H\u00fccrelerin Bulunduklar\u0131 Ortamla Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Madde Al\u0131\u015f Veri\u015fi
\n H\u00fccrelerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 ortamdan ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 maddeleri almas\u0131 ve bu ortama metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vermesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.
\n Maddelerin sitoplazmik ortam ile d\u0131\u015f ortam aras\u0131nda al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde h\u00fccre zar\u0131 engelini a\u015fmak gerekir . H\u00fccre zarlar\u0131 se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendirler . (Organel zarlar\u0131 da ( E.R. , Golgi , Lizozom , Mitekondri , Kloroplast vb.) se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir.) Bitki , mantar ve bakterilerde ayr\u0131ca \u00e7eper ve kaps\u00fcl engeli de bulunur.<\/p>\n
Zarlar\u0131n ge\u00e7irgenlikleri \u00fczerine etkili fakt\u00f6rler
\nElektriksel uyar\u0131 : Sinir , Kas h\u00fccreleri
\nMekaniksel \u2013 Kimyasal uyar\u0131 : Sinir , Kas h\u00fccreleri
\nHormonlar : Sinir , Kas , Salg\u0131 h\u00fccreleri
\n\u0130ntraselular s\u0131v\u0131da Ca fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 : Sinir h\u00fccreleri
\nN\u00f6rotransmiter maddeler : Sinir , Kas , Salg\u0131 h\u00fccreleri
\nMaddelerin zardan ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u0131zlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedenleri
\n 1-Maddelerin \u00f6zellikleri
\n 2-Zar yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar (zar bile\u015fenleri)
\n 3-Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve engelleyici d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisiyle
\n \u00d6rnekler :
\nPermaz glikozun zardan ge\u00e7i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r.
\n\u0130ns\u00fclin zarlar\u0131n glikoza ilgisini (ge\u00e7i\u015fini) artt\u0131r\u0131r.
\nMitekondri zar\u0131 ileri derecede se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendir.
\nBakteri zar\u0131nda K ve Ca iyonlar\u0131 h\u0131zla ge\u00e7erken mayada ge\u00e7i\u015f yoktur.
\nBaz\u0131 hormonlar maddelerin zarlardan ge\u00e7i\u015fini uyar\u0131r.
\nMekanik ve elektriksel uyaranlar zarlardan madde ge\u00e7i\u015fini uyar\u0131r.
\nBaz\u0131 iyonlar zarlardan madde ge\u00e7i\u015fini uyar\u0131r.
\nH\u00fccreler di\u015f ortamla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi \u015fu \u015fekillerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\n A)Pasif ta\u015f\u0131ma
\n B)Aktif ta\u015f\u0131ma
\n C)Endositoz-ekzositoz
\nA)Pasif Ta\u015f\u0131ma
\n Maddelerin enerji harcamadan yo\u011funluk farklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan do\u011frudan ge\u00e7meleridir.
\n \u00c7e\u015fitleri :
\nDif\u00fczyon
\nb)Ozmos
\nKolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyon
\nDiyaliz – Filtrasyon
\nI-Dif\u00fczyon
\n Maddelerin \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamlardan az yo\u011fun ortamlara kendi kinetik enerjileri ile yay\u0131lmalar\u0131na denir.
\n\u00f6zellikleri
\nMaddeler \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamdan az yo\u011fun ortama hareket ederler .
\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme molek\u00fcllerin kinetik enerjisiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nOrtamlar aras\u0131nda zar gerekmez.
\nZar\u0131n veya h\u00fccrelerin canl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekmez.
\nH\u00fccre enerji harcamaz.
\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme iki ortam aras\u0131nda madde yo\u011funlu\u011fu dengeleninceye kadar devam eder.
\nMetabolik zarlardan etkilenmezler.
\nDif\u00fczyon h\u0131z\u0131 madde konsantrasyonu ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.
\nDif\u00fczyon H\u0131z\u0131na Etki Eden Fakt\u00f6rler
\nZardaki por say\u0131s\u0131 .
\nBas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131
\nGe\u00e7i\u015fen molek\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.
\nElektriksel y\u00fck
\nS\u0131cakl\u0131k.
\nYa\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme ve \u00e7\u00f6zme yetene\u011fi
\nKonsantrasyon fark\u0131.
\nDif\u00fczyon y\u00fczey geni\u015fli\u011fi
\nII-Osmoz :
\n Yar\u0131 ge\u00e7irgen zarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f iki ortamda suyun \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu yerden az oldu\u011fu yere zar\u0131 ge\u00e7erek yay\u0131lmas\u0131na (ge\u00e7i\u015fmesine) denir.
\n\u00d6zellikleri
\nH\u00fccre ve cans\u0131z ortamlarda olabilir.
\nEnerji harcanmaz.
\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme suyun \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu ortamdan az oldu\u011fu ortama do\u011frudur
\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme az yo\u011fun ortamdan \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortama do\u011frudur.
\nH\u00fccreler Bulunduklar\u0131 Ortamlara G\u00f6re
\n A) \u0130zotonik ortam : OB = TB Su giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmaz
\n B) Hipotonik ortam : OB > TB Olursa su emilir
\n C) Hipertonik ortam : OB < Olursa su verilir\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme iki ortam yo\u011funlu\u011fu dengeleninceye kadar devam eder.\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme hava bas\u0131nc\u0131 veya turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131yla engellenebilir.\nSu molek\u00fclleri osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu yere do\u011fru hareket ederler.\nOrtamda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddelerin zara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7la olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 emme kuvvetine osmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 denir.\nOsmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 artt\u0131k\u00e7a emme kuvveti artar.\nOsmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 birim hacimde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f madde miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.(do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r)\nOsmotik bas\u0131n\u00e7 plazmoliz olmu\u015f h\u00fccrede fazla , Turgor olmu\u015f h\u00fccrede azd\u0131r.\nX kadar polisakkarit ten \u00e7ok X kadar monosakkarit osmotik bas\u0131nc\u0131 daha \u00e7ok art\u0131r\u0131r.\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131 baz\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\nZardaki por say\u0131s\u0131\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme y\u00fczeyi\nIs\u0131\nYo\u011funluk fark\u0131 (madde konsantrasyonu)\nYa\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme ve \u00e7\u00f6zme yetene\u011fi\nBas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131 . (\u0130le do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak h\u0131z artar.)\nIII-Kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Dif\u00fczyon : \n Ya\u011fda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fme \u015feklidir. Enerji harcanmay\u0131p h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel proteinlerin kontrol\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\n Su ve ya\u011fda erimeyen maddeler (Glikoz , galaktoz vb.) h\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015fleri zar yap\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan \u00f6zel ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 proteinlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\n\u00d6zellikleri\nCanl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 proteinler g\u00f6rev al\u0131r.\nEnerji harcanmaz.\nMadde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksek konsantrasyondan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyona do\u011frudur.\nTa\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 protein miktar\u0131 dif\u00fczyon h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.\nAyn\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 protein birden \u00e7ok maddenin ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131nda rol oynar.\nDif\u00fczyon h\u0131z\u0131 madde konsantrasyonu ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir noktadan sonra (ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n doygun hale gelmesi) h\u0131z dengelenir ve sabit h\u0131zla devam eder.\nKolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f basit dif\u00fczyona benzer \u00f6zellikleri\nEnerji harcanmaz.\nHer h\u00fccrede g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.\nKinetik enerji kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\nMadde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksek konsantrasyondan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck konsantrasyonlara do\u011frudur\nKolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f dif\u00fczyonun aktif ta\u015f\u0131maya benzer y\u00f6nleri\nTa\u015f\u0131mada proteinlerin g\u00f6rev almas\u0131.\nDoygunluk evresinden sonra ge\u00e7i\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n sabit kalmas\u0131.\nCanl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi.\nBelirli maddelere \u00f6zg\u00fc olmas\u0131.\nIV-Diyaliz ve Filtrasyonun \u00f6zellikleri\n\u0130ki ortam aras\u0131nda bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131 vard\u0131r.\nMadde ge\u00e7i\u015fi y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 ortamdan az bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 ortama do\u011frudur.\nSu ve suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f maddelerin ge\u00e7i\u015fidir.\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen (biyolojik) zarlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\nBirim zamanda ge\u00e7en madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu fakt\u00f6rler.\nZardaki por say\u0131s\u0131\nZar\u0131n ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi\n\u0130ki ortam aras\u0131ndaki bas\u0131n\u00e7 fark\u0131\nGe\u00e7i\u015fme y\u00fczeyi\nNot:Porlardan ge\u00e7emeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck molek\u00fcller ge\u00e7i\u015f yapamaz. \nB)Aktif Ta\u015f\u0131ma :\n Enerji harcanarak maddelerin se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgen zardan az yo\u011fun ortamlardan \u00e7ok yo\u011fun ortamlara ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.\n\u00d6zellikleri \nCanl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.( Ba\u011f\u0131rsak , B\u00f6brek , Sinir h\u00fccreleri)\nEnerji harcan\u0131r.\nEnzimler g\u00f6rev yapar.\nEnzim yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozan fakt\u00f6rlere duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. (Y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 , PH , \u0130nhibit\u00f6r)\nMetabolizma h\u0131z\u0131na duyarl\u0131d\u0131r. ( O2 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 , D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u0131s\u0131 vb.)\nAyn\u0131 sistem birden \u00e7ok maddenin ge\u00e7i\u015finde rol alabilir.\nSistem belli maddelere \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr.\nMadde al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 enzimlerin doygunluk an\u0131ndan itibaren sabit h\u0131zla devam eder.\nMadde iletimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklardan y\u00fcksek yo\u011funluklara do\u011frudur.\nAktif ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 so\u011fuk , PH fark\u0131 , O2 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 , inhibit\u00f6r lerle engellenir.\nAktif ta\u015f\u0131ma ge\u00e7en madde miktar\u0131ndaki azalma nedenleri \nO2 azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olabilir.\n\u0130nhibit\u00f6rler olabilir.\nIs\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 olabilir.\nPH de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olabilir.\nMadde azalmas\u0131 olabilir.\nAktif ta\u015f\u0131mada sabit ta\u015f\u0131ma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri ise\nO2 fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olabilir.\nIs\u0131n\u0131n 0 C den 35 C y\u00fckselmesi olabilir.\nAktivat\u00f6r olabilir.\nZaman olabilir.\nC)Endositoz ve eksositoz:\n\u00d6zellikleri:\nCanl\u0131 h\u00fccrelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\nEnerji harcan\u0131r.\nH\u00fccre \u00e7eperi ta\u015f\u0131mayan h\u00fccrelere \u00f6zg\u00fc madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fidir.\nMadde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde sitoplazma ve d\u0131\u015f ortamdaki maddenin yo\u011funluk fark\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir.\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7emeyen maddelerin al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fidir.\nBakteri, mantar ve bitkilerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.\nBaz\u0131 protista (Amip, \u00f6glena, paramesyum vb.)larda ve hayvansal organizmalar\u0131n baz\u0131 h\u00fccrelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\nOrganel zarlar\u0131ndada g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\na)Endositoz:\n 1-Fagositoz: Kat\u0131 maddelerin h\u00fccreye al\u0131n\u0131\u015f \u015feklidir\n 2-Pinositoz: S\u0131v\u0131 ve s\u0131v\u0131da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f besinlerin al\u0131n\u0131\u015f \u015feklidir \nb)Ekzositoz: \n H\u00fccre i\u00e7i sinidrim art\u0131klar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 metabolik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131m \u015feklidir.\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u00fccrelerin Bulunduklar\u0131 Ortamla Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Madde Al\u0131\u015f Veri\u015fi H\u00fccrelerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 ortamdan ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 maddeleri almas\u0131 ve bu ortama metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vermesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Maddelerin sitoplazmik ortam ile d\u0131\u015f ortam aras\u0131nda al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde h\u00fccre zar\u0131 engelini a\u015fmak gerekir . H\u00fccre zarlar\u0131 se\u00e7ici ge\u00e7irgendirler . (Organel zarlar\u0131 da ( E.R. , Golgi , Lizozom , Mitekondri , …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[6114,6673,2384,2385,3444,6113,6110,7604,7602,7605,7603,7606,2561,6633,7607,7608],"class_list":["post-3315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-aktif-tasima","tag-amip","tag-bagirsak","tag-bobrek","tag-difuzyon","tag-ekzositoz","tag-endositoz","tag-kas-hucreleri","tag-madde-alis-verisi","tag-maddelerin-ozellikleri","tag-metabolik-artiklar","tag-mitekondri-zari","tag-oglena","tag-paramesyum","tag-pasif-tasima","tag-sinir-hucreleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3315"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3315\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}