\u00dcREME
\nCanl\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerine benzer yeni canl\u0131lar olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r
\nPopulasyonun devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar
\nVir\u00fcslerin canl\u0131larla ortak olan \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fidir
\nBireyin t\u00fcre y\u00f6nelik canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fidir
\nKal\u0131tsal \u00f6zelliklerin nesiller boyu saklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar
\nA-Vir\u00fcslerde \u00fcreme
\n \u00d6zel \u00fcreme \u015fekilleri vard\u0131r.Mitoz,mayoz ve d\u00f6llenme g\u00f6r\u00fclmez yeniden sentezlenme \u015feklinde (Sentrozom gibi) \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu olay DNA ve protein sentezi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Olu\u015fan yeni vir\u00fcsler ana vir\u00fcsten kal\u0131tsal materyal ve yap\u0131sal eleman almazlar. \u00dcreme i\u00e7in canl\u0131 h\u00fccre sitoplazmik ortam\u0131 gerekir. Vir\u00fcslerde b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve geli\u015fmede g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. <\/p>\n
B-Bakterilerde \u00fcreme
\na-E\u015feysiz \u00fcreme: Bakteri h\u00fccresi ortam \u015fartlar\u0131 uygun oldu\u011funda mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi and\u0131ran (Fissyon b\u00f6l\u00fcnme) b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ile h\u0131zla co\u011fal\u0131r.
\nb–E\u015feyli \u00fcreme:
\nKonjugasyon:Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 gen al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nTransformasyon:Ortamda farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikte bakteri geninin al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nTransduksiyon:Bakteri vir\u00fcsleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile farkl\u0131 bakteri genlerinin al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\n E\u015feysiz \u00fcreme ve \u00e7e\u015fitleri
\n\u00d6zellikleri:
\nTek ata vard\u0131r
\nMekanizmas\u0131 mitoz b\u00f6l\u00fcnmedir
\nOlu\u015fan yeni canl\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri ile birbirlerine ve ata canl\u0131ya benzerler
\nH\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcreme \u015feklidir
\n\u0130lkel \u00fcremedir
\nCinsiyet yoktur
\nCanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesinde rol almaz. Evrime katk\u0131s\u0131 yoktur.
\nA-B\u00f6l\u00fcnerek \u00fcreme
\nTek h\u00fccrelilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr(Bakteriler ve protistalar)
\nMitozla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\n\u00c7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\n\u00d6rn:Parmecium,amip,euglena vb.
\nB-Tomurcuklanarak \u00fcreme
\nAna canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccuduna ait dokusal bir k\u0131sm\u0131n yeni bir canl\u0131 haline d\u00f6nmesi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nBire mayas\u0131,s\u00fcngerler,s\u00f6lentereler,G\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 bitkisi gibi canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nOlu\u015fan yeni canl\u0131 biri s\u00fcre sonra ana canl\u0131dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z canl\u0131 olabilir
\nOlu\u015fan canl\u0131lar ana canl\u0131 ile beraber koloniler olu\u015fturabilirler(Polipler)
\n\u00d6rn:S\u00fcnger,hidra,G\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 bitkisi vb.
\nC-Sporla \u00fcreme
\nSpor ad\u0131 verilen \u00f6zel \u00fcreme h\u00fccreleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nOlumsuz ko\u015fullara dayan\u0131kl\u0131 \u00f6zel \u00fcreme h\u00fccreleridir
\nSporlar sporozooalar,mantarlar ve \u00e7i\u00e7eksiz bitkilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nSporlar haploid canl\u0131larda(alglerde vb.)mitozla, diploid canl\u0131larda bitkilerde mayozla olu\u015fur.
\nSporlar d\u00f6llenmeden geli\u015ferek yeni canl\u0131lar olu\u015fturur
\n\u00dc\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6zellikte spor vard\u0131r
\nEndospor:Bakterilerde
\nEkzospor:Mantarlarda
\nZoospor:Alglerde
\nNot:Endospor \u00fcremede rol almaz.
\nD-Vegetatif \u00fcreme
\nAna canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudundan ayr\u0131lan bir par\u00e7an\u0131n eksiklerini tamamlayarak yeri bir canl\u0131 haline gelmesi \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nPlanaria,deniz y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 vb. omurgas\u0131zlarla,\u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nRejenarasyon yetene\u011fi y\u00fcksek canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrVegetatif \u00fcremenin tercih edilme nedenleri
\nH\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcreme \u015feklidir
\nKarakterlerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar
\nTohumla \u00fcreme yetenegi olmayan bitkilerde \u00fcremeyi sa\u011flar
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcrem ve \u00e7e\u015fitleri
\n\u00d6zellikleri:
\nTemel mekanizmas\u0131: Mayoz ve d\u00f6llenmedir
\nAyn\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131 cinsiyetine sahip iki bireyin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu gametlerin birle\u015fmesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nCanl\u0131larda \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin artmas\u0131na neden olur
\n\u0130leri (Geli\u015fmi\u015f) \u00fcreme \u015feklidir
\nBakteriler,silliler,volvox,mantarlar,bitkiler ve hayvanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nYeni kal\u0131tsal kombinasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fumunun nedenidir
\n E\u015feyli \u00fcremede
\n 1-Gamet ve gametlerin olu\u015fumu:Mayoz
\n 2-Gametlerin birle\u015fmesi\u00f6llenme
\n 3-D\u00f6llenme ile olu\u015fan h\u00fccre:Zigot
\nA-\u0130zogami: Di\u015fi ve erkek gamet aras\u0131nda fark yoksa erkek ve di\u015fi gametler yap\u0131 ve \u00f6zelikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131d\u0131r.\u00d6rn:Ulotrix
\nB-Anizogami:Gamet cifti aras\u0131nda cinsiyeti belirleyen fark varsa.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hareketli sperm ve b\u00fcy\u00fck hareketli yumurta bulunur.\u00d6rn:e\u011frelti otu
\nC-Oogami:Gametler aras\u0131ndaki fark ileri d\u00fczeyde ise.Gametler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck,hareket,sitoplazma i\u00e7eri\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli derecede farklar bulunur.\u00d6rn:Hayvansal organizmalar
\nD-Partenogenez: D\u00f6llenme olmadan yumurtan\u0131n embriyonik geli\u015fim evrelerini tamamlayarak yeni haploid olu\u015fturmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki \u00fcremedir
\nE-Konjugasyon : tek h\u00fccrelilerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen e\u015feyli \u00fcreme \u015feklidir.Yanyana gelen iki h\u00fccre aras\u0131nda kurulan sitoplazmik k\u00f6pr\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile h\u00fccreler aras\u0131nda gen veya nucleus al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\u00d6rn:Bakteri ve paramecium
\nF-Hermafroditlik: Baz\u0131 canl\u0131larda t\u00fcr bireylerinde cins ayr\u0131m\u0131 yoktur. Tek bireyde di\u015fi ve erkek \u00fcreme sistemleri birlikte bulunur.Bu t\u00fcr canl\u0131lara hermafrodit canl\u0131 denir. Endoparazitler hari\u00e7 di\u011ferleri kendi
\n kendini d\u00f6lleyemez.\u00d6rnek: Hidra,Toprak solucan\u0131,istiridye,tenya vb.
\nC-Protistalar da \u00dcreme
\nMitozla \u00fcreme:Amitoz \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcreme:Konjugasyon ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nParameciumda konjugasyon
\nFarkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikteki iki parameciunm yan yana gelirler
\nAralar\u0131nda sitoplazmik k\u00f6pr\u00fc (Plasmodezma) kurulur
\nMakronucleus ortadan kalkar
\nMikronucleuslar mayoz ge\u00e7irerek 4 tane haploid nucleus olu\u015fturur
\n4 nucleustan 3 tanesi ortadan kalkar
\nKalan tek haploid nucleus mitozla iki nucleus olu\u015fturur
\nBu nucleuslardan biri kal\u0131c\u0131 di\u011feri g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fc nucleustur
\n\u0130ki h\u00fccrenin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fc nucleuslar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilir
\nKal\u0131c\u0131 nucleusla di\u011fer h\u00fccreden gelen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fc nukleuslar birle\u015ferek diploid tek nucleus olu\u015fur.
\nOlu\u015fan diploid nukleus ard arda 3 mitoz ge\u00e7irerek 8 nucleus olu\u015fturur
\nHer bir h\u00fccre 2 sitokinez ge\u00e7irerek 4 h\u00fccre olu\u015fturur
\nOlu\u015fan h\u00fccrelere nucleuslar iki\u015fer iki\u015fer da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r
\nKonjugasyon yapan iki parameciumdan toplam 8 paramecium olu\u015fur.
\nPlasmodium malariada d\u00f6l alma\u015f\u0131
\n Sporozooalardan Plasmodium malar\u0131ada hayat devri
\nQanofel sokmas\u0131 ile sporozoitler (n) insan kan\u0131na ge\u00e7er
\nAlyuvarlar i\u00e7ine ge\u00e7erek \u015fizonta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler
\n\u015eizont \u00e7o\u011fa b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek (\u015eizogoni) merezoitleri(n) olu\u015fturur
\nAlyuvarlar\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ile merezoitler ve toksinleri kana kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r.(S\u0131tma n\u00f6betleri bu esnada g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr)
\nMerezoitler ya yeni alyuvarlara girer, yada gametositlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr
\nAnofelin bu insan\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131 emmesi ile gametositler anofelin barsa\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7er
\nGametositler(n) burada ovumu(n) ve mitoz ge\u00e7irerek 4-8 sperm(n) haline gelirler
\nOlu\u015fan spermler ovumu barsak bo\u015flu\u011funda d\u00f6ller ve zigot(2n) meydana gelir
\nAmeboid hareket eden zigot barsak epitelini delerek barsak kaslar\u0131na yerle\u015fir
\nZigot burada mayoz ge\u00e7irir ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fa b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek (Sporogoni) sporozoitleri (n) olu\u015fturur
\nSporozoitler dola\u015f\u0131m s\u0131v\u0131s\u0131 ile t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fck bezlerine ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve d\u00f6ng\u00fc tamamlan\u0131r.
\nNot: Plasmodium malariada bask\u0131n d\u00f6l haploidtir.Diploid a\u015fama sadece zigot evresine indirgenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
D-Fungi (Mantarlarda) \u00dcreme
\nSporla \u00fcreme:
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcreme:
\nE-Hayvanlarda \u00dcreme
\n a-Spermatogenez :
\n Erkek bireylerde testislerde spermlerin meydana gelmesidir:
\n\u00d6zellikleri:
\nTestiste seminifer t\u00fcplerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nErgenlik d\u00f6nemine kadar sadece sperm ana h\u00fccreleri (Spermatogoniumlar) mitozla \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r
\nErgenlikle beraber mitozla \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rken mayozla spermler meydana gelir
\nMayoza ba\u015flayacak h\u00fccreye 1.spermatosit (2n) denir
\nMayoz II ge\u00e7irecek h\u00fccreye 2. spermatosit (n) denir
\nMayoz sonu olu\u015fan h\u00fccrelere spermatid (n) denir
\nOlu\u015fan spermatidler d\u00f6lleme yetene\u011fi kazanmak i\u00e7in farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu olaya spermiyohistogenez denir.
\nFarkl\u0131la\u015fma epididimiste ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nHer sperm ana h\u00fccresinden kal\u0131tsal olarak farkl\u0131 4 aktif sperm olu\u015fur
\nFarkl\u0131la\u015fma:
\nGolgiden akrozom geli\u015fir
\nSitoplazman\u0131n \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131r
\nNucleus yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r
\nKuyruk geli\u015fir
\nSpermin \u00f6zellikleri:
\nAz sitoplazmal\u0131 ,k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr
\nKam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131 ve aktif hareketlidir
\nBesin maddesi i\u00e7ermez
\nU\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda ovum zar\u0131n\u0131 eritecek enzim i\u00e7eren akrozom bulunur
\nFertilizin maddeye pozitif taksi g\u00f6sterir
\nZigotun kromozom kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r
\nZigotun sentrozom kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r
\nDi\u015fi \u00fcreme sisteminde 2-3 g\u00fcn canl\u0131 kalabilir
\n\u00d6m\u00fcr boyu \u00fcretilir
\nb-Oogenez :
\n Di\u015fi bireyin ovaryumunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n \u00d6zellikleri:
\nOvaryumda folik\u00fcl i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nEmbriyonik evrede 3. aydan itibaren ovum ana h\u00fccreleri geli\u015fir
\nEmbriyonik d\u00f6nemde mayoza ba\u015flayan 1. oositler ergenlik d\u00f6nemine kadar profaz-1 evresinde kal\u0131rlar
\nOvaryumda geli\u015fecek ovum say\u0131s\u0131 bellidir
\nErgenlikle beraber periyodik olarak ortalama 28 g\u00fcnde bir ovum geli\u015fir
\nNot: Baz\u0131 hayvanlarda ovum y\u0131lda bir topluca, baz\u0131lar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kez gruplar halinde b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r
\n Bir oogoniumdan 1 ovum 3 kutup h\u00fccresi olu\u015fur
\nOogniunun sitoplazmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 ovumda kal\u0131r
\nOrtalama 45-50 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar devam eder
\nOvumun \u00f6zellik ve g\u00f6revleri:
\nBol sitoplazmal\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr
\nHareketsizdir
\nT\u00fcre g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik orende besin i\u00e7ereir
\nZigotun kromozom kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r
\nZigotun mitokondri kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r
\n-D\u00f6llenmeden sonra zigota d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr
\nD\u00f6llenme
\n Ovum ile spermin birle\u015fmesi olay\u0131d\u0131r.
\n D\u00f6llenme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ortam
\nA-D\u0131\u015f D\u00f6llenme :
\nSadece suda ya\u015fayanlarda g\u00f6zlenir.
\nD\u00f6llenme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in fazla say\u0131da \u00fcreme h\u00fccresi olu\u015fturulur.
\nD\u00f6llenen yumurtadaki embriyo geli\u015fimini suda tamamlar.
\nGenellikle yumurta ve spermler suya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7iftle\u015fme organlar\u0131na rastlanmaz.
\n B-\u0130\u00e7 D\u00f6llenme :
\nKara ortam\u0131nda nem , s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve radyasyon gibi fakt\u00f6rlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcreme h\u00fccrelerini korumak i\u00e7in d\u00f6llenme di\u015fi bireyin \u00fcreme sisteminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nGenelde karada ya\u015fayanlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u00dcreme h\u00fccreleri di\u015fi bireyin \u00fcreme sistemi i\u00e7inde birle\u015fti\u011finden d\u00f6llenme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazlala\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nD\u00f6llenmi\u015f yumurtadaki embriyo geli\u015fimini di\u015fi bireyin i\u00e7inde veya d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tamamlayabilir.
\n\u00c7iftle\u015fme organlar\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fcreme h\u00fccresi say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r.
\n D\u00f6llenme ve geli\u015fme \u015fekline g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r
\n A-D\u0131\u015f d\u00f6llenme ve d\u0131\u015f geli\u015fme:
\nSuda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131larda (Bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falarda) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nYumurta ve sperm v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131na su ortam\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r
\nD\u00f6llenme garantisi yoktur
\nYumurtan\u0131n etraf\u0131nda kabuk olu\u015fumu yoktur
\nD\u00f6llenmeden sonra geli\u015fen embriyoda kabuk,korion,amnion ve allantois gibi zarlar yoktur.Sadece vitell\u00fcs kesesi vard\u0131r.
\nEmbriyo su ve O2 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 sudan kar\u015f\u0131lar
\nEmbriyo metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu su ortam\u0131na dif\u00fczyonla verir
\nYumurtada yeterli besin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m veya embriyonal geli\u015fim tamamlanmadan beslenme davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nYumurta say\u0131s\u0131 fazla d\u00f6llenme garantili de\u011fildir
\n B-\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme d\u0131\u015f geli\u015fme:
\nKarada ya\u015fayan s\u00fcr\u00fcngen ve ku\u015flarda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nD\u00f6llenme di\u015fi bireyin v\u00fccudu i\u00e7inde m\u00fcller kanal\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nD\u00f6llenmeden sonra yumurta etraf\u0131nda kabuk olu\u015fumu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nYumurta v\u00fccudun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fimini tamamlar
\nGeli\u015fen embriyonun etraf\u0131nda kabuk,korion,amnion zarlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca yedek besin deposu vitell\u00fcs kesesi ve metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131 depolayan allantois kesesi bulunur
\nEmbriyo ile d\u0131\u015f ortam aras\u0131nda sadece gaz al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi vard\u0131r
\nYumurta say\u0131s\u0131 az d\u00f6llenme garantilidir
\nYumurtada embriyonik geli\u015fimi tamamlatacak kadar yeterli besin bulunur
\nDi\u015filerde m\u00fcller kanal\u0131 olu\u015fan yumurtan\u0131n d\u00f6llendi\u011fi,vitell\u00fcs\u00fcn vekabu\u011fun olu\u015ftu\u011fu yerdir.
\nC-\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme ve i\u00e7 geli\u015fme:
\nMemelilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nD\u00f6llenme di\u015fi bireyin v\u00fccudu i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nEmbriyonik geli\u015fim di\u015fi bireyin v\u00fccudu i\u00e7inde tamamlan\u0131r.Ana organizma embriyonun korunmas\u0131,beslenmesi,solunumu vb.b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015famsal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar
\nYumurta say\u0131s\u0131 azd\u0131r d\u00f6llenme ve geli\u015fme garanti alt\u0131ndad\u0131r
\nOlu\u015fan embriyo madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fini ana organizman\u0131n v\u00fccudu ile yapar
\nYumurtada kabuk yoktur. Vitell\u00fcs \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.
\nAllantois ve vitell\u00fcs keseleri k\u00f6relmi\u015f ve bu keselerin g\u00f6revini g\u00f6bek ba\u011f\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
\nNot:\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme i\u00e7 geli\u015fme g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 bal\u0131k ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerde ana organizman\u0131n rol\u00fc:
\n 1-D\u00f6llenme ortam\u0131d\u0131r
\n 2-Embriyonun korunmas\u0131nda rol al\u0131r
\n D\u00f6llenme ve Geli\u015fim
\nOvipar canl\u0131lar:
\n\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme veya d\u0131\u015f d\u00f6llenme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nGeli\u015fme v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nEmbriyonik geli\u015fimi destekleyecek \u00f6zel davran\u0131\u015flar geli\u015fmi\u015ftir
\n\u00d6rn:Bal\u0131k,kurba\u011fa,s\u00fcr\u00fcngen ve ku\u015f
\n Ovovipar canl\u0131lar:
\n\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.(Genelde)
\nEmbriyonik geli\u015fim yumurta i\u00e7inde ana canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudu i\u00e7inde \u00f6zel organlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nAna canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudu sadece koruyucudur
\nGeli\u015fimi biten yavru do\u011far gibi ana v\u00fccudu terk eder
\n\u00d6rn:Karasinek,lepistes,engerek,k\u00f6pek bal\u0131klar\u0131
\n Vivipar canl\u0131lar:
\n\u0130\u00e7 d\u00f6llenme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr
\nYumurtalarda vitell\u00fcs \u00e7ok azd\u0131r
\nGeli\u015fme ana canl\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nAna canl\u0131 embriyonun b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar.
\n(Beslenme,korunma,bo\u015falt\u0131m maddelerinin at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131,solunum vb.)
\n \u00d6rn:Memeliler
\n 1-Pronefroz tip
\n Hayvanlarda \u00fcreme ve bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemi baz\u0131 yap\u0131lar ortak olarak kullan\u0131r.Bu nedenle bu ikili yap\u0131ya \u00fcrogenital sistem denir.Bo\u015falt\u0131m birimi nefridyumdur.Bo\u015falt\u0131m maddeleri glomerulus denen
\n k\u0131lcal damar yuma\u011f\u0131ndan silli huni ile ba\u015flayan nefridyuma ge\u00e7erler.Nefridyumlar segmantal dizili\u015f g\u00f6sterirler.Bu tip b\u00f6brek yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn omurgal\u0131lar\u0131n embriyonal d\u00f6neminde ve k\u0131k\u0131rdakl\u0131 bal\u0131klar\u0131n ergin d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Nefridyumlar ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 wolf kanal\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.(Pronefroz kanal)
\n2-Mezonefroz tip
\n Bo\u015falt\u0131m birimi glomerulus ve bowman kaps\u00fcllerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu malpi\u011fhi t\u00fcpleridir(Nefron).Segmantal dizili\u015f g\u00f6sterip wolf (Mezonefroz kanal)kanal\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rlar.S\u00fcr\u00fcngen , ku\u015f ve memeli embriyolar\u0131 ile bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falar\u0131n
\n erginlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n3-Metasnefroz tip
\n B\u00f6brek yap\u0131s\u0131nda temel bo\u015falt\u0131m birimi glomerulus ve bowman kaps\u00fcl\u00fcnden olu\u015fmu\u015f (malpi\u011fhi t\u00fcpleri) nefron lard\u0131r.Farkl\u0131 olarak nefron lar ortak bir kanalla b\u00f6brek havuzuna ve buradan tek kanallar mesaneye a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.Bu kanala \u00fcreter denir.Bu kanal sperm ta\u015f\u0131maz.Memelilerde mesaneden uretra ile v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.
\n S\u00fcr\u00fcngen ku\u015f ve memelilerde mezonefroz kanal\u0131 erkek bireylerde epididimis haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.Wolf kanal\u0131 vasdeferans haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Di\u015filerde iki yap\u0131 tamamen k\u00f6relir.
\n Kloak:Bal\u0131k, kurba\u011fa, s\u00fcr\u00fcngen ve ku\u015flarda bulunan yap\u0131 sindirim, bo\u015falt\u0131m ve \u00fcreme h\u00fccrelerinin d\u0131\u015fa at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131d\u0131r.Memelilerde bulunmaz.
\nWolf kanal\u0131:Bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falar\u0131n erkek bireylerinde bulunur.\u00dcre ve spermin d\u0131\u015fa at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.S\u00fcr\u00fcngen,ku\u015f ve memelilerin erkeklerinde wolf kanal\u0131n\u0131n yerini vasdeferans kanal\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n M\u00fcller kanal\u0131:Bal\u0131k ve kurba\u011falarda di\u015fi bireylerin ovaryumundan b\u0131rak\u0131lan yumurtalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015fa at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. S\u00fcr\u00fcngen ve ku\u015flarda m\u00fcller kanal\u0131 daha geli\u015fkin olup :
\ni\u00e7 d\u00f6llenmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir.
\nYumurta ak\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu yerdir.
\nYumurta kabu\u011funun olu\u015ftu\u011fu yerdir
\nBaz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde embriyonik geli\u015fimin tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir.
\n(Ovoviviparlarda)
\n Ku\u015f ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngenlerin erkeklerinde rudimenter m\u00fcller kanal\u0131 bulunur.Testislerde \u00fcretilen spermler vasdeferans kanal\u0131 ile kloaka ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rken bo\u015falt\u0131m maddeleri \u00fcreter ilke kloaka ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.
\n\u0130nsanda erkek \u00fcreme sistemi
\n A-Testis
\n B-Epididimis
\n C-Vas deferans
\n D-Penis
\n E-Salg\u0131 (Seminal) bezleri
\n a-Seminal bez b-Prostat bezi c-Cowper bezi
\nA-Testis:
\nYap\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan seminifer t\u00fcplerinde spermler olu\u015fur
\nYap\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan leydig h\u00fccreleri ile e\u015fey hormonu \u00fcretir
\nSpermlerin farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir
\nV\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan 2-3 oC daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.
\nB-Epididimis:Spermlerin olgunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir
\nC-Vas deferans:Olgunla\u015fan spermlerin toplan\u0131p biriktirilmesinde vegerekti\u011finde seminal salg\u0131larla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak d\u0131\u015fa at\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol al\u0131r.
\nD-Penis:\u00c7iftle\u015fme organ\u0131d\u0131r
\nE-Seminal bezler ve salg\u0131lar\u0131: ( Seminal bez,prostat bezi,Cowper bezi)
\nSpermlerin korunmas\u0131
\nSpermlerin beslenmesi
\nSpermlerin hareket etmesinde rol al\u0131r
\n\u0130nsanda di\u015fi \u00fcreme sistemi
\n A-Ovaryum
\n B-Follopi kanal\u0131(T\u00fcp\u00fc)
\n C-Uterus
\n D-Vagina
\nA-Ovaryum:
\nYumurtalar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu organd\u0131r
\nOrtalama 28 g\u00fcnde bir yumurta geli\u015fir
\nYumurta geli\u015fimi var olan yumurtalar\u0131n mayoza devam etmesidir
\nYumurtalar folik\u00fcl denen yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7indedir
\nB-Follopi kanal\u0131(T\u00fcp\u00fc):
\nOvulasyonla kar\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funa b\u0131rak\u0131lan yumurtalar\u0131 huni \u015feklindeki ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 ile toplar.
\nKanala ge\u00e7en yumurtalar uterusa ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r
\nD\u00f6llenmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir
\n\u0130lk b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler kanalda ba\u015flar
\n\u0130\u00e7 y\u00fczey silli epitelle d\u00f6\u015felidir
\n\u0130\u00e7 y\u00fczeyde besleyici s\u0131v\u0131 \u00fcreten bezler bulunur.Bu bezlerden salg\u0131lanan s\u0131v\u0131 ile d\u00f6llenmi\u015f yumurtan\u0131n harerket ve beslenmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r
\nC-Uterus:
\nDuz kaslardan olu\u015fmu\u015f organd\u0131r
\nFollopi kanal\u0131 ile vagina aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r
\nEmbriyonik geli\u015fimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yerdir
\n D-Vagina:
\nSpermlerin di\u015fi v\u00fccuduna al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 organd\u0131r
\nDo\u011fumda bebe\u011fin ana v\u00fccudunu terketti\u011fi organd\u0131r
\nD\u00f6llenmemi\u015f yumurtan\u0131n d\u0131\u015fa at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar
\n Menstrual d\u00f6ng\u00fc
\nFolik\u00fcl evresi
\nOvulasyon evresi
\nKorpus luteum evresi
\nMensturasyon evresi
\nA-Folik\u00fcl evresi:
\n14 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer
\nOvaryumda gen\u00e7 folik\u00fcl i\u00e7indeki ootidin mayoza devam etmesi ile ba\u015flar
\nKanda FSH miktar\u0131 fazlad\u0131r evre sonuna do\u011fru gittik\u00e7e azal\u0131r
\nGeli\u015fen folik\u00fclle birlikte kandaki ostrojen miktar\u0131 artar
\nFollopi kanal\u0131nda silli h\u00fccre faaliyeti ve \u00f6zel salg\u0131 miktar\u0131 artar
\nUterus endometyumunda mitoz artar i\u00e7 doku kal\u0131nla\u015f\u0131r
\nUterusta kandamar\u0131 mikter\u0131 artar
\nC-Ovulasyon:
\nBir g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer
\nKanda LH oran\u0131 fazlad\u0131r.FSH oran\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
\nGeli\u015fen folik\u00fcl\u00fcn y\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 ile i\u00e7indeki 1.Ootid kar\u0131n bo\u015flu\u011funab\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r
\nV\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,5 oC y\u00fckselir
\nC-Korpus luteum evresi:
\nOvulasyonla y\u0131rt\u0131lan folik\u00fcl korpus luteuma d\u00f6ner
\n 14 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer
\nKanda LH oran\u0131 FSH oran\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r
\nKorpus luteum kana fazla miktarda progesteron az miktarda ostrojen salg\u0131lar
\nUterusta kal\u0131nla\u015fan endometyum s\u00fcngersi yap\u0131 kazan\u0131r
\nUterusta olu\u015fan kan damarlar\u0131na kan h\u00fccum eder
\nFollopi kanal\u0131na ge\u00e7en ootid burada bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde d\u00f6llenir veya d\u00f6llenmez;
\nD\u00f6llenirse mayoz devam eder embriyo olu\u015fur ve hamilelik geli\u015fir
\nD\u00f6llenmezse mayoz devam etmez ve ovum bozulur
\n D-Menstural evre:
\nYakla\u015f\u0131k 3-5 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer
\nFolik\u00fcl evresi i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r
\nKanda LH ve Progesteron miktar\u0131 azal\u0131r
\nD\u00f6llenmemi\u015f yumurta ve s\u00fcngersi yap\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f uterus dokusu bir miktar kanla beraber v\u00fccud d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131r<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00dcREME Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kendilerine benzer yeni canl\u0131lar olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r Populasyonun devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar Vir\u00fcslerin canl\u0131larla ortak olan \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fidir Bireyin t\u00fcre y\u00f6nelik canl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zelli\u011fidir Kal\u0131tsal \u00f6zelliklerin nesiller boyu saklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar A-Vir\u00fcslerde \u00fcreme \u00d6zel \u00fcreme \u015fekilleri vard\u0131r.Mitoz,mayoz ve d\u00f6llenme g\u00f6r\u00fclmez yeniden sentezlenme \u015feklinde (Sentrozom gibi) \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu olay DNA ve protein sentezi \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Olu\u015fan yeni vir\u00fcsler ana …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[2287,3380,5696,7695,7693,7692,4408,7690,7691,7694,5785,2279],"class_list":["post-3345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-bakteriler","tag-dis-dollenme","tag-eseyli-ureme","tag-follopi-kanali","tag-oogami","tag-partenogenez","tag-populasyon","tag-protistalar","tag-rejenarasyon","tag-sporla-ureme","tag-ureme","tag-virusler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3345","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3345"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3345\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}