ETOLOJ\u0130 ( DAVRANI\u015e )<\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 \u00e7evrelerinden gelen uyaranlara kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri faaliyetlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcne davran\u0131\u015f denir.
\nD\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rler: s\u0131cakl\u0131k,\u0131\u015f\u0131k,nem,yer \u00e7ekimi,kimyasallar ve fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fimler olabilir.
\n\u0130\u00e7 fakt\u00f6rler: a\u00e7l\u0131k,susuzluk,yorgunluk,a\u011fr\u0131 vb olabilir.
\nCanl\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fkenlere verdikleri tepki ve davran\u0131\u015flarla homeostasinin korunmas\u0131 ve canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar.Homeostasinin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in canl\u0131 fizyolojik veya davran\u0131\u015fsal yan\u0131t verir.
\n \u00d6rnek: a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakta terleme fizyolojik tepki,elbisenin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00f6lgeye gidilmesi davran\u0131\u015fsal tepkidir.
\n \u00d6rnek:Avc\u0131dan korkma fizyolojik tepki,Gizlenme veya ka\u00e7ma davran\u0131\u015fsal tepkidir.
\n \u00d6rnek:So\u011fuk havada titreme fizyolojik tepki,Kal\u0131n giyinme,elleri ovu\u015fturma davran\u0131\u015fsal tepkidir.
\n Hayvanlarda davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde sinir sistemi ve i\u00e7 salg\u0131 sistemi ,davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda kas ve iskelet sistemi rol al\u0131r. Yava\u015f tepkiler hormonlarla verilirken h\u0131zl\u0131 tepkiler sinirsel ve turgorla verilir.
\n Beslenme,avc\u0131dan ka\u00e7ma, ,yuva yapma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ile ya\u015famda kalma \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken, \u00fcreme,yavrular\u0131n\u0131 koruma ile t\u00fcr\u00fcn devam\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131rlar.
\n Sonradan \u00f6\u011frenilmemi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flara do\u011fal davran\u0131\u015flar denir.Do\u011fal davran\u0131\u015flar kal\u0131tsald\u0131r atalardan al\u0131n\u0131r.Bu davran\u0131\u015flar otomatik \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\n \u00d6rnek:\u00d6r\u00fcmcek yakalayaca\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131yla hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmasa bile a\u011f \u00f6rer ve av\u0131n\u0131 yakalayarak beslenir.
\n \u00d6rnek:Her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcreme d\u00f6nemlerinde kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc davran\u0131\u015flarla cinsler aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim kurarlar.V\u00fccut \u015fekli,feromen ve \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 seslerle kar\u015f\u0131 cinsin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda da etkili olurlar.
\n Baz\u0131 kal\u0131tsal davran\u0131\u015flar canl\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya gelir gelmez g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken baz\u0131lar\u0131 belli bir geli\u015fim evresinden sonra olu\u015fur. Kelebek larvas\u0131n\u0131n besin olarak yapra\u011f\u0131 yemesi hemen ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken koza \u00f6rme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 belli bir geli\u015fim d\u00f6neminden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n a-t\u00fcr\u00fcn ya\u015famda kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00f6zg\u00fcn tepkimeleri vard\u0131r.
\nDeri de\u011fi\u015fimi esnas\u0131nda gizlenme
\nSincaplarda k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in besin depolama
\nAy\u0131larda k\u0131\u015f uykusu i\u00e7in uygu yer bulma
\nb-Ayn\u0131 uyaran farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde ayn\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaz
\nAkvaryumdaki bal\u0131k kedi i\u00e7in beslenme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 uyaran\u0131d\u0131r fakat kafesteki papa\u011fan i\u00e7in uyaran de\u011fildir.
\nEuglena i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131k olumlu uyarand\u0131r ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa yakla\u015f\u0131r. Amip i\u00e7in olumsuz uyarand\u0131r ve \u0131\u015f\u0131ktan uzakla\u015f\u0131r.
\nc-Bir uyaran her canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in uyaran olmayabilir
\n UV \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar,y\u00fcksek – d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck frekansl\u0131 sesler ve baz\u0131 kokular pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan alg\u0131lanmaz ve bunlar uyaran \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermez fakat bu uyaranlar pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in besin bulunmas\u0131, haberle\u015fme ve \u00fcreme i\u00e7in gerekli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flar.
\n d-Bir canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc bir uyarana fiziksel ve fizyolojik olarak haz\u0131r olduktan sonra cevap verebilir
\n\u0130nsanlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcme,konu\u015fma,\u00fcreme davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in belli d\u00f6nemlerin ge\u00e7irilmesi gereklidir
\nYumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kan larva belli bir beslenme d\u00f6neminden sonra koza \u00f6rer
\ne-Davran\u0131\u015f bireysel veya grupsal ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir
\nGrupsal:
\nG\u00f6\u00e7 eden kazlardaki u\u00e7u\u015f \u015feklinin korunmas\u0131
\nSald\u0131r\u0131 esnas\u0131nda bizonlar\u0131n kendilerini korumak i\u00e7in \u00e7ember olu\u015fturmas\u0131
\nJapon ar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kovana sald\u0131ran e\u015fek ar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 topluca \u00fcrettikleri y\u00fcksek \u0131s\u0131 ile \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleri.
\nBireysel:
\nBir ku\u015fun yuva yapmas\u0131
\nYuvas\u0131na yakla\u015fan y\u0131lan\u0131 g\u00f6ren ku\u015fun yaral\u0131 taklidi yapmas\u0131
\nf-Canl\u0131lar kendine ula\u015fan pek \u00e7ok uyarandan sadece kendisi i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 olan uyarana cevap verir.
\nKurba\u011falar\u0131n hareket eden b\u00f6cekleri yakalamas\u0131 hareketsizlere tepki vermemesi
\nAkbabalar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fc hayvan v\u00fccutlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmesi,Kartal\u0131n canl\u0131 hayvan v\u00fccuduna y\u00f6nelmesi
\ng-Canl\u0131lar geli\u015ftik\u00e7e davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015f\u0131r.
\nTek h\u00fccrelilerde davran\u0131\u015f
\n Tek h\u00fccrelilerde davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc kal\u0131tsald\u0131r.Davran\u0131\u015f sil,kam\u00e7\u0131 hareketi,ameboid hareket endospor ve kist olu\u015fumu \u015feklindedir.Tek h\u00fccrelilerde uyarana yakla\u015fma ve uyarandan uzakla\u015fma \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen davran\u0131\u015flara
\n taksi (G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcm) denir.
\n Taksi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 uyarana yakla\u015fma (Pozitif taksi) veya uyarandan uzakla\u015fma (Negatif taksi) \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nUyaran \u00e7e\u015fidine g\u00f6re taksiler
\nI\u015f\u0131k :Fototaksi
\nKimyasal:Kemotaksi
\nSu:Hidrotaksi
\nIs\u0131:Termotaksi \u015fekillerinde olur.
\nBitkilerde davran\u0131\u015f
\n Bitkilerde \u00e7imlenme,\u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7ma,yaprak d\u00f6kme,tropizma ve nasti bitkilerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6nemli davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Uyaran \u0131\u015f\u0131k,\u0131s\u0131,su,kimyasallar ve travmalar olabilir.Tepkilerin verilmesinde hormonlar d\u00fczenleyicidir. Tepki ise mitoz,turgor de\u011fi\u015fimi veya asimetrik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\n Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bitkilerinde belli bir alanda \u00fcrettikleri \u00f6zel salg\u0131larla birbirlerinin metabolizmalar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.Ayr\u0131ca etilenin etkisinde unutmamak gerekir.
\nBitkilerde nasti ve tropizma kal\u0131tsal davran\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\n 1-Tropizma(Y\u00f6nelim):Asimetrik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeler sonucu geli\u015fir.Hormonlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen asimetri sonucu, dengesiz turgor ve h\u00fccre b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.Yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen davran\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum bitkinin farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n hormonlara farkl\u0131 cevap vermesinden kaynaklan\u0131r.
\n Tropizmada daha \u00e7ok u\u00e7 meristeminden salg\u0131lanan oksin hormonu etkilidir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin u\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdaki oksin hormonu \u0131\u015f\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterir Bu durum bitkide y\u00f6nelmeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. Oksinlerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 karanl\u0131kta ve \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n tepeden geldi\u011fi durumlarda dengelidir. Bu y\u00fczden bitkide her hangi bir y\u00f6nelme g\u00f6r\u00fclmez, ancak e\u011fer \u0131\u015f\u0131k bir y\u00f6nden geliyorsa \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n geldi\u011fi y\u00f6nde oksin miktar\u0131 az, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n geldi\u011fi taraf\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda oksin miktar\u0131 fazlad\u0131r
\n a-Fototropizma (Uyaran: \u0131\u015f\u0131k) G\u00f6vde pozitif tepki k\u00f6k ise negatif tepki verir.
\n b-Jeotropizma (Uyaran:Yer\u00e7ekimi) G\u00f6vde negatif k\u00f6k ise pozitif tepki verir. Batakl\u0131k ve sulak ortam bitkilerinin baz\u0131 k\u00f6kleri negatif jeotropizma g\u00f6sterir. Bu tip k\u00f6kler havaland\u0131rma k\u00f6kleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve batakl\u0131k topra\u011f\u0131nda O 2 nin az olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 k\u00f6klerin gaz al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde rol al\u0131rlar.
\n c-Hidrotropizma (Uyaran :Su) K\u00f6kler pozitif hidrotropizma g\u00f6stererek suyun fazla oldu\u011fu ortamlara do\u011fru y\u00f6nelirler.
\n d-Kemotropizma (Uyaran:Kimyasallar=asitler,bazlar,g\u00fcbre) K\u00f6kler kimyasallara kar\u015f\u0131 pozitif (G\u00fcbre) veya negatif (Asit) tropizma g\u00f6sterirler.
\n e-Travmatropizma (Uyaran:Yaralanma) K\u00f6kler yaralanmaya neden olan fakt\u00f6rlere kar\u015f\u0131 negatif tropizma g\u00f6sterir.
\n f-Haptotropizma (Uyaran:Temas) Sarma\u015f\u0131k ve fasulyenin s\u00fcl\u00fck g\u00f6vdelerinde de\u011fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 pozitif tropizma g\u00f6sterir.
\n 2-Nasti(\u0130rkilme):Baz\u0131 bitkiler ise uyart\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 tepki g\u00f6sterebilirler. Bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda etken olan fakt\u00f6r turgor olay\u0131d\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rnek:K\u00fcst\u00fcm otunun duyarl\u0131 yaprak\u00aclar\u0131 dokununca hemen kapan\u0131r.
\n \u00d6rnek: B\u00f6cek yiyen bitkilerin \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fine b\u00f6cek konunca \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fin yapraklar\u0131 hemen kapan\u0131r.
\n Bu hareketler turgor bas\u0131nc\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fmelerle d\u00fczenlenir ve nasti hareketleri ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r.Uyaran\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tepki tarz\u0131ndaki hareketlerdir.Uyarana g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\nFotonasti…….(Uyaran:\u0131\u015f\u0131k):Papatya \u00e7i\u00e7eklerinde
\nTermonasti….(Uyaran:Is\u0131):\u00c7i\u011fdemin yaprak hareketlerinde
\nSismonasti….(Uyaran:Sars\u0131nt\u0131,De\u011fme):K\u00fcst\u00fcm otunda
\nTigmonasti….(Uyaranokunma):B\u00f6cek kapan bitkilerde
\nHayvanlarda Davran\u0131\u015f
\n 1-Do\u011fal-Genetik (Do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen) davran\u0131\u015flar
\n\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015flar
\nRefleksler (Kal\u0131tsal -\u015eartl\u0131)
\n2-\u00d6\u011frenilmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flar
\nA\u00e7\u0131klamalar
\n Anahtar uyaran: \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 ve zincirleme devam ettiren uyarand\u0131r.Y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n veya annenin sesi, di\u015finin veya rakibin kokusu ,s\u0131cakl\u0131k azalmas\u0131, g\u00fcnlerin k\u0131salmas\u0131, gece karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb uyaranlar canl\u0131larda uyar\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Hayvanlarda bu uyar\u0131lar \u00f6zel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine neden olur. Ancak bir uyaran bir t\u00fcr i\u00e7in anlaml\u0131 iken ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcr i\u00e7in anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayabilir.Her \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fken uyaran \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mayabilir
\n \u015eartlanma:Hedefe ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 istenen davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.
\n Spontane davran\u0131\u015f\u0131\u015f uyaran ko\u015fulu olmadan kendili\u011finden olu\u015fan davran\u0131\u015f \u00d6rn:heyecan,hiddet,uyuma,uyanma<\/p>\n
1-Do\u011fal-Genetik (Do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen) davran\u0131\u015f
\n Bu davran\u0131\u015flardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011far do\u011fmaz yap\u0131l\u0131rken \u00f6rn:solunum baz\u0131lar\u0131 belirli bir d\u00f6neme girildi\u011finde yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rn:Koza \u00f6rme
\n a-Refleks:Canl\u0131larda d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen etkilere verilen ani ve de\u011fi\u015fmez tepkilere refleks denilir. Refleks hareketleri beyne ula\u015fmadan, omurilik taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi\u011fi i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131d\u0131r. Sinir sistemine sahip t\u00fcm canl\u0131larda refleks davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. . Bilin\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.Kal\u0131tsal ve t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr.De\u011fi\u015febilirler \u00d6rne\u011fin insan\u0131n dizine vurulursa ba\u00accak \u00f6ne do\u011fru hareket eder (diz kapa\u011f\u0131 refleksi), kurba\u011fan\u0131n baca\u011f\u0131na asit de\u011fdirilirse hemen baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eker
\n b-\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel Davran\u0131\u015f: Belli bir i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir seri faaliyeti i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ku\u015flar\u0131n yuva yapma i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcleri yuva yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin bulunmas\u0131, uygun yuva alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc yuva \u015feklini yapma gibi bir\u00e7ok faaliyeti kapsar. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc \u015feklindeki davran\u0131\u015flarda bir organizma belli bir uyart\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 daima ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tepki g\u00f6sterir. \u00c7evresel etkiler i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 etkilemez.\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u015fekli t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015fa bak\u0131larak hayvan\u0131n hangi t\u00fcrden oldu\u011fu saptanabilir.Benzer i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015flara bak\u0131larak hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki kal\u0131tsal yak\u0131nl\u0131klar ve evrimsel \u00f6zellikler saptanabilir.<\/p>\n
2-\u00d6\u011frenilmi\u015f Davran\u0131\u015flar
\n \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel davran\u0131\u015flar \u00f6\u011frenmeyle de\u011fi\u015febilir,farkl\u0131 \u015fekillere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. \u00d6\u011frenilmi\u015f davran\u0131\u015flar do\u011fu\u015ftan kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davran\u0131\u015flardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hayvan yeni durumlara kar\u015f\u0131, yeni tepkiler geli\u015ftirir ve bu tepkileri uzun s\u00fcre hat\u0131rlar. \u00d6\u011frenme \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir<\/p>\n
a. Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k yoluyla \u00f6\u011frenme: Bir hayvan belli aral\u0131klarla tekrar tekrar ayn\u0131 \u015fiddette bir uyarana maruz kal\u0131rsa, g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepki yava\u015f yava\u015f azal\u0131r ve sonunda o uyarana tepki g\u00f6stermez.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fin a\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ubukla dokunulursa, hayvan hemen dokunulan yere h\u0131zla hareket eder. Ayn\u0131 hareket s\u00fcrekli tekrarlan\u0131rsa, \u00f6r\u00fcmce\u011fin belli bir zaman sonra hi\u00e7 tepki g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
b. \u015eartlanma yoluyla \u00f6\u011frenme: Bu \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6\u011frenme Pavlov’un k\u00f6pekler \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle ispatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Pavlov, bir k\u00f6pe\u011fe besin verdi\u011finde a\u011fz\u0131nda salya salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015ftir. Sadece zil sesi duyuruldu\u011funda k\u00f6pek salya salg\u0131lamaz.
\n Pavlov k\u00f6pe\u011fe besin verdi\u011fi anda zil \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f ve bu i\u015flemi bir\u00e7ok kez tekrarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde bir\u00e7ok deneyden sonra k\u00f6pe\u011fin zil sesini i\u015fitti\u011fi zaman besin verilmedi\u011fi halde salya salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yeni bir refleksin geli\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.
\n Burada \u015fartl\u0131 refleks meydana gelirken, bir uyaran\u0131n yerini di\u011ferinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rda tutmak gerekir. Yani bir A uyaran\u0131n\u0131n, B tepkisini meydana getirdi\u011fini kabul edelim. E\u011fer C uyaran\u0131n\u0131n da B tepkisini meydana getirmesi sa\u011flan\u0131rsa, C uyaran\u0131 A uyaran\u0131n\u0131n yerini alm\u0131\u015f olur. Hayvan bu uyarana kar\u015f\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 eski uyarana g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u015fekilde tepki g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
c. \u0130zlenimle \u00f6\u011frenme: Bu tip \u00f6\u011frenme daha \u00e7ok yeni do\u011fmu\u015f ya da yumurtadan yeni \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f yavrularda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6\u011frenmeyle ilgili yap\u0131lan bir deneyde \u00f6rdek yavrular\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kulu\u00e7ka makinesindeki yumurtadan \u00e7\u0131kan yavrular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7\u00f6melerek ve \u00f6rdek gibi ses \u00e7\u0131kararak iki yana sallanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman gen\u00e7 yavrular\u0131n kendisini izlediklerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha sonra yavrular ger\u00e7ek \u00f6rde\u011fin yan\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclse bile, yine \u00f6rdek sesi \u00e7\u0131karan insan\u0131 takip etmi\u015flerdir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar gen\u00e7 yavrular\u0131n ilk g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hareketli ve sesli \u015feyleri takip etmeyi izlenimle \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.
\nd. deneme – yan\u0131lma yoluyla \u00f6\u011frenme: Bir hayvan\u0131n yeni bir durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, meydana gelecek iki tepkiden do\u011fru olan\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mesi \u00f6d\u00fcl verilerek sa\u011flan\u0131r. Hayvan cezaland\u0131r\u0131larak yanl\u0131\u015f se\u00e7meler \u00f6nlenir. \u00c7o\u011fu organizma bir\u00e7ok denemeden sonra do\u011fru se\u00e7im yapmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Toplumsal gruplar\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikleri:
\nSosyal hiyerar\u015fi
\nToplulu\u011fun k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nG\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ileti\u015fim ve haberle\u015fme a\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nTopra\u011fa ba\u011flanma,yay\u0131lma ,avlanma alanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nBu \u00f6zellikler toplulu\u011fun ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r.Bireyler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 azalt\u0131r.Enerjinin ve zaman\u0131n bo\u015fa harcanmamas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur.
\nHayvanlar aras\u0131 ileti\u015fim t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc yollarla (koku,ses,hareket ve organlar\u0131n \u015fekli de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi vb) sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\nHayvanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki koordinasyon kal\u0131tsal ,sinirsel ve hormonsal olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir
\nHayvan gruplar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faydalar
\nKorunma
\nBeslenme
\n\u00dcreme
\nEnerjinin verimli kullan\u0131m\u0131
\nHayvanlar aras\u0131 haberle\u015fme \u015fekilleri
\nSesle :Her t\u00fcr \u00f6zg\u00fcn sesi ile e\u015f bulma,tehlikeyi bildirme,besinin bulundu\u011fu yere \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma gibi \u00f6zel davran\u0131\u015flar sergilerler
\n\u00d6zel hareketlerle:Kabarma,belli organlar\u0131 (kanat,kuyruk,ba\u015f,kulak vb)hareket
\nBiyolojik saat
\n Belirli aral\u0131klarla tekrarlanan davran\u0131\u015f \u015fekillerini ifade eder.Bu davran\u0131\u015flar, g\u00fcnl\u00fck, ayl\u0131k, mevsimlik, y\u0131ll\u0131k olabilir.\u0130nsan\u0131n fizyolojik etkinliklerinin \u00e7o\u011fu ,g\u00fcnl\u00fck ritimler g\u00f6sterir.
\n Son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re bu \u00f6zellik ,beyinde bulunan ve pineal bez denilen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011fa duyarl\u0131 bir yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmektedir.Bu yap\u0131 ,\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak melatonin denen bir hormon salg\u0131lar.Melatonin seratonin hormonundan \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda \u00fcretilir. Salg\u0131lanmas\u0131 karanl\u0131kta artar,\u0131\u015f\u0131kta durur.Bu yolla uyku ve uyan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k zaman\u0131 ayarlan\u0131r. Melatonin canl\u0131daki d\u00fczenleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc engellemelerle yapar.
\n \u00d6rn: Yaban hayatta g\u00fcnlerin k\u0131salmas\u0131 melatonin hormonunun d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel salg\u0131lanma s\u00fcresini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcreme sistemine olumsuz etki yaparak \u00fcreme etkinli\u011fini durdurur.
\n \u00d6rn:Ak\u015fam saatlerinde salg\u0131lanan melatonin bireyin metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve uyumaya haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde etki eder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ETOLOJ\u0130 ( DAVRANI\u015e ) Canl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 \u00e7evrelerinden gelen uyaranlara kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri faaliyetlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcne davran\u0131\u015f denir. D\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rler: s\u0131cakl\u0131k,\u0131\u015f\u0131k,nem,yer \u00e7ekimi,kimyasallar ve fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fimler olabilir. \u0130\u00e7 fakt\u00f6rler: a\u00e7l\u0131k,susuzluk,yorgunluk,a\u011fr\u0131 vb olabilir. Canl\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fkenlere verdikleri tepki ve davran\u0131\u015flarla homeostasinin korunmas\u0131 ve canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar.Homeostasinin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in canl\u0131 fizyolojik veya davran\u0131\u015fsal yan\u0131t verir. \u00d6rnek: a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakta terleme fizyolojik …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[4849,7719,7711,5894,5922,7715,7714,7712,7717,3578,5923,2215,3062,7718,7716,3678,5920,5921,5893,5892,5785,7713,2773],"class_list":["post-3355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-beslenme","tag-biyolojik-saat","tag-etoloji","tag-fotonasti","tag-fototropizma","tag-haptotropizma","tag-hidrotaksi","tag-homeostasinin","tag-icgudusel-davranis","tag-isik","tag-jeotropizma","tag-kimyasal","tag-nem","tag-ogrenilmis-davranislar","tag-refleks","tag-sicaklik","tag-termonasti","tag-tigmonasti","tag-travmatropizma","tag-tropizma","tag-ureme","tag-uv-isinlar","tag-yer-cekimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3355","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3355"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3355\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}