ISI VE SICAKLIK
\n G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yer y\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131nca, \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f, toprak, su gibi maddeler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r; \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Yaz\u0131n \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131nan ta\u015f, kum, toprak gibi maddelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131plak ayakla basamay\u0131z. Is\u0131t\u0131lan bak\u0131r tencerenin de bir s\u00fcre sonra s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artarak, elimizi yakacak duruma gelir. Yeteri kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan odun ya da ka\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7as\u0131 ise tutu\u015fur.
\n Petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, odun, k\u00f6m\u00fcr gibi yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki enerji, bu yak\u0131tlar yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n Elektrik enerjisi, maddenin i\u00e7 enerjisi, \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisi, ses enerjisi, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi gibi \u0131s\u0131 da bir enerji \u00e7e\u015fididir. Yemek pi\u015firmede, \u0131s\u0131nmada, makinelerin, motorlar\u0131n, fabrikalar\u0131n,santrallerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda bu \u0131s\u0131dan yararlan\u0131r\u0131z. Is\u0131 enerjisini \u00fcretebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nce di\u011fer bir enerji t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketilmesi gerekir. S\u00f6z geli\u015fi k\u00f6m\u00fcr yanmadan \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi elde edemeyiz. Yanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcrdeki kimyasal enerji \u0131s\u0131 enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.
\n Elektrik enerjisi; elektrik oca\u011f\u0131, \u00fct\u00fc, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, f\u0131r\u0131n gibi ara\u00e7lardaki tellerde \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Biz de bu enerjiyi \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015flerimizi yapmada kullan\u0131r\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Maddeler kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 halde bulunurlar. Her \u00fc\u00e7 halde de maddelerin molek\u00fcllerinden ve atomlardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu biliyoruz.
\n Kat\u0131 bir maddenin molek\u00fclleri bulunduklar\u0131 yerde titre\u015fim hareketi yapar. S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fclleri birbiri \u00fczerinde kayarak yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirler. Gazlarda ise molek\u00fcller bulunduklar\u0131 kab\u0131n i\u00e7inde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak her y\u00f6ne hareket ederler. \u0130ster kat\u0131, ister s\u0131v\u0131, ister gaz halinde olsun, belli s\u0131cakl\u0131ktaki her maddenin molek\u00fcl ve atomlar\u0131 hareketlidir.
\n Molek\u00fcl ya da atomlar de\u011fi\u015fik h\u0131zlarla hareket ettiklerinden hepsinin h\u0131zlar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fit de\u011fildir. Buna g\u00f6re her atom ya da molek\u00fcl\u00fcn ortalama bir kinetik enerjiye sahip oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.
\n Her bir molek\u00fcl\u00fcn sahip oldu\u011fu kinetik enerjinin de\u011feri \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bu nedenle tek tek molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjilerini hissedemeyiz. Herhangi bir maddeyi olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcllerin say\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Say\u0131lamayacak kadar \u00e7ok say\u0131daki molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjilerinin toplam\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferlere ula\u015f\u0131r. Biz bu toplam enerjiyi \u00f6l\u00e7ebiliriz.
\n B\u00fcy\u00fcn molek\u00fcllerin sahip oldu\u011fu kinetik enerjilerin toplam\u0131n\u0131 o maddeyi olu\u015fturan molek\u00fcl say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6leriz. B\u00f6ylece molek\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama kinetik enerjiyi elde ederiz. Bu da bize o maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verir.
\n Molek\u00fcllerin hareketleri artt\u0131k\u00e7a, kinetik enerjileri artar. Bu ise molek\u00fcl ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama kinetik enerjinin; k\u0131saca s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re s\u0131cakl\u0131k bir maddedeki molek\u00fcllerin ortalama kinetik enerjileri ile ilgili bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n Bir maddeye \u0131s\u0131 verildi\u011finde molek\u00fcllerin hareketi h\u0131zlan\u0131r ve kinetik enerjileri artar. K\u0131saca molek\u00fcller kinetik enerji kazan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi kazanan maddelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fckselir.
\n So\u011fuyan maddelerde ise molek\u00fcllerin hareketi yava\u015flar. Bu da molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjilerinin azalmas\u0131 demektir. Is\u0131 enerjisi kaybeden maddelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer.
\n Anlat\u0131lanlardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0131s\u0131 ile s\u0131cakl\u0131k ayn\u0131 kavramlar de\u011fildir. Buna \u00f6rnek verelim.
\n Kaynamakta olan \u00e7aydanl\u0131ktaki sudan bir \u00e7ay barda\u011f\u0131 su alal\u0131m. \u00c7aydanl\u0131ktaki ve \u00e7ay barda\u011f\u0131ndaki sular\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat ikisindeki \u0131s\u0131 miktarlar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fit de\u011fildir. \u00c7aydanl\u0131ktaki s\u0131cak su ile daha \u00e7ok buz eritebiliriz. Bir bardak s\u0131cak su ile eritilen buz \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. \u00c7aydanl\u0131ktaki suyun \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 bir bardak suyun \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazlad\u0131r.
\n SICAKLIK
\n Bir cismin ne kadar s\u0131cak oldu\u011funun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Derideki duyu al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla bir cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda kabaca da olsa bir izlenim denebilir. Ama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tam olarak bilinmesinin gerekti\u011fi i\u015flerde ya da derinin dayanabilece\u011finden daha s\u0131cak ve daha so\u011fuk cisimlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde termometre kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sanayi f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki gibi \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise pirometrelerden yaralan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Termometrenin \u00fczerinde bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi vard\u0131r. Pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede kullan\u0131lan Celsius \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re, buzun erime noktas\u0131 0 derece, suyun kaynama noktas\u0131 100 derecedir. Bug\u00fcn ABD`de kullan\u0131lmakta olan Fahrenheit \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine g\u00f6re buzun erime noktas\u0131 32 derece, suyun kaynama noktas\u0131 ise 212 derecedir. Kelvin ise bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131r.
\n Bir cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 molek\u00fcllerinin titre\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Molek\u00fclleri ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 titre\u015firse cisim o kadar s\u0131cak, ne kadar yava\u015f titre\u015firse cisim o kadar so\u011fuk olur. Molek\u00fcller hareket halinde olduklar\u0131ndan kinetik enerjiyi sahiptir. Bir cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 molek\u00fcllerinin ortalama enerjisini g\u00f6sterir. E\u011fer herhangi bir cisim, molek\u00fcllerinin tamamen hareketsiz hale gelece\u011fi ve t\u00fcm hareket enerjilerini yitirece\u011fi bir noktaya kadar so\u011futulabilseydi, b\u00f6yle bir noktada art\u0131k hi\u00e7bir i\u00e7 enerji bulunmazd\u0131. Hi\u00e7bir cisim bundan daha so\u011fuk olamaz. Mutlak s\u0131f\u0131r denen bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k yakla\u015f\u0131k \u2013273 santigrat derecedir. Mutlak s\u0131f\u0131ra ula\u015fmak imkans\u0131zd\u0131r; ama bilim adamlar\u0131 bu noktan\u0131n derecenin milyonda biri kadar yak\u0131n\u0131na ula\u015fabilmeyi ba\u015farabilmi\u015flerdir.
\n Di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn memeliler ve ku\u015flarda oldu\u011fu gibi, insan v\u00fccudu da \u00e7evre s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak belli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korur ve bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k pek az de\u011fi\u015fir. \u0130nsan\u0131n normal v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 36,9 santigrat derecedir. Normal v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 insandan insana ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 v\u00fccut b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok hafif bir de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterir.
\n S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi<\/p>\n
Kaynamakta olan \u00e7aydanl\u0131\u011fa elinizi dokunmaktan sak\u0131n\u0131r\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun \u00e7ok s\u0131cak oldu\u011funu ve elimizi yakaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliriz. Bir buz par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 elimize ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda elimizin \u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hisseder, buzun \u00e7ok so\u011fuk oldu\u011funu belirtiriz.
\n Buna g\u00f6re bir maddenin s\u0131cak ya da so\u011fuk olmas\u0131, onun s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi ile ilgilidir. S\u0131cak olan bir maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi y\u00fcksek, so\u011fuk olan\u0131n ise s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\n \u0130ki maddeden hangisinin s\u0131cak ya da so\u011fuk oldu\u011funu dokunma duyumuzla anlayabiliriz. Fakat her s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede dokunma duyumuz yeterli olmayabilir. Dokunma duyumuzun dayanabilece\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesine kadar olan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ile ilgili kabaca bir fikir ediniriz. Bunu da s\u0131cak, so\u011fuk, \u0131l\u0131k bi\u00e7iminde belirtiriz. Dokunma duyumuzu kullanarak say\u0131sal bir de\u011fer vererek yan\u0131lma ihtimali y\u00fcksektir.
\n Bu nedenle s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrken, kesin ve do\u011fru de\u011ferler veren ara\u00e7lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir maddenin s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesini say\u0131yla g\u00f6sterebilen bu ara\u00e7lara termometre ad\u0131 verilir.
\n Termometre \u00c7e\u015fitleri
\n Is\u0131n\u0131nca genle\u015fmeleri s\u0131cakl\u0131kla orant\u0131l\u0131 olan kat\u0131, s\u0131v\u0131, gaz maddelerden \u00e7e\u015fitli termometreler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ok yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan s\u0131v\u0131l\u0131 ve metal termometrelerdir.
\n S\u0131v\u0131l\u0131 Termometreler:
\n S\u0131v\u0131l\u0131 termometrelerde genle\u015fmeleri b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ve s\u0131cakl\u0131kla orant\u0131l\u0131 olan s\u0131v\u0131lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130nce cam boru i\u00e7indeki s\u0131v\u0131; c\u0131va ise c\u0131val\u0131 termometre, alkol ise alkoll\u00fc termometre ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.
\n C\u0131va \u201339 santigrat derecede donar, 357 santigrat derecede kaynar. C\u0131val\u0131 termometreler ile \u201339 santigrat derece ile 357 santigrat derece aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ebiliriz. \u00c7ok so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde bu termometreler kullan\u0131lmaz. Bunu yerine donma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan alkoll\u00fc termometreler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc alkol yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak-115 santigrat derecede donar. Bu termometreleri kutuplarda kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak k\u0131lcal boru i\u00e7indeki s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n iyi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, mavi, sar\u0131 vb. renkli boya maddeleri ile boyanmas\u0131 gerekir. S\u0131v\u0131l\u0131 termometreler kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yerlere g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli isimler al\u0131rlar. Duvar termometresi, laboratuar termometresi ve hasta termometresi gibi.<\/p>\n
Hasta Termometresi:
\n C\u0131val\u0131 bir termometredir. V\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 35 santigrat derece ile 42 santigrat derece aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 1\/10 incelikle \u00f6l\u00e7er. Bu termometrelerin haznesi ile k\u0131lcal borunu birle\u015fti\u011fi yerde bir bo\u011fum bulunur. V\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra termometre sap\u0131ndan tutularak sallan\u0131r. Neden? Yeni bir \u00f6l\u00e7meye haz\u0131r olan termometre a\u011f\u0131z i\u00e7i ya da koltuk alt\u0131na konularak v\u00fccut s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Metal Termometre:
\n C\u0131val\u0131 ve alkoll\u00fc termometreler ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyen s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecelerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in metal termometreler kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Metal termometreler ile 1600 santigrat dereceye kadar olan y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. Fabrika ve f\u0131r\u0131nlar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdir.
\n G\u00dcNL\u00dcK HAYATIMIZDA ISI VE SICAKLIK<\/p>\n
Bir kibrit alevi ile yeme\u011fimizi pi\u015firemeyiz. Genellikle evlerimizdeki ocaklarda 12 kg\u2019lik t\u00fcpler i\u00e7inde s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f petrol gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Bu t\u00fcp i\u00e7indeki gaz yand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 g\u00fcn yeme\u011fimizi pi\u015firebiliriz. Ayn\u0131 gaz\u0131 verdi\u011fi \u0131s\u0131 ile odam\u0131z 7-8 g\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131t\u0131labilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcp\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki \u0131s\u0131 kibrit alevinin verdi\u011fi \u0131s\u0131dan \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. Bir ton ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn verdi\u011fi \u0131s\u0131, iki ton linyitin verdi\u011fi \u0131s\u0131dan daha fazlad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden ton ba\u015f\u0131na fiyat\u0131 linyitin iki kat\u0131 da olsa linyit yerine ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alan karl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 para ile daha \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131 sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u0131s\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan bir enerji \u00e7e\u015fidi olmaktad\u0131r. Is\u0131 enerjisi do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez. Is\u0131 miktar\u0131 hesapla bulunur. Birimi joule \u2018dir. Is\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ise kalorimetredir.
\n Her g\u00fcn dinledi\u011fimiz hava raporlar\u0131nda derece santigrat cinsinden verilen de\u011ferler s\u0131cakl\u0131klard\u0131r. Giyimimizi havan\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlar\u0131z. Denize girerken bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131cak maddenin, so\u011fuk maddeden daha y\u00fcksek olan \u00f6zelli\u011fi s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Maddelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mede kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 termometredir. Birimi ise santigrat derecedir.
\n Bir Cismin S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Artmas\u0131n\u0131
\n Sa\u011flayan Fiziksel Enerji: ISI<\/p>\n
Is\u0131 bir cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesini belirten enerjidir. Is\u0131 miktar\u0131yla s\u0131cakl\u0131k do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bir cismin \u00fczerindeki \u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a o cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da artar.
\n Fizik biliminin b\u00fcy\u00fck dallar\u0131ndan biri de \u0131s\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. D\u00fcnyam\u0131zda ge\u00e7en hemen hemen her olayda \u0131s\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar, insanlar\u0131n yer y\u00fcz\u00fcnde ilk olarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 tabiat olaylar\u0131ndan biri de \u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
\n \u0130nsanlar, tabiat olaylar\u0131n\u0131n sebeplerini, kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra, \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu da merak ettiler. \u00d6nceleri \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 bir cisim sand\u0131lar. Ancak deneyler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Is\u0131tmadan \u00f6nce, \u0131s\u0131tt\u0131ktan sonra tartt\u0131klar\u0131 cisimlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6rmediler. \u00d6yleyse \u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan, s\u0131cak bir cisimden so\u011fuk bir cisme ge\u00e7ebilen yani ak\u0131\u015fkan bir cisimdir. Buna kalorik ad\u0131n\u0131 verirler. 1800 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bu inan\u0131\u015f s\u00fcr\u00fcp geldi. Ancak, bundan sonra \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n cisim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren deneyler yap\u0131ld\u0131.
\n Is\u0131 \u00dczerinde Deneyler:
\n Bu deneylerden ilkini asl\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 olan, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ngilizleri tuttu\u011fu i\u00e7in sonradan \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ka\u00e7an Kont Rumford yapt\u0131. Eskiden toplar\u0131 silindir bi\u00e7imindeki demirlerin ortas\u0131n\u0131 oyarak yaparlard\u0131. Bu delme i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yem demir sinindir hem de deli\u011fi a\u00e7an torna kalemi \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Bu olaya dikkat eden Rumford \u0131s\u0131 cisminin nereden geldi\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Topun \u00e7evresine \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7irmeyen ke\u00e7e sard\u0131, gene \u0131s\u0131 meydana geliyordu. Kalemin h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131k daha y\u00fckseldi. Bu g\u00f6zlem sonunda Rumford \u015fu sonuca vard\u0131: d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir cisim kendi kendine bir cisim do\u011furamaz: \u00f6yleyse \u0131s\u0131 bir cisim de\u011fil harekettir.
\n Bundan sonra gene \u0130ngiliz bilgini Sir Humphrey Davy \u00e7ok so\u011fuk bir k\u0131\u015f gecesi, iki buz par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 birbirine s\u00fcrt\u00fcnce, buzlar\u0131n eridi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Deneyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta bir daha yapt\u0131, buzlar gene eridi. Buz ancak 0 derecenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde eridi\u011fine g\u00f6re s\u00fcrtme sonunda buzlar\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 0 derecenin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir cisimle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan buzlara \u0131s\u0131 cismi nereden geliyordu? Bu sorunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 arayan Davy de \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir cisim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna vard\u0131. Daha sonra \u0130ngiliz Juole\u2019un da bir kap i\u00e7indeki kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n cisim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k iyice anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.
\n Is\u0131 Nedir:
\n Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k herkesin kabul etti\u011fi kurama g\u00f6re \u0131s\u0131, bir \u00e7e\u015fit enerjidir. Bilindi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn cisimler molek\u00fcllerden, onlarda atomlardan meydana gelirler. Bu molek\u00fcller de de\u011fi\u015fmez de\u011fillerdir; s\u00fcrekli olarak hareket halindedirler, kayna\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu kayna\u015fmalar\u0131 molek\u00fcllerde kinetik enerji bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Baz\u0131 molek\u00fcllerde potansiyel enerji de vard\u0131r. Bir cisme d\u0131\u015fardan \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi verirsek, cismin toplam kinetik ve potansiyel enerjisinde bir de\u011fi\u015fme olmaz. Bu enerji molek\u00fcllere ge\u00e7er, onlar\u0131n hareketini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirir. Bu y\u00fczden, birbirine s\u00fcrt\u00fclen iki cisim \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. S\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeyle verilen enerji, molek\u00fcllerin hareketini artt\u0131r\u0131r, bunu sonunda da cisimler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. \u00c7eki\u00e7le d\u00f6v\u00fclen demirin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 da bundand\u0131r. Vurma s\u0131ras\u0131nda cisimlere verilen enerji onlar\u0131n molek\u00fcllerinin art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla cisimleri \u0131s\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Demek ki \u0131s\u0131 bir enerjidir. Kat\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131 cisimlere verilirse onlar\u0131n molek\u00fcllerinin hem kinetik, hem de potansiyel enerjiler4ini artt\u0131r\u0131r. Gaz halindeki cisimlere verilirse molek\u00fcllerin yaln\u0131z kinetik enerjisi artar.
\n Is\u0131n\u0131n Cisimler \u00dczerindeki Etkileri
\n 1 ) Kat\u0131larda:
\n Bir cisme \u0131s\u0131 verilirse o cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi y\u00fckselir. Bunun i\u00e7in cisimlerin s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Saf suyun dondu\u011fu s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi 0, kaynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesi de 100 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bu iki de\u011ferin aras\u0131 100 e\u015f par\u00e7aya b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu bize santigrat s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesini verir. C ile g\u00f6sterilir. Bundan ba\u015fka Fahrenhayt ve Reom\u00fcr s\u0131cakl\u0131k dereceleri vard\u0131r.
\n Uzatma Katsay\u0131s\u0131. Genel olarak, cisimlere \u0131s\u0131 verilince boyutlar\u0131 uzar. Bir maden \u00e7ubu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn uzunlu\u011fu boyunca \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6l\u00e7ersek boyunun so\u011fuk durumuna g\u00f6re artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu uzama her cisimde ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 de\u011ferleri i\u00e7in cisimlerin uzamalar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu belirtmek i\u00e7in uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir cismin birim uzunlu\u011funun 1 santigrat derece s\u0131cakl\u0131k fark\u0131nda uzad\u0131\u011f\u0131 miktara o cismin uzama katsay\u0131s\u0131 denir.
\n 2 ) S\u0131v\u0131larda:
\n S\u0131v\u0131lar da genel olarak \u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 zaman hacimce genle\u015firler. Yaln\u0131z, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n belli bir hacimleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir kap i\u00e7inde bulundurulurlar. Is\u0131yla hacim de\u011fi\u015fmesini incelerken kab\u0131n genle\u015fmesini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gereklidir. Yoksa, bulunan sonu\u00e7lar yanl\u0131\u015f olur.
\n Ergime Is\u0131s\u0131. Kat\u0131 bir cismin birim k\u00fctlesini s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden ergitmek i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131na o cismin ergime \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 denir. Bu de\u011fer su i\u00e7in 80 kaloridir. Yani, 1 gram buz 0 santigrat derecesinde ergirken \u00e7evresinden 80 kalori al\u0131r, 1 gram buz donarken \u00e7evresine 80 kalori verir.
\n Bas\u0131nc\u0131n Etkisi. Bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n donma noktas\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bas\u0131n\u00e7la de\u011fi\u015fir. Donma s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcz\u00fclen s\u0131v\u0131larda bas\u0131n\u00e7 artt\u0131k\u00e7a donma noktas\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011ferlere kayar. Donma s\u0131ras\u0131nda geni\u015fleyen s\u0131v\u0131larda ise durum tersle\u015fir. Onun i\u00e7in, \u0131s\u0131 problemlerinde bas\u0131nc\u0131n da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmas\u0131 gereklidir.
\n Kolayl\u0131k i\u00e7in normal \u015fartlar tarif edilmi\u015ftir. 76 sm. hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 ve 0 santigrat derecesine normal \u015fartlar denir.
\n Buharla\u015fma Olay\u0131. Bir cismin gaz haline ge\u00e7mesine buharla\u015fma olay\u0131 denir. \u00dc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vard\u0131r;
\n 1) Buharla\u015fma
\n 2) Kaynama
\n 3) S\u00fcblimle\u015fme
\n 1) Buharla\u015fma: S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczeyindeki k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n buhar haline ge\u00e7mesidir.
\n 2) Kaynama: S\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z y\u00fczeyinde kalmay\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne yay\u0131lan buharla\u015fmad\u0131r. Kaynama sonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131v\u0131 buhar haline ge\u00e7er. Bir s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 kaynatmak i\u00e7in ona \u0131s\u0131 verilmesi gerekir. Bir s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n birim k\u00fctlesini s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeksizin, buhar haline ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in verilmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131ya buharla\u015fma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 denir. Bu de\u011fer su i\u00e7in 539 kaloridir; yani 1 gram suyu buharla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ona 539 kalori verilmelidir.
\n 3) S\u00fcblimle\u015fme: belli s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda bir cismin, kat\u0131 halinden, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya gaz haline ge\u00e7mesidir. Naftalin normal \u015fartlarda bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterir.
\n 3) Gazlarda:
\n Bir gaz\u0131n durumu \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fkenle belli olur. S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tatbik etti\u011fi bas\u0131nc\u0131, kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hacim. .Bu \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fer aras\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn gazlar i\u00e7in do\u011fru olan ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar vard\u0131r. Gazlar\u0131 ya sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda, ya da sabit hacim alt\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131tabiliriz. Buna g\u00f6re, gazlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli olaylar ge\u00e7er. Gazlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131lar\u0131 da \u0131s\u0131tma \u015fekline g\u00f6re iki tanedir: sabit hacimdeki \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131, sabit bas\u0131n\u00e7taki \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131. Onun i\u00e7in gazlarda \u0131s\u0131 problemleri biraz daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.
\n Is\u0131n\u0131 \u0130letimi:
\n Is\u0131y\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011fa yararl\u0131 \u015fekilde kullanmak i\u00e7in elde ettikten sonra kullanma yerine iletmek gereklidir. Bunun bir\u00e7ok yolu vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z \u0131s\u0131 iletimi usullerinde kay\u0131plar\u0131n az olmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Cisimler, \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 bir yerden bir yere iletme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterirler. Madenler \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 iyi iletirler. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k hava k\u00f6t\u00fc iletkendir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, i\u00e7inde hava bulunan maddeler de k\u00f6t\u00fc iletkendir. B\u00f6ylece, cisimler 1) iletken 2) k\u00f6t\u00fc iletken 3) yal\u0131tkan olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bazen \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletilmesi, bazen de d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya verilmeyip korunmas\u0131 istenir. Duruma g\u00f6re ya iletken, ya yal\u0131tkan cisimler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.
\n Evlerin, i\u015f yerlerinin, fabrikalar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda, so\u011futulmas\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131 iletiminin \u00f6nemli bir pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iletim kanunlar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Is\u0131n\u0131n cisimlerin i\u00e7inden, ya da bir cisimden ba\u015fka bir cisme ge\u00e7i\u015fi \u00fc\u00e7 yolla olur:
\n 1) \u0130letim (kond\u00fcksiyon); 2) \u00c7evirim (konveksiyon); 3)I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (radyasyon). 1)\u0130letim: Bu yolla \u0131s\u0131 iletiminde cisim \u0131s\u0131 ge\u00e7iren bir cisim olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Ya cismin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131na de\u011fer, ya da cisim s\u0131cak ba\u015fka bir cisme de\u011fer. Bu durumda \u0131s\u0131 cismin so\u011fuk erlerine de yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu \u00e7e\u015fit \u0131s\u0131 iletimini soba i\u00e7ine sokulan bir demir \u00e7ubu\u011fun \u00f6b\u00fcr ucunun \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.
\n Olay\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda molek\u00fcllerden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Sobaya sokulan u\u00e7taki molek\u00fcllerin hareketi \u015fiddetlenir. Bu molek\u00fcller yanlar\u0131ndaki molek\u00fcllere \u00e7arparak onlar\u0131n titre\u015fmesini de artt\u0131r\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylece \u00e7ubu\u011fun \u00f6teki ucu \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r.
\n 2) \u00c7evirim: Bu yolla \u0131s\u0131 iletiminde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan cismin hareketi s\u00f6z konusudur. Onun i\u00e7in, ancak s\u0131v\u0131larda, ya da gazlarda \u00e7evirim ile iletim yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bir kab\u0131n i\u00e7inde su \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak \u0131s\u0131nan suyun hacmi artar, yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, so\u011fuk sudan daha hafif hale \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan s\u0131cak su yukar\u0131lara \u00e7\u0131kar. Suyun bu hareketiyle birlikte \u0131s\u0131 da so\u011fuk b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Bir soban\u0131n odadaki havay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 bu yolla olur. S\u0131cak sulu kaloriferler de bu esasa g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n 3) I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m: Is\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir cisim, g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0131\u015f\u0131k dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen \u0131s\u0131 dalgalar\u0131 da yay\u0131nlar. Is\u0131n\u0131n bu yolla iletilmesine \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m denir.
\n Is\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f cisimden gelen \u0131s\u0131 dalgalar\u0131 \u00f6nlerine \u00e7\u0131kan so\u011fuk cisimleri \u0131s\u0131t\u0131rlar. Is\u0131 dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n so\u011fuk cisim taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131na so\u011furma denir. Cisimlerim so\u011furma kabiliyetleri de\u011fi\u015fiktir. Cisimler, \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131s\u0131 dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc so\u011furur, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de yans\u0131t\u0131rlar. So\u011furulan b\u00f6l\u00fcm o cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya yarar. Koyu renkli cisimler, a\u00e7\u0131k renkli cisimlerden daha \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131rlar. Onun i\u00e7in, yaz\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k renkli elbiseler giyerek g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmak gerekir.
\n G\u00fcne\u015fin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yolu ile gelir. Elektrik sobalar\u0131 hem \u00e7evirim, hem de \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yolu ile \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rlar. Elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ile k\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan maden tel parabolik bir reflekt\u00f6r\u00fcn tam oda\u011f\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir. Telden \u00e7\u0131kan \u0131s\u0131 dalgalar\u0131 reflekt\u00f6r vas\u0131tas\u0131yla toplan\u0131p odaya g\u00f6nderilir.
\n Is\u0131t\u0131lan cismin yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 dalgalar\u0131 uzayda da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Cisimlerin \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yoluyla enerji salmalar\u0131 Kauntum Teorisi ile a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu enerji dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011frileri \u00e7izilirse tepeden tepeye olan uzakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlardan uzun olanlar d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bakan bir g\u00f6zleyiciye \u0131s\u0131 halinde, k\u0131sa olanlarda \u0131\u015f\u0131k halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler.
\n Is\u0131 S\u0131\u011fas\u0131 Ve \u00d6zg\u00fcl Is\u0131
\n Bir maddenin i\u00e7 enerjisinin b\u00fct\u00fcn molek\u00fcllerinin toplam enerjisine e\u015fit oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. Bir \u00e7aydanl\u0131k kaynar su ile bir k\u00fcvet dolusu s\u0131cak suyu ele alal\u0131m. \u00c7aydanl\u0131ktaki bir su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn enerjisi, k\u00fcvetteki bir su molek\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn enerjisinden daha fazlad\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaynayan suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcvettekinden daha y\u00fcksektir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fcvetteki suyun i\u00e7 enerjisi, \u00e7aydanl\u0131ktaki suyunkinden daha fazlad\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcvette \u00e7ok daha fazla su molek\u00fcl\u00fc vard\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bir maddenin i\u00e7 enerjisi k\u00fctlesine ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n 2 kg suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 10 santigrat derece y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in i\u00e7 enerjisini bir miktar artt\u0131rmak gerekir. 4 kg suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 10 santigrat derece y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in eklenmesi gereken \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi ise bunun iki kat\u0131d\u0131r. 2 kg suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 30 santigrat derece y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in ilkinin \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 kadar \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi vermek gerekir.
\n \u0130ki maddenin molek\u00fcl yap\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131k maddelerin i\u00e7 enerjilerini de etkiler. \u00d6rne\u011fin; 1 kg suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1 santigrat derece artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 4200 joule \u2019l\u00fck enerji gerekirken, 1 kg bak\u0131rda 1 santigrat derecelik s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca 400 joule \u2018l\u00fck enerji yeterlidir. Demek ki bak\u0131rdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir cismin \u0131s\u0131 s\u0131\u011fas\u0131, yani d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisinin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa oran\u0131, ayn\u0131 k\u00fctledeki bir suyun \u0131s\u0131 s\u0131\u011fas\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. Birim k\u00fctlenin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 1 santigrat derece artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gereken \u0131s\u0131 miktar\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131 ya da \u0131s\u0131nma \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 denir. Yukar\u0131da ki \u00f6rnekten de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi suyun \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 4200 joule, bak\u0131r\u0131n ki ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 joule \u2018dir.
\n Is\u0131 Aktar\u0131m\u0131:
\n Is\u0131, s\u0131cak maddenin y\u00fcksek enerjili molek\u00fcllerinden so\u011fuk maddenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerjili molek\u00fcllerine aktar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131, iletim, konveksiyon ya da ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ma denen \u00fc\u00e7 s\u00fcre\u00e7le ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. E\u011fer bir cismin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6b\u00fcr b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden daha s\u0131caksa, bu enerji aktar\u0131m\u0131 iletim yoluyla olur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, y\u00fcksek enerjili molek\u00fcllerin hareketi kom\u015fu molek\u00fcllerin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar ve bu etki b\u00fct\u00fcn cisme yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bir maddenin iyi bir \u0131s\u0131 iletkeni olmas\u0131 demek, o maddede iletim yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kolayca ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi demektir.
\n Ak\u0131\u015fkanlarda, yani s\u0131v\u0131larda ve gazlarda \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131 daha \u00e7ok konveksiyon ya da ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yoluyla olur. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri genle\u015fir; genle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7inde yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece hafifleyen molek\u00fcller y\u00fckselirken ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n daha so\u011fuk molek\u00fclleri al\u00e7alarak bunlar\u0131n yerini al\u0131r ve bu hareketten do\u011fan konveksiyon ak\u0131mlar\u0131 \u0131s\u0131 enerjisini ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n her yan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131r.
\n \u0130ki cismin aras\u0131nda, \u00f6rne\u011fin G\u00fcne\u015f ile D\u00fcnya \u2019y\u0131 ay\u0131ran uzay bo\u015flu\u011fu gibi bir bo\u015fluk bile olsa, \u0131\u015f\u0131ma yoluyla s\u0131cak cisimden so\u011fuk cisme \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131labilir. Bir cismin molek\u00fclleri elektromagnetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yayar; bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m dalga boyu cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Cisim ne kadar s\u0131caksa yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m dalga boyu da o kadar k\u0131sa olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u0131cak bir cisim, dalga boyu g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nkinden biraz daha uzun olan k\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar yayar; ama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha y\u00fckseldi\u011finde \u0131\u015f\u0131man\u0131n dalga boyu k\u0131sal\u0131r ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bir cismin elektromagnetik \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yaymas\u0131, i\u00e7 enerjisinin \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek her y\u00f6nde yay\u0131lmas\u0131 demektir. Ba\u015fka bir cismin bu elektromagnetik dalgalardan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc so\u011furdu\u011funda, enerjisi artan molek\u00fclleri h\u0131zlan\u0131r ve cismin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fckselir. G\u00fcne\u015f \u2018in D\u00fcnya \u2018y\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m yoluyla \u0131s\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ISI VE SICAKLIK G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 yer y\u00fcz\u00fcne ula\u015f\u0131nca, \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ta\u015f, toprak, su gibi maddeler \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r; \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0131s\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Yaz\u0131n \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131nan ta\u015f, kum, toprak gibi maddelerin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131plak ayakla basamay\u0131z. Is\u0131t\u0131lan bak\u0131r tencerenin de bir s\u00fcre sonra s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artarak, elimizi yakacak duruma gelir. Yeteri kadar \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan odun ya da …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2230,3689,2769,7545,7546,7018,3041,7040,3039],"class_list":["post-3275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-atom","tag-buharlasma","tag-elektrik-enerjisi","tag-gunes-isinlari","tag-isi-nedir","tag-isi-ve-sicaklik","tag-sivili-termometreler","tag-sublimlesme","tag-termometre-cesitleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3275"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3275\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}