00e2rizm\u00ee, Ebu K\u00e2mil, Kerec\u00ee ve \u00d6mer el-Hayy\u00e2m gibi matematik\u00e7ilerin yazm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 yap\u0131tlar, Bat\u0131’y\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6ren ve geli\u015ftirilen bilimlerden birisi olan astronomi alan\u0131ndaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak \u00fczere trigonometri alan\u0131nda da se\u00e7kin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konudaki en \u00f6nemli katk\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131 hesaplar\u0131nda kiri\u015fler yerine sin\u00fcs, kosin\u00fcs, tanjant ve kotanjant gibi trigonometrik fonksiyonlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yeni \u00c7a\u011f<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nem di\u011fer alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi matematik alan\u0131nda da yeniden bir uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve \u00f6zellikle trigonometri ve cebir alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n
Trigonometri, Regiomontanus, daha sonra da Rhaeticus ve Bartholomaeus Pitiscus`un \u00e7abalar\u0131yla ve cebir ise Scipione del Ferro, Nicola Tartaglia, Geronimo Cardano ve Lodovice Ferrari taraf\u0131ndan yeniden hayata d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda geli\u015ftirilen i\u015flem simgeleri, \u015fu anda bizim kulland\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za benzer denklemlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na olanak vermi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle, denklem kuram\u0131 bi\u00e7imlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
R\u00f6nesans matemati\u011fi \u00f6zellikle Raffaello Bombelli, Fran\u00e7ois Vi\u00e8te ve Simon Stevin ile doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1585 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Stevin, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 Tak\u00eey\u00fcdd\u00een ile ayn\u0131 anda ondal\u0131k kesirleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f matemati\u011fin temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Pierre de Fermat say\u0131lar kuram\u0131 Pascal olas\u0131l\u0131k kuram\u0131 Leibniz ve Newton ise diferansiyel ve integral hesab\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yak\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde Euler ve Lagrange, integral ve diferansiyel hesab\u0131na ili\u015fkin 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00f6k mekani\u011fine uygulanmas\u0131 sonucunda fizik ve astronomi alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Mesela Lagrange, \u00dc\u00e7 Cisim Problemi’nin ilk \u00f6zel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde matemati\u011fe daha sa\u011flam bir temel olu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6nelik felsefi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar geni\u015fleyerek devam etmi\u015ftir. Russell, Poincar\u00e9, Hilbert ve Brouwer gibi matematik\u00e7iler, bu konudaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleriyle katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Russell, matematik ile mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Matemati\u011fin, say\u0131 gibi kavramlar\u0131n\u0131, toplama ve \u00e7\u0131karma gibi i\u015flemlerini, k\u00fcme, de\u011filleme, veya, ise gibi mant\u0131k terimleriyle ve matemati\u011fi ise “p ise q” bi\u00e7imindeki \u00f6nermeler k\u00fcmesiyle tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hilbert’e g\u00f6re ise, matematik soyut nesneleri konu alan simgesel bir sistemdir; mant\u0131\u011fa indirgenerek de\u011fil, simgesel aksiyomatik bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek temellendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Sezgici olan Brouwer de matemati\u011fin temeline, kavramlara somut i\u00e7erik sa\u011flayan sezgiyi koyar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc matematik bir teori olmaktan \u00e7ok zihinsel bir faaliyettir. Poincar\u00e9’ye g\u00f6re de matemati\u011fin temelinde sezgi vard\u0131r ve matematik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131mlanmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Yine bu d\u00f6nemin en orijinal matematik\u00e7ileri olarak Dedekind ve Cantor say\u0131labilir. Dedekind, erken tarihlerden itibaren irrasyonel say\u0131larla ilgilenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, rasyonel say\u0131lar alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli reel say\u0131lar bi\u00e7imine geni\u015fletilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Cantor ise, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcmeler kuram\u0131n\u0131n kurucusudur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Orta \u00c7a\u011f \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’nda ba\u015fta aritmetik olmak \u00fczere, matemati\u011fin geometri, cebir ve trigonometri gibi dallar\u0131na \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan matematik\u00e7iler yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geli\u015fmelerden en \u00f6nemlisi, geleneksel Ebced Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n yerine Hintlilerden \u00f6\u011frenilen Hint Rakamlar\u0131’n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Konumsal Hint rakamlar\u0131, 8. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130sl\u00e2m D\u00fcnyas\u0131’na girmi\u015f ve hesaplama i\u015flemini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in matematik alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1404,1403],"tags":[7363,7241,7366,7367,3424,2160,1585,7365,7242,7364],"class_list":["post-3146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-matematik-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-bilimlerin-tarihi-gelisimi","tag-cebir","tag-francois-viete","tag-hilbert","tag-matematik","tag-newton","tag-orta-cag","tag-raffaello-bombelli","tag-trigonometri","tag-yeni-cag"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3146"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}