Bulundu\u011fu ortama g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla (y\u00fcksek) olan her madde \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131r, yayar. Masa, insan, ate\u015f, buz, su kendisinden daha so\u011fuk bir ortamda bulundu\u011funda \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131r, yayar. Is\u0131 enerjisi, maddelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla yay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Is\u0131 enerjisi iletim, konveksiyon (ta\u015f\u0131ma = s\u0131v\u0131 ve hava ak\u0131m\u0131) ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma (radyasyon) yolu ile yay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1- Is\u0131 Enerjisinin \u0130letim Yoluyla Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 (\u0130letim) (Taneciklerin \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla Is\u0131n\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131) :
\n Maddeyi olu\u015fturan taneciklerin birbirine \u00e7arpmas\u0131 ile \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 denir. Is\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler taneciklerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Fakat \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kat\u0131 maddelerde, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halindeki maddelerden daha kolay ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Kat\u0131lar \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini sadece iletim yoluyla yayarlar.
\n Kat\u0131 haldeki maddenin bir ucu \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131nan u\u00e7taki tanecikler di\u011ferleri ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015farak \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 di\u011fer uca aktar\u0131rlar.
\n Kat\u0131 haldeki madde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini alan kat\u0131 madde tanecilerinin hareket (kinetik) enerjisi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in titre\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 da artar. Titre\u015fen tanecikler (yerinden ayr\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in) etraf\u0131ndaki di\u011fer taneciklere \u00e7arparak di\u011fer tanecikleri de titre\u015ftirir ve o taneciklerin de titre\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 bu nedenle de hareket enerjisini artt\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi bir tanecikten di\u011ferine aktar\u0131larak madde boyunca iletilmi\u015f yani yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. <\/p>\n
Is\u0131t\u0131lan Teldeki Is\u0131 Enerjisinin Telde Yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
a) S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 Farkl\u0131 \u0130ki Madde Aras\u0131ndaki Is\u0131 Aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u0130letim Yoluyla Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi :
\n Is\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131, maddeler birbirine temas etti\u011finde de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 farkl\u0131 maddeler birbirine dokundurulduklar\u0131nda yani temas ettiklerinde, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla olan madde \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 gibi davranarak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 az olan maddeye \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi aktar\u0131r.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla olan maddeye dokunan so\u011fuk maddedeki tanecikler \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini al\u0131r ve tanecilerin hareket enerjisi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in titre\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 da artar. Titre\u015fen tanecikler (yerinden ayr\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in) etraf\u0131ndaki di\u011fer taneciklere \u00e7arparak di\u011fer tanecikleri de titre\u015ftirir ve o taneciklerin de titre\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 bu nedenle de hareket enerjisini artt\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi bir tanecikten di\u011ferine aktar\u0131larak madde boyunca iletilmi\u015f yani yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER :<\/p>\n
1- Sobaya konan \u00e7aydanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendinin ve metal kulpunun \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131.
\n 2- Sobadaki tencerenin i\u00e7indeki metal ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131.
\n 3- S\u0131cak tavadaki kat\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131n erimesi. <\/p>\n
b) Maddelerin Is\u0131 \u0130letkenlikleri :
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn maddelerin \u0131s\u0131 iletkenlikleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 maddeler \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da yava\u015f iletirler. Is\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn maddelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler taneciklerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlar \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini iletim yoluyla yayabilirler.
\n Is\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla yay\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in maddeyi olu\u015fturan taneciklerin birbiri ile \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 taneci\u011fi de titre\u015ftirmesi (yani ona \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi aktarmas\u0131) gerekir. Bu nedenle \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla daha iyi yay\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fun az olmas\u0131 ve taneciklerin d\u00fczenli olmas\u0131 gerekir.
\n Is\u0131 enerjisinin iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kat\u0131 maddelerde, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halindeki maddelerden daha kolay ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bunun nedeni ise kat\u0131 taneciklerinin d\u00fczenli ve aralar\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fun \u00e7ok az olmas\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halindeki maddenin tanecikleri aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk kat\u0131lara g\u00f6re daha fazla ve tanecikler daha d\u00fczensiz oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlarda iletim yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kat\u0131lara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn maddelerin \u0131s\u0131 iletkenlikleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Is\u0131n\u0131n bir maddedeki yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131 o maddenin iletken mi yoksa yal\u0131tkan m\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtir.
\n Is\u0131y\u0131 iyi ileten maddelere \u0131s\u0131 iletkeni denir. Is\u0131 iletkenlerini olu\u015fturan tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk \u00e7ok azd\u0131r ve tanecikler d\u00fczenlidir. Is\u0131 iletkenleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda \u0131s\u0131 iletirler. Metaller (Bak\u0131r, al\u00fcminyum, demir,\u2026), di\u011fer maddelere g\u00f6re \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 iletirler ve \u0131s\u0131 iletkenidirler.
\n Is\u0131y\u0131 iyi iletemeyen maddelere \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131tkan\u0131 denir. Is\u0131 yal\u0131tkanlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r ve tanecikler d\u00fczensizdir. Is\u0131 yal\u0131tkanlar\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok az miktarda \u0131s\u0131 iletirler. Tahta, plastik, beton, hava \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131tkan\u0131d\u0131r. Plastik k\u00f6p\u00fck, cam y\u00fcn\u00fc, pamuk, saman, asbest, \u00e7ift caml\u0131 pencerelerdeki hava bo\u015flu\u011fu, termoslardaki i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczey aras\u0131ndaki havas\u0131z ortam (vakum) \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- Is\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 maddelerde farkl\u0131 s\u00fcrelerde yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni nedir?
\n 2- Tanecikleri aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk miktar\u0131 fazla olan s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlarda \u0131s\u0131 iletimi hangi yolla olur?<\/p>\n
NOT : 1- Elektrik enerjisini iletebilen maddelere iletken, iletemeyen maddelere yal\u0131tkan denir. Elektrik enerjisini iyi iletebilen maddeler \u0131s\u0131 iletkeni, iyi iletemeyen maddeler ise \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131tkan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER : <\/p>\n
1- Ate\u015fin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u00fc\u00e7ayak ve onun \u00fcst\u00fcndeki tencerenin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131.
\n 2- Ate\u015fin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki tencerenin tutulurken kal\u0131n eldiven giyilmesi.
\n 3- Tavaya konan kat\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131n erimesi.
\n 4- Bir ucu ate\u015fin i\u00e7indeki demir ma\u015fan\u0131n di\u011fer ucunun \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
2- Is\u0131 Enerjisinin I\u015f\u0131ma (Radyasyon) Yoluyla Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 (Tanecik Olmadan Is\u0131n\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131) :
\n Is\u0131 enerjisinin tanecik olmadan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar sayesinde yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131ma denir. I\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda temas yoktur ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma ile \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 bo\u015flukta ve saydam ortamlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n Is\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi etrafa enerji dalgalar\u0131 \u015feklinde yay\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131, \u0131\u015f\u0131k gibi davran\u0131r yani bo\u015flukta veya saydam ortamlarda da yay\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131n\u0131n iletim ve konveksiyon yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir maddeye ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011fu halde \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir maddeye ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur.
\n B\u00fct\u00fcn maddeler \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla etraf\u0131na az ya da fazla \u0131s\u0131 yayarlar ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma her y\u00f6nde olur.
\n Koyu renkli y\u00fczeyler, a\u00e7\u0131k renkli y\u00fczeylere g\u00f6re hem daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yaparlar hem de daha fazla \u0131s\u0131 so\u011fururlar.
\n Mat y\u00fczeyler, parlak y\u00fczeylere g\u00f6re hem daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yaparlar hem de daha fazla \u0131s\u0131 so\u011fururlar.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- So\u011fuk g\u00fcnlerde evin i\u00e7inin s\u0131cak, cam\u0131n so\u011fuk olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni nedir?<\/p>\n
a) Is\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya Ula\u015fmas\u0131 :
\n D\u00fcnya, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 sayesinde \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten yay\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar uzay bo\u015flu\u011funda yay\u0131larak (hareket ederek) \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya gelirler. Uzay bo\u015flu\u011funda tanecik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede gelir.
\n D\u00fcnya, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar sayesinde \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Fakat geceleri, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 alamaz. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar sayesinde \u0131s\u0131nan D\u00fcnya, etraf\u0131na g\u00f6re daha s\u0131cak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in gece etraf\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 yayar. Bu nedenle D\u00fcnya, gece \u0131s\u0131 yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 kaybeder ve geceleri D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyi (ta\u015f, toprak, deniz, g\u00f6l, kaya) daha so\u011fuk olur.
\n K\u0131\u015f\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fli g\u00fcnlerde evin g\u00fcne\u015f alan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- S\u0131cak veya k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 so\u011fuk ge\u00e7en b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fanacak evler nas\u0131l tercih edilmelidir?
\n 2- Geceleri D\u00fcnya neden so\u011fuk olur?
\n 3- Neden havan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011fu geceler bulutlu gecelerden daha so\u011fuk olur?<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER :<\/p>\n
1- So\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelerde G\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6ren ev ve i\u015fyerlerinin tercih edilmesinin nedeni, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla gelen G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 sayesinde \u0131s\u0131nabilmek i\u00e7indir.
\n 2- G\u00fcne\u015fli bir g\u00fcnde evin veya araban\u0131n i\u00e7inin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 fakat cam\u0131n so\u011fuk kalmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni cam gibi saydam maddelerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irdikleri i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131nmamas\u0131 fakat cam \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u00e7in evin veya araban\u0131n i\u00e7inin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 3- Is\u0131, yanan \u015f\u00f6mine, f\u0131r\u0131n ve lambadan \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla yay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 4- G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gelmesi \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n 5- Topraktan yap\u0131lan cerelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
b) Sera Etkisi :
\n D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131 saran ve D\u00fcnya ile birlikte d\u00f6nen hava tabakas\u0131na atmosfer denir. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 ten D\u00fcnya\u2019 ya gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 atmosfere \u00e7arparak uzaya geri d\u00f6nerken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da atmosferden ge\u00e7erek yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131r. Atmosfer bu nedenle yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn fazla \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller. Ayr\u0131ca atmosferi olu\u015fturan gazlar, yery\u00fcz\u00fcne gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n uzaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller (engelleyen perde olu\u015fturur).
\n Atmosfer, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fmas\u0131na ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arparak uzaya geri d\u00f6nmesine izin verirken yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015fan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da uzaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller ve bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Atmosferin yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arpan \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n uzaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemesine sera etkisi denir. B\u00f6ylece D\u00fcnya, atmosfer sayesinde canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131na elveri\u015fli s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa sahip olur.
\n c) K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nma :
\n Atmosferi olu\u015fturan baz\u0131 gazlar G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Fakat atmosferdeki karbondioksit ve karbon monoksit gibi baz\u0131 gazlar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 nedeniyle uzaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar yay\u0131lamazlar ve D\u00fcnya normalden fazla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r yani sera etkisi artar. Bu olaya k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma denir. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya neden olan karbondioksit gaz\u0131, sanayile\u015fmenin artmas\u0131, ara\u00e7lardan \u00e7\u0131kan egzoz gazlar\u0131, ye\u015fil bitkilerin azalmas\u0131 ve petrol, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve do\u011fal gaz gibi fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu artar.<\/p>\n
NOT : 1- 1950\u2019 den bug\u00fcne kadar atmosferdeki zararl\u0131 gaz miktar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n 2- Bulutsuz gecelerin, bulutlu gecelere g\u00f6re daha so\u011fuk olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni sera etkisinin azalmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 3- G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n zararlar\u0131;
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapar.
\n \u2022 Ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemini bask\u0131lar.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131na duyarl\u0131 cilt hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na eden olur.
\n \u2022 Derinin destek dokular\u0131na zarar vererek deride k\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7ar.
\n \u2022 G\u00f6zde katarakt olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7ar.
\n \u2022 Deri kanserlerine yol a\u00e7ar.
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 t\u00fcm cilt kanserlerinin %90\u2019 \u0131n\u0131ndan sorumludur.
\n \u2022 \u00c7ocuklukta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan G\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131klar\u0131 cilt kanseri riskini artt\u0131r\u0131r.
\n 4- G\u00fcne\u015fin zararl\u0131 etkilerinden korunmak i\u00e7in;
\n \u2022 G\u00fcne\u015fli g\u00fcnlerde 11.00 \u2013 16.00 aras\u0131nda zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Bulutlu havalarda G\u00fcne\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesine ra\u011fmen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yine etkiler.
\n \u2022 G\u00f6lgelerde, G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n %60\u2019 \u0131 engellenebilir.<\/p>\n
d) Gece \u2013 G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Aras\u0131ndaki S\u0131cakl\u0131k Farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 :
\n D\u00fcnya\u2019 da geceleri g\u00fcnd\u00fczlerden daha so\u011fuk olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 en fazla 10 \u2013 15 0C olur. Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, gece D\u00fcnya taraf\u0131ndan \u0131\u015f\u0131ma sonucu etrafa yay\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin atmosfer taraf\u0131ndan uzaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesidir. Atmosfer olmam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 daha fazla olurdu.
\n Baz\u0131 gezegenlerde ve uydularda atmosfer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 fazla olur. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n uydusu olan Ay\u2019da da atmosfer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 fazla olur (g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri 120 0C, geceleri \u2013155 0C). Bu nedenle atmosferi olmayan gezegenlerde ve uydularda gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131 fazla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in canl\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015famas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz. Atmosfer sayesinde yery\u00fcz\u00fc s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanabilir derecede olur.<\/p>\n
e) I\u015f\u0131n So\u011furma ve I\u015f\u0131n Yans\u0131tman\u0131n Maddenin Rengine ve Parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 :
\n Maddelerin, \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 tutmas\u0131na so\u011furma (\u0131\u015f\u0131n yutma = \u0131\u015f\u0131n emme = \u0131\u015f\u0131n tutma) denir. Farkl\u0131 renkteki y\u00fczeyler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 miktarlarda tutarlar.
\n Koyu renkli y\u00fczeyler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu so\u011fururken \u00e7ok az k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. A\u00e7\u0131k renkli y\u00fczeyler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu yans\u0131t\u0131rken \u00e7ok az k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 so\u011fururlar. Bu nedenle koyu renkli y\u00fczeyler daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131n so\u011furdu\u011fu i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k renkli y\u00fczeylere g\u00f6re daha fazla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar.
\n Mat (parlak olmayan) y\u00fczeyler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu so\u011fururken \u00e7ok az k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. Parlak y\u00fczeyler \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle mat y\u00fczeyler daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131n so\u011furdu\u011fu i\u00e7in parlak y\u00fczeylere g\u00f6re daha fazla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar.
\n Parlak ve yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyler, \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131nmazlar. Bu nedenle parlak ve yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 y\u00fczeyler, \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 gerektiren y\u00fczeylerin kaplanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- S\u0131cak b\u00f6lgelerdeki evler ni\u00e7in beyaza boyan\u0131r?<\/p>\n
NOT : 1- K\u0131\u015flar\u0131 koyu renkli k\u0131yafetler giyilmesinin nedeni, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 daha fazla so\u011furabilmesi
\n i\u00e7indir.
\n Yazlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k renkli k\u0131yafetler giyilmesinin nedeni, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 daha az so\u011furmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 2- Termosun i\u00e7inin parlak olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, i\u00e7indeki maddenin \u0131s\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 emmeyip geri yans\u0131tmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece i\u00e7indeki s\u0131cak maddenin so\u011fumas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olur.
\n Termosun d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n parlak olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 emmeyip geri yans\u0131tmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece i\u00e7indeki so\u011fuk maddenin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olur.
\n 3- G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin siyah renge boyal\u0131 paneli, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla gelen G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla so\u011furarak siyah renge boyal\u0131 panelin i\u00e7indeki borularda bulunan suyun \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.
\n G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin panelindeki cam saydam oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irir ve \u0131s\u0131nmaz.
\n G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin panelindeki siyah renge boyal\u0131 borular \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla gelen \u0131\u015f\u0131nlarla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rken iletim yoluyla \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 suya aktar\u0131rlar.
\n 4- Ayna cepheli binalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni \u0131s\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- F\u0131r\u0131nda pi\u015firilen yemeklerin folyo ile kaplanmas\u0131 ne fayda sa\u011flar?
\n 2- F\u0131r\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan yeme\u011fin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki folyo ni\u00e7in so\u011fuktur?<\/p>\n
3- Is\u0131 Enerjisinin Konveksiyon (Ta\u015f\u0131ma = Hava ve S\u0131v\u0131 Ak\u0131m\u0131) \u0130le Yay\u0131lmas\u0131 (Taneciklerin Yer De\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u0130le Is\u0131n\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131) :
\n Is\u0131 enerjisinin hava veya s\u0131v\u0131 ak\u0131m\u0131 ile yani taneciklerin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi ile yay\u0131lmas\u0131na \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n konveksiyon yolu ile yay\u0131lmas\u0131 denir. Is\u0131n\u0131n konveksiyon yoluyla yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 ve gazlarda olur, kat\u0131larda olmaz.
\n S\u0131v\u0131lar ve gazlar ak\u0131\u015fkan \u00f6zelliktedir yani tanecikleri \u00f6teleme hareketi yapabilirler. S\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz halindeki madde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca (daha fazla yer kaplayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in) yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r (genle\u015fir, hacmi artar ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r). Yo\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan madde daima \u00fcstte, yo\u011funlu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck olan madde de daima altta olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalan s\u0131cak madde, yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazla olan so\u011fuk madde ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir yani yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalan s\u0131cak madde yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karken tanecikler \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lma s\u0131ras\u0131nda ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini de beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi taneciklerin hareketi ile maddenin her taraf\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
a) Konveksiyon Yoluyla Bulut Olu\u015fumu :
\n Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulunan sular, G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019 in \u0131s\u0131 etkisiyle buharla\u015farak su buhar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7a \u0131s\u0131nan hava taneciklerinin yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalan bu hava tanecikleri konveksiyon olay\u0131 ile yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazla olan so\u011fuk hava tanecikleri ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu sayede s\u0131cak hava tanecikleri y\u00fckselir. S\u0131cak hava tanecikleri y\u00fckselirken i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131 taneciklerini de beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131r. Hava taneciklerinin su buhar\u0131 taneciklerini ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 i\u00e7in havan\u0131n su buhar\u0131na doymas\u0131 ve ortam\u0131n (havan\u0131n) s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi gerekir.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artan ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalan hava tanecikleri y\u00fckselirken kendinden daha az yo\u011fun olan bir hava tabakas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r ve bu s\u0131rada y\u00fckselirken tekrar so\u011fumaya ba\u015flar. (Her 100 m de 1 0C kadar so\u011fur). Hava tanecikleri so\u011furken i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131 da so\u011fur ve yo\u011funla\u015farak tekrar su tanecikleri haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n Hava taneciklerinin atmosfere \u00e7\u0131karken i\u00e7indeki su buhar\u0131n\u0131n su tanecikleri \u015feklinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na bulut denir. Bulutlar\u0131n yeteri kadar so\u011fumas\u0131 ile ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar meydana gelir.<\/p>\n
b) Konveksiyon Yoluyla S\u0131cak Hava Balonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 :
\n Bir cismin havaya y\u00fckselmesi i\u00e7in cismin yo\u011funlu\u011funun havan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fundan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 yani cismin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n havan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan (havan\u0131n kald\u0131rma kuvvetinden) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan ilk u\u00e7abilen ara\u00e7lar s\u0131cak hava balonlar\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Balonla ilk u\u00e7u\u015f, 1783 y\u0131l\u0131nda Joseph ve Etienne Montgolfier karde\u015fler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Montgolfier karde\u015fler ka\u011f\u0131t bir balonla 1860 m y\u00fckselebilmi\u015flerdir.
\n Balonlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi konveksiyon olay\u0131na dayan\u0131r. Konveksiyon olay\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan havan\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu azalan hava yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazla olan hava ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirken y\u00fckselir.
\n Balonlarda yanmaz kuma\u015flardan yap\u0131lan ana g\u00f6vde, bu g\u00f6vdeye ba\u011fl\u0131 sepet ve balondaki havay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan d\u00fczenek bulunur. <\/p>\n
NOT : 1- S\u0131v\u0131 haldeki maddelerde tanecikler aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk kat\u0131 maddelere g\u00f6re daha fazla
\n oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in s\u0131v\u0131larda iletim yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131lmas\u0131 kat\u0131lara g\u00f6re daha yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n 2- So\u011fuk su \u00fcstte, s\u0131cak su altta oldu\u011fu zaman \u0131s\u0131 konveksiyon yoluyla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in daha h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 3- S\u0131cak su \u00fcstte, so\u011fuk su altta oldu\u011fu zaman \u0131s\u0131 iletim yoluyla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in daha yava\u015f yay\u0131l\u0131r.
\n 4- Kat\u0131 maddelerde konveksiyonun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesinin nedeni, kat\u0131 taneciklerinin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirememesi yani \u00f6teleme hareketi yapamamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SORU : 1- Volkan patlamalar\u0131 nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir?
\n 2- Bacalardan \u00e7\u0131kan duman neden yukar\u0131 do\u011fru hareket eder?<\/p>\n
\u00d6RNEKLER :<\/p>\n
1- Soba, kalorifer, klima havay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131t\u0131nca, \u0131s\u0131nan hava genle\u015fir ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u0131s\u0131nan hava tanecikleri hareket eder ve hareket ederken \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini de beraberinde ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n 2- Banyo kazan\u0131, termosifon ve konveksiyon borusunda su \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131nca \u0131s\u0131nan b\u00f6lgedeki suyun yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazla olan su ile yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirken yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar ve yerine so\u011fuk su gelir.
\n 3- Bir kazandaki su \u00fcstten \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rsa konveksiyon ak\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fmaz. Su k\u00f6t\u00fc iletken oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iletim yoluyla \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 iletmez. Suyun alt k\u0131sm\u0131 bu nedenle \u0131s\u0131nmaz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bulundu\u011fu ortama g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla (y\u00fcksek) olan her madde \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131r, yayar. Masa, insan, ate\u015f, buz, su kendisinden daha so\u011fuk bir ortamda bulundu\u011funda \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131r, yayar. Is\u0131 enerjisi, maddelerde \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla yay\u0131l\u0131r. Is\u0131 enerjisi iletim, konveksiyon (ta\u015f\u0131ma = s\u0131v\u0131 ve hava ak\u0131m\u0131) ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma (radyasyon) yolu ile yay\u0131l\u0131r. 1- Is\u0131 Enerjisinin \u0130letim Yoluyla …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2796,4663,7542,3900,7543,7544],"class_list":["post-3273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atmosfer","tag-isi-enerjisi","tag-isinin-yayilma-yollari","tag-kuresel-isinma","tag-maddelerin-isi-iletkenlikleri","tag-sera"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3273"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3273\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}