\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te bulunan obsidiyen aynalar\u0131n tarihi \u0130\u00d6 6000 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 2900, \u0130ndus\u2019ta 2800, \u00c7in\u2019de 1500 y\u0131ll\u0131k metal aynalar bulunmu\u015ftur. Cam ayna Fenikeliler taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015fsa da, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Avrupa\u2019ya girmemi\u015f ve modern zamanlara kadar yayg\u0131nla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Aynaya Uygurlar k\u00f6zg\u00fc demi\u015flerdi; Anadolu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda da \u015fu adlar verilir: bakanak, bakar, bakbak\u0131, g\u00f6zge\u00e7, g\u00f6zg\u00f6r, g\u00f6z\u00fcnke, k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131k, y\u00fczg\u00f6rg\u00fc, y\u00fczg\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc\u2026
\n 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda aynal\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fk ve kasrlar yapt\u0131rmak moda olmu\u015ftu. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda boy aynalar\u0131 halen krallar aras\u0131nda hediye edilebilecek de\u011ferdeydi.
\n Tuvalet masalar\u0131, banyo ve hollerde, konsol \u00fcstlerindeki aynalardan ba\u015fka masa aynalar\u0131, kad\u0131n \u00e7antas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmez e\u015fyas\u0131 el aynalar\u0131 veya arkas\u0131 ku\u015f ve horozlu cep aynalar\u0131 evlerde, \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fczde, dikiz aynalar\u0131 arabalarda bize bak\u0131yor.
\n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yans\u0131tarak kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki nesnenin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc veren parlak y\u00fczeylere ayna diyoruz. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca \u00f6nce (17.y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar), y\u00fczeyi iyice parlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcz metal levhalardan yap\u0131lan aynalar, daha sonralar\u0131 yerlerini bir y\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7ok ince bir metal katman\u0131yla kaplanm\u0131\u015f cam levhalara b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. S\u0131r ad\u0131 verilen bu metal kaplama, aynan\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yans\u0131tarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc vermesini sa\u011flar.
\n Ayna yap\u0131m\u0131nda Venedikliler’in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yleydi; \u0130nce bir kalay yaprak d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131l\u0131r, \u00fcst\u00fc c\u0131va ile kaplan\u0131r. C\u0131van\u0131n fazlas\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, \u00fcst\u00fcne bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve onun da \u00fcst\u00fcne bir cam levha konur. \u015eimdi s\u0131ra aradaki k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n yava\u015f\u00e7a \u00e7ekilip al\u0131nmas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u0131rada kalay ve c\u0131va bir amalgam olu\u015fturarak cam\u0131n alt y\u00fczeyini kaplar. \u015eimdi tek yap\u0131lacak \u015fey cam\u0131n arkas\u0131na s\u0131r\u0131 koruyacak bir s\u0131rt ge\u00e7irilmesinden ibarettir.G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar Venedik Cumhuriyeti, Avrupa’da cam e\u015fya ve \u00f6zellikle de ayna yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n gizine sahip tek \u00fclkeydi. Venedikliler bu s\u0131rr\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zenle sakl\u0131yorlard\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ayna ve cam e\u015fya fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131 Murano adas\u0131nda kurmu\u015flard\u0131 ve bu adaya camc\u0131 ustalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n girmesine de izin vermiyorlard\u0131.
\n AYNALAR N A S I L? Aynalar Fonograf Venediklilerin s\u0131rr\u0131Kolayca \u015fekil verilip cilalanabilmeleri, b\u00f6ylelikle p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz hale getirilebilmeleri ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle metaller, ayna yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok eskiden beri kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Milattan \u00f6nceki zamanlarda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Etr\u00fcskler, Yunanl\u0131lar ve Romal\u0131lar’\u0131n bronz el aynalar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Daha de\u011ferli olanlar\u0131 ise g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok eskiden metalle kaplanm\u0131\u015f cam aynalar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kay\u0131tlara da rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Fakat bu y\u00f6ntem o zamanlar yayg\u0131nla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Venedik liler’in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yerini yeni bir y\u00f6nteme b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alman kimyac\u0131 Justus von Liebig (1803-1873), cam\u0131n \u00fczerine bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltiyle g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplama y\u00f6ntemini bulmu\u015f, bu y\u00f6ntem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile g\u00fcnl\u00fck ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan aynalar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yumu\u015fak g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmemesi i\u00e7in bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat gibi maddelerle kaplama ve boyama i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131lan aynalarda ise, cam\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc so\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6n y\u00fczler de g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015flenir.
\n \u00d6te yandan modern teleskoplarda kullan\u0131lan aynalarda \u00e7ok daha \u00f6zel y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurulur. Ayr\u0131ca belirli aral\u0131klarla aynalar tekrar tekrar kaplan\u0131r. Bu nedenle her b\u00fcy\u00fck teleskopun yan\u0131nda kaplama tesisi de bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\n Bu s\u0131rr\u0131 Frans\u0131zlar, adadan zorla ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6rt usta sayesinde \u00f6\u011frendiler ve bundan sonra ayna yap\u0131m\u0131 bir giz olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
\n Ayna (yans\u0131ma) <\/p>\n
Ayna, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n % 100’e yak\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn olarak yans\u0131tan cilal\u0131 y\u00fczey. Metal y\u00fczeylerin parlat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilk ayna elde edilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonralar\u0131 ise, cam levhalar\u0131n bir y\u00fczeyleri civa amalgamalar\u0131 ile kaplanarak, ayna elde edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise, genellikle cam levhalar\u0131n bir y\u00fcz\u00fc, ince bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tabakas\u0131 ile s\u0131rlanarak elde edilir. Bazan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yerine al\u00fcminyum, alt\u0131n, hatta platin dahi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Al\u00fcminyum s\u0131rl\u0131 aynalar, dalga boyu 0,4 mikrondan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 da yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. Aynalar; d\u00fcz, k\u00fcresel ve parabolik diye \u00fc\u00e7 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n
Tarih\u00e7e ve yap\u0131m tekni\u011fi Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca \u00f6nce (17.y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar), y\u00fczeyi iyice parlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcz metal levhalardan yap\u0131lan aynalar, daha sonralar\u0131 yerlerini bir y\u00fcz\u00fc \u00e7ok ince bir metal katman\u0131yla kaplanm\u0131\u015f cam levhalara b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. S\u0131r ad\u0131 verilen bu metal kaplama, aynan\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yans\u0131tarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc vermesini sa\u011flar. Kolayca \u015fekil verilip cilalanabilmeleri, b\u00f6ylelikle p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz hale getirilebilmeleri ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle metaller, ayna yap\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ok eskiden beri kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Milattan \u00f6nceki zamanlarda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Etr\u00fcskler, Yunanl\u0131lar ve Romal\u0131lar’\u0131n bronz el aynalar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Daha de\u011ferli olanlar\u0131 ise g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ften yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ok eskiden metalle kaplanm\u0131\u015f cam aynalar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kay\u0131tlara da rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Fakat bu y\u00f6ntem o zamanlar yayg\u0131nla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar Venedik Cumhuriyeti, Avrupa’da cam e\u015fya ve \u00f6zellikle de ayna yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n gizine sahip tek \u00fclkeydi. Venedikliler bu s\u0131rr\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zenle sakl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayna ve cam e\u015fya fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131 Murano adas\u0131nda kurmu\u015flard\u0131 ve bu adaya camc\u0131 ustalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n girmesine de izin vermiyorlard\u0131. Bu s\u0131rr\u0131 Frans\u0131zlar, adadan zorla ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6rt usta sayesinde \u00f6\u011frendiler ve bundan sonra ayna yap\u0131m\u0131 bir giz olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. <\/p>\n
Ayna yap\u0131m\u0131nda Venedikliler’in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yleydi; \u0130nce bir kalay yaprak d\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde yay\u0131l\u0131r, \u00fcst\u00fc c\u0131va ile kaplan\u0131r. C\u0131van\u0131n fazlas\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, \u00fcst\u00fcne bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t ve onun da \u00fcst\u00fcne bir cam levha konur. \u015eimdi s\u0131ra aradaki k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n yava\u015f\u00e7a \u00e7ekilip al\u0131nmas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u0131rada kalay ve c\u0131va bir amalgam olu\u015fturarak cam\u0131n alt y\u00fczeyini kaplar. \u015eimdi tek yap\u0131lacak \u015fey cam\u0131n arkas\u0131na s\u0131r\u0131 koruyacak bir s\u0131rt ge\u00e7irilmesinden ibarettir. <\/p>\n
Venedikliler’in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yerini yeni bir y\u00f6nteme b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alman kimyac\u0131 Justus von Liebig (1803-1873), cam\u0131n \u00fczerine bir \u00e7\u00f6zeltiyle g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplama y\u00f6ntemini bulmu\u015f, bu y\u00f6ntem g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile g\u00fcnl\u00fck ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan aynalar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yumu\u015fak g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f tabakas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmemesi i\u00e7in bak\u0131r s\u00fclfat gibi maddelerle kaplama ve boyama i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda kullan\u0131lan aynalarda ise, cam\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc so\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6n y\u00fczler de g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015flenir. <\/p>\n
D\u00fcz aynalar Bir cismin veya noktan\u0131n d\u00fcz bir aynada g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u015fekline g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc denir. D\u00fczlem aynada g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc, cismin tam simetri\u011fidir. Yani cisim ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn, aynaya uzakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve boylar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fittir. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ger\u00e7ek de\u011fildir, zahiridir(ger\u00e7ek olmayan). \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, aynan\u0131n i\u00e7inde imi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Zahiri g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc bir ekran \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.yani m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr yani deg\u0131ld\u0131r salla i\u015fte ayna ayna d\u0131r.bir ozell\u0131g\u0131de duz aynan\u0131n duzz olsudur ad\u0131 ustunde duz ayna <\/p>\n
K\u00fcresel aynalar Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyi, k\u00fcre kapa\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde olan aynalard\u0131r. Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey, k\u00fcre kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyi ise bu aynalara \u00e7ukur, konkav veya i\u00e7 b\u00fckey aynalar denir. Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczey, k\u00fcre kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi ise b\u00f6yle aynalara t\u00fcmsek, konveks veya d\u0131\u015f b\u00fckey aynalar denir. <\/p>\n
K\u00fcresel y\u00fczeyin merkezinden ge\u00e7en eksene asal eksen veya optik eksen denir. Asal eksenin aynay\u0131 kesti\u011fi noktaya tepe noktas\u0131, tepe noktas\u0131 ile merkezin tam ortas\u0131na da odak noktas\u0131 ad\u0131 verilir. Asal eksene paralel olarak gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, yans\u0131d\u0131ktan sonra odaktan ge\u00e7erler. Odaktan ge\u00e7erek gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ise asal eksene paralel olarak yans\u0131rlar. Merkezden ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ayn\u0131 yoldan geriye yans\u0131rlar. Tepe noktas\u0131na gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ise asal eksen ile meydana getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131 kadar di\u011fer tarafta a\u00e7\u0131 yaparak yans\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n
\u00c7ukur aynada, merkezin d\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131ndaki bir cismin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc, merkez ile odak aras\u0131nda cisimden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ters ve ger\u00e7ek bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcd\u00fcr. Cisim merkezyken g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc de merkezde ters, ger\u00e7ek ve boyu cismin boyuna e\u015fittir. Cisim merkezle odak aras\u0131ndayken g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc merkezin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ters, ger\u00e7ek ve cisimden b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Cisim odak ile ayna aras\u0131nda ise, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc aynan\u0131n arkas\u0131nda d\u00fcz, zahiri ve cisimden b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcmsek aynan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunan bir cismin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc ise, daima odak ile ayna aras\u0131nda, cisimden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, d\u00fcz ve zahiridir. Cisim, aynan\u0131n tepe noktas\u0131na geldi\u011fi zaman, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn boyu cismin boyuna e\u015fit olur. <\/p>\n
Aynalarda \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131 kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 bulan, \u0130bn-i Heysem’dir. <\/p>\n
Kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler T\u00fcmsek aynalar, seyahat otob\u00fcslerinde dikiz aynas\u0131 olarak yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lma alan\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r. Teleskop imalinde de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Tepe noktas\u0131 delinmi\u015f t\u00fcmsek aynalar ise kulak, burun, bo\u011faz bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131 incelemede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr aynalar ile yap\u0131lan incelemeler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 neticeler verir. \u00c7ukur aynalar ise mikroskoplarda ve tuvalet aynas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Parabolik aynalar Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyleri parabolik olan aynalard\u0131r. Otomobil farlar\u0131ndaki aynalar birer parabolik aynad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te bulunan obsidiyen aynalar\u0131n tarihi \u0130\u00d6 6000 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. Eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 2900, \u0130ndus\u2019ta 2800, \u00c7in\u2019de 1500 y\u0131ll\u0131k metal aynalar bulunmu\u015ftur. Cam ayna Fenikeliler taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015fsa da, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Avrupa\u2019ya girmemi\u015f ve modern zamanlara kadar yayg\u0131nla\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aynaya Uygurlar k\u00f6zg\u00fc demi\u015flerdi; Anadolu a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda da \u015fu adlar verilir: bakanak, bakar, bakbak\u0131, g\u00f6zge\u00e7, g\u00f6zg\u00f6r, g\u00f6z\u00fcnke, k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131k, y\u00fczg\u00f6rg\u00fc, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[1477,7509,7510,7511,5386,7512,7082],"class_list":["post-3259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-anadolu","tag-aynanin-tarihi-ve-aynalar","tag-catalhoyuk","tag-duz-aynalar","tag-morotesi-isinlar","tag-parabolik-aynalar","tag-yansima"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3259"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3259"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3259"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3259"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}