SINIFLANDIRMA <\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n hiyerar\u015fik d\u00fczeni:
\n \u2022 Domain – Archea, Eubacteria, Eukaryote
\n \u2022 Alem – Bitkiler, Hayvanlar, Mantarlar, Protists, Eubacteria (Monera), Archaebacteria
\n \u2022 Filum
\n \u2022 S\u0131n\u0131f
\n \u2022 Tak\u0131m
\n \u2022 Aile
\n \u2022 Cins
\n \u2022 T\u00fcrler
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, Avrupa Hare\u2019sinin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:
\n Eukaryote -> Animal-> Chordata -> Mammalia -> Lagomorpha -> Leporidae -> Lepus -> Lepus Europaeus.
\n1-Eubacteria:
\n \u2022 Prokaryotik ,
\n \u2022 tek h\u00fccreli ,
\n \u2022 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00c7ekirdek ve zarl\u0131 organel yok.
\n \u2022 h\u00fccre duvarlar\u0131 peptidoglikan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f
\n2-Archae (veya Archaebacteria)
\n \u2022 Prokaryotik ,
\n \u2022 tek h\u00fccreli ,
\n \u2022 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck h\u00fccrelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 \u00c7ekirdek ve zarl\u0131 organel yok .
\n \u2022 Tuz g\u00f6lleri veya s\u0131cak gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ortamlarda ya\u015fayan bakterilerdir,Bunlar\u0131n h\u00fccre duvarlar\u0131nda peptidoglikan yok.
\n 3-Protista
\n \u2022 Eukaryotik,
\n \u2022 tek h\u00fccreli veya koloni halindedir. D\u00fczensiz ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilinmeyen alemdir .
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 protistalar hayvan ve bitkilerin \u00f6zellikleri sergilemek ortak ta\u015f\u0131rlar
\n 4-Mantarlar
\n \u2022 Eukaryotik
\n \u2022 \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli heterotrof canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Besinlerini emerek al\u0131rlar..
\n5-Bitkiler
\n \u2022 Eukaryotik
\n \u2022 \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli
\n \u2022 Ototrof canl\u0131lard\u0131r
\n6-Hayvanlar
\n \u2022 Eukaryotik
\n \u2022 \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli
\n \u2022 Heterotrof canl\u0131lard\u0131r
\nDo\u011fal (Filogenetik) S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma
\n\u2022 Canl\u0131lar\u0131n organ yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n benzerli\u011fine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla evrimsel akrabal\u0131klar\u0131na bak\u0131larak yap\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmada homolog organlar dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.
\n \u2022 Homolog organlar; K\u00f6ken ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131,\u015fekil ve g\u00f6revleri farkl\u0131 olan organlard\u0131r. Homolog organlar\u0131 homoloji inceler.
\n \u00d6rnek : \u0130nsan\u0131n kolu \u2013 Ku\u015fun kanad\u0131 \u2013 Balinan\u0131n y\u00fczgeci
\n \u2022 Organlar\u0131 homolog olan canl\u0131lar akrabad\u0131rlar. Akraba canl\u0131lar\u0131n proteinlerindeki amino asit dizili\u015fleri, embriyonik geli\u015fim evreleri, bo\u015falt\u0131m art\u0131klar\u0131 da benzerdir.
\n \u2022 Nicel g\u00f6zlemlere dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Canl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda temel al\u0131nan baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikler :
\no H\u00fccre tipi ve say\u0131s\u0131 (\u00d6karyot \u2013 Prokaryot) (H\u00fccresel organizasyon)
\n o Embriyo tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 (Endoderm \u2013 Mezoderm \u2013 Ektoderm)
\n o Embriyonik \u00f6rt\u00fclerin bulunu\u015fu (Vitellus \u2013 Koryon \u2013 Amniyon \u2013 Allontois)
\n o V\u00fccut bo\u015flu\u011fu tipleri (Gastrovask\u00fcler \u2013 S\u00f6lom)
\n o Simetri \u015fekilleri (Bileteral \u2013 I\u015f\u0131nsal)
\n o V\u00fccutta segmentlerin bulunu\u015fu (Benzer par\u00e7a)
\n o \u0130skeletin bulunu\u015fu (varsa k\u0131k\u0131rdak veya kemik)
\n o Azotlu bo\u015falt\u0131m maddelerinin benzerli\u011fi (NH3 \u2013 \u00dcre \u2013 \u00dcrik Asit)
\n o DNA\u2019 daki baz dizili\u015fi
\n o Sistemlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Sindirim, solunum, dola\u015f\u0131m vs.)
\nAmpirik (=Morfolojik) S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma
\n Aristonun yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma \u015feklidir.
\n 1.Canl\u0131lar\u0131 morfolojik benzerliklerine g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131flama.(ku\u015f ve sinek)
\n 2.Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7evreye g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131flama(havada,karada,suda)
\n 3.Beslenme \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131flama(et\u00e7il,ot\u00e7ul)
\n 4.Analog organlar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma <\/p>\n
Filogenetik (=Bilimsel ,Do\u011fal)S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma
\n 1.K\u00f6ken birli\u011fi
\n 2.Genetik benzerli\u011fi
\n 3.Akrabal\u0131k derecesi
\n 4.Protein benzerli\u011fi
\n 5.DNA n\u00fckleik asit benzerli\u011fi
\n 6.Bo\u015falt\u0131m art\u0131\u011f\u0131 benzerli\u011fi
\n 7.Embriyonal orjin
\n 8.Anatomik ve fizyoloji yap\u0131 <\/p>\n
Homolog Organ:K\u00f6ken ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ,\u015fekil ve g\u00f6revleri farkl\u0131 veya ayn\u0131 olan organlara denir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, “Ar\u0131n\u0131n kanad\u0131 ile sine\u011fin kanad\u0131.”(k\u00f6ken ve g\u00f6revleri ayn\u0131) <\/p>\n
Analog Organ:K\u00f6kenleri ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 farkl\u0131 ,\u015fekil ve g\u00f6revleri benzer olan organlara denir.
\n \u00d6rne\u011fin,”Ku\u015fun kanad\u0131 ile sine\u011fin kanad\u0131.”(k\u00f6kenleri farkl\u0131,g\u00f6revleri ayn\u0131) <\/p>\n
NOT:Filogenetik sistematikte
\n 1.Canl\u0131lar\u0131n kromozom say\u0131s\u0131
\n 2.Morfolojik benzerlik
\n 3.Analog organ
\n 4.Ya\u015fan\u0131lan \u00e7evre dikkate al\u0131nmaz.<\/p>\n
Sistematik Birimler
\nAlem———–>Bitkiler Alemden
\n \u015eube———–>Tohumlu
\n S\u0131n\u0131f————>Kapal\u0131 Tohumlu
\n Tak\u0131m———>\u00c7ift \u00c7enekli
\n Familya——->Baklagil
\n Cins———–>Fasulye
\n T\u00fcr————->Ay\u015fe Kad\u0131n Fasulye
\nT\u00fcre do\u011fru gittik\u00e7e
\n 1-Birey say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131r.
\n 2-\u00c7e\u015fitlilik azal\u0131r.
\n 3-Ortak \u00f6zellik artar.
\n 4-Genetik benzerlik artar
\n 5-Akrabal\u0131k artar.
\n 6-Protein benzerli\u011fi artar.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr:Sistematikteki en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimdir.Birbirine benzeyen ayn\u0131 kromozom say\u0131s\u0131na sahip,birbirleriyle \u00e7iftle\u015ftiklerinde k\u0131s\u0131r olmayan verimli d\u00f6l olu\u015fturan bireylere t\u00fcr denir. <\/p>\n
T\u00fcr:
\n 1- Ortak atadan gelen
\n 2- Yap\u0131,\u015fekil,g\u00f6rev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzer
\n 3- Kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00fcreyebilen
\n 4- \u00dcreyebilen fertler meydana getirebilen bireyler toplulu\u011fudur.
\n T\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimidir.Binominal (ikili adland\u0131rma) sistemine g\u00f6re adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\n \u00f6rn:Homo sapiens-Modern insan
\n \u00f6rn:Pinus silvestris-Sar\u0131 \u00e7am
\n Binomiminal sistemde ilk ad
\n a) Cins ad\u0131d\u0131r.
\n b) B\u00fcy\u00fck harfle ba\u015flar.
\n c) S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmadaki yerini belirtir
\n d) Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde cins ad\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olu\u015fu yak\u0131n akraba oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steri
\n \u00d6rn: Pinus pinea, Morus nigra, Populus nigra, Pinus nigra verilen t\u00fcrlerde cins ismi ayn\u0131 olan Pinus nigra ve Pinus pinea yak\u0131n t\u00fcrd\u00fcr. (Akrabad\u0131r).
\n Binominal sistemde Ikinci ad.
\n a) T\u00fcr ad\u0131d\u0131r
\n b) \u00d6zellik belirtir
\n c) Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde ayn\u0131 olu\u011fu akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlemez.
\n \u00f6rn: Pinus nigra,Morus nigra,Populus nigra T\u00fcr adlar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r ancak akraba de\u011fillerdir.
\n *T\u00fcrler ikili ad ile adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar.\u0130lk isim cins ad\u0131n\u0131 belirtirken ikinci isim belirleyici add\u0131r.\u0130ki isim birden t\u00fcr\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.
\n *Cins ayn\u0131ysa familya,tak\u0131m,s\u0131n\u0131f,\u015fube,alem ayn\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Sistematikte \u0130kili \u0130simlendirme Metodu:
\n Pinus pinea(F\u0131st\u0131k \u00e7am\u0131)
\n Pinus slvestris(Sar\u0131 \u00e7am)
\n Pinus helepensis(Halep \u00e7am\u0131)
\n Pinus nigra(Kara \u00e7am)
\n Pinus buritia(K\u0131z\u0131l \u00e7am)<\/p>\n
A-H\u00fccre Say\u0131s\u0131na G\u00f6re Canl\u0131lar <\/p>\n
1.Bir H\u00fccreliler:
\n -Eubakteriler
\n -Arkaebakteriler
\n -Protistalar<\/p>\n
2.\u00c7ok H\u00fccreliler
\n -Mantarlar
\n -Bitkiler
\n -Hayvanlar<\/p>\n
B-H\u00fccre Yap\u0131s\u0131na G\u00f6re Canl\u0131lar
\n1.Prokaryot H\u00fccre
\n-\u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131 yoktur.
\n -DNA ve RNA zars\u0131z,sitoplazma i\u00e7inde bulunur.
\n -Zarl\u0131 organelleri yoktur.
\n -Sadece Ribozom organeli bulundurur.
\n -Hepsi tek h\u00fccrelidir.
\n -Organize \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olmayan h\u00fccredir.
\n1-Eubakteri
\n2-Arkebakteri<\/p>\n
2.\u00d6karyot H\u00fccre
\n-\u00c7ekirdek zar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n -DNA ve RNA zarla \u00e7evrilidir.
\n -Zarl\u0131 organelleri vard\u0131r.
\n -Tek h\u00fccrelide \u00e7ok h\u00fccrelide olabilir.
\n -Organize \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olan h\u00fccredir.
\n1-Protista
\n2-Fungia
\n3-Plantae
\n4-Animalia<\/p>\n
1-Vir\u00fcsler:
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131,sitoplazma,organeller bulunmaz.
\nEnzimleri (Metabolizmalar\u0131 )yoktur.
\nProtein k\u0131l\u0131f ve y\u00f6netici molek\u00fcl(DNA veya RNA) den olu\u015fur.
\nObligat endo-parazittir.
\nKonuk\u00e7u H\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda cans\u0131zd\u0131r.Ancak,ph,\u0131s\u0131 ve kimyasal ko\u015fullar uygun olduk\u00e7a canl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 devam eder.
\nCanl\u0131lara \u00fcremeleri,mutasyona u\u011framalar\u0131 ve y\u00f6netici mol.ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131yla benzer.
\nAntibiyotiklerden etkilenmezler.
\nh\u00fccreler vir\u00fcslere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k maddesi interferon \u00fcretirler.
\nHer vir\u00fcs \u00f6zel bir H\u00fccre i\u00e7inde, \u00e7o\u011falabilir(Enfeksiyon olu\u015fturur)
\nS\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131:
\n 1-Bakteri vir\u00fcsleriNA ta\u015f\u0131rlar az miktarda RNA ta\u015f\u0131yanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n 2-Bitkisel vir\u00fcsler:RNA ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n 3-Hayvansal vir\u00fcsleriNA ta\u015f\u0131rlar az miktarda RNA ta\u015f\u0131yanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n2-Bakteriler:
\nProkaryotturlar
\nEnzim sistemleri bulunur,\u00f6zg\u00fcn metabolizmalar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nNucleus ve zar sistemlerine ait organeller bulunmaz.
\ny\u00f6netici molek\u00fcl\u00fc DNA d\u0131r ve nuclear alanda \u00e7\u0131plak olarak bulunur.
\nProtein,ya\u011f ve karbonhidrat i\u00e7eren h\u00fccre \u00e7eperi vard\u0131r.
\nBaz\u0131lar\u0131nda kaps\u00fcl bulunur.
\nSitoplazmada NA,RNA,ribozom,poliribozom,glikojen,ya\u011f damlalar\u0131 bulunur.
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131 k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015f mesezom ve tilakoid ta\u015f\u0131yanlar vard\u0131r.
\n1-Mesezomksijenli solunum Enzimleri ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\n2-Tilakoid:klorofil ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\nFlagellum(kam\u00e7\u0131) ta\u015f\u0131yanlar aktif hareketlidir.
\nTek veya koloniler halinde ya\u00baarlar.
\n S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\n\u015eekillerine g\u00f6re:
\nKoloni olu\u015fumuna g\u00f6re:
\nGram boyama y\u00f6ntemine g\u00f6re:
\nSolunum bi\u00e7imlerine g\u00f6re
\nBeslenme bi\u00e7imlerine g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n
3-Mavi-ye\u015fil algler
\nProkaryotturlar.
\nTek veya koloni halinde ya\u015farlar.
\nSel\u00fcloz \u00e7epere sahiptirler.
\nSitoplazmada klorofil(Ye\u015fil),fikosiyanin(Mavi) pigmentleri ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\nFotosentetik bakterilere benzemekle beraber farkl\u0131 olarak fotosentezde oksijen a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar.
\nMikroskobiktirler.
\nMantarlarla ortakla\u015fa likenleri olu\u015ftururlar.
\nHavan\u0131n serbest azotunu tutarak topra\u011f\u0131 verimli hale getirirler.
\nOlumsuz ko\u015fullarda endospor olu\u015ftururlar
\n\u00dcremeleri: a)E\u015feysiz \u00fcremeleri sporlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir,b)e\u015feyli \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.
\n\u00f6rnek:Nostoc ,Oscillatoria.
\nProtistalar
\nEukaryotturlar.
\nSerbest ve parazit ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nTek ve koloni olu\u015fturan t\u00fcrler vard\u0131r.
\nSuda,karada,canl\u0131 art\u0131klar\u0131nda,canl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccudlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayabilirler.
\nAktif hareketlidirler.
\nBeslenmeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden,hayvansal,bitkisel ve mantarsal \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren t\u00fcrler vard\u0131r.
\n\u00dcremeleri a)E\u015feysiz: b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek ve sporla b)E\u015feyli: konjugasyon
\n\u00d6nemli s\u0131n\u0131flar ve \u00f6zellikleri:
\nA)Rhizopoda :K\u00f6k ayakl\u0131larAmipler)
\nBelirgin \u015fekilleri yoktur.
\nSerbest ve parazit olanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nBeslenme ve hareketlerini pseudopod (yalanc\u0131 ayak) denen sitoplazmik uzant\u0131larla yaparlar.
\nTatl\u0131 suda ya\u015fayanlarda kontraktil koful bulunur. Kontraktil koful h\u00fccreye giren fazla suyu ve metabolik art\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00fccrenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na atar.
\nB\u00f6l\u00fcnerek (Amitozla) \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar.
\nBeslenme b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fccre y\u00fczeyi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.(Endositozla-Ekzositozla)<\/p>\n
B)Cilliata:Silliler(Paramec\u0131um)<\/p>\n
Tatl\u0131 sularda
\nKontraktil kofullar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nBeslenmelerini ve hareketlerini sillerle yaparlar.
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131 pelikula denen sert yap\u0131dan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Pelikuladan hareket organeli siller ve korunma organelleri trikositler bulunur.
\nPelikula h\u00fccreye \u015fekil ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k verir.
\nBesinlerin al\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 h\u00fccre a\u011fz\u0131 ile sindirim art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ise h\u00fccre an\u00fcs\u00fcyle olur.
\n\u0130ki nucleus ta\u015f\u0131rlar
\na)Macronucleus:Metabolizmadan(Beslenme,solunum,bo\u015f alt\u0131m ,e\u015feysiz \u00fcreme vb.)
\nb)Micronucleus: E\u015feyli \u00fcremede g\u00f6rev al\u0131r.
\n\u00dcremeleri
\na)e\u015feysiz:Amitozla
\nb)e\u015feyli:Konjugasyonla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nD\u0131\u015f uyar\u0131lar\u0131 alg\u0131lar ve y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftirerek tepki verirler.(H\u00fccrede \u00f6n ve arka kavram\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n
C)Flagellata:Kam\u00e7\u0131l\u0131lar: (Euglena)
\nTatl\u0131 sularda ya\u015farlar.
\nKontraktil kofullar\u0131 vard\u0131r
\nBeslenme ve hareketlerini kam\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla yaparlar.
\nKloroplast ta\u015f\u0131rlar.(Hem ototrof hem hetotrof beslenirler.)
\nI\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layan g\u00f6z lekesi sayesinde \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 ortamlara do\u011fru hareket ederler.
\n\u00dcremeleri amitozla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
\nBesinlerini h\u00fccre a\u011fz\u0131yla al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
D)Sporozooa: Sporlular: (Plazmodium)
\nParazit ya\u015farlar.
\n\u00dcremeleri sporla olur.(Metagenez g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr:E\u015feyli ve e\u015feysiz \u00fcremenin birbirini ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k takip etmesidir.)
\nHareket organelleri yoktur.(amoboid hareket ederler.)
\nBesinlerini haz\u0131r ald\u0131klar\u0131ndan besin kofulular\u0131 bulunmaz.
\nHayvansal organizmalar\u0131n v\u00fccudunda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan kontraktil koful ta\u015f\u0131mazlar.<\/p>\n
Mantarlar
\nSentrozom ve kam\u00e7\u0131 olu\u015fumu yoktur
\nEukaryot , \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\nMiselyum denen h\u00fccre s\u0131ralar\u0131ndan Olu\u015furlar
\nH\u00fccre \u00e7eperleri bulunur. \u00c7eper kitinden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur
\nMavi-Ye\u015fil alglerle Likenleri olu\u015ftururlar
\nH\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sindirim yaparlar.
\nH\u00fccrelerde besin olarak ya\u011f ve glikojen bulunur
\nSaprofit ,parazit , patojen ve mutualist beslenirler
\nSporla \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rlar(Metagenez g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.)
\nCanl\u0131 v\u00fccudunda ve organik art\u0131klarda bulunurlar.
\nGer\u00e7ek dokusal olu\u015fumlar\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n
Bitkiler
\nEukaryot, \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\nH\u00fccrelerinde \u00e7eper,kloroplast ve kofullar bulunur.
\nDokusal olu\u00bauma sahiptirler.
\n\u00dcremeleri: a) Metagenez(D\u00f6lalma\u015f\u0131)
\nb) E\u015feyli \u00fcreme ile olur.
\nSu ve karasal ortamlarda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nOtotrof canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\nS\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\nA)\u00c7i\u00e7eksiz bitkiler:
\n\u00dcremelerinde metagenez g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nGer\u00e7ek k\u00f6k g\u00f6vde ve yaprak olu\u015fumlar\u0131 yoktur.
\nBaz\u0131lar\u0131nda iletim demetleri yoktur.(Su yosunu,Kara yosunu,vb)
\nGametofit d\u00f6l\u00fc sporofit d\u00f6l takip eder.
\nGametofit d\u00f6l e\u015feysiz \u00fcreme ile(Sporla),Sporofit d\u00f6l e\u015feyli \u00fcreme ile (Sperm ve Yumurtan\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle) meydana gelir.
\n\u0130lk k\u00f6k ve iletim demetleri e\u011freltilerde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
B)\u00c7i\u00e7ekli bitkiler:
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Baz\u0131 gruplarda e\u015feysiz \u00fcremede ( Vegetatif \u00fcremede) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n\u00dcreme organlar\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7eklerdir.
\n\u0130letim demetleri vard\u0131r.
\nGer\u00e7ek k\u00f6k g\u00f6vde ve yaprak olu\u015fumlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n\u00dcremeleri tohumlarla olur.
\nTohumlar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda meyve olanlara kapal\u0131 tohumlular olmayanlara a\u00e7\u0131k tohumlular (Kozalakl\u0131lar) denir.
\nKapal\u0131 tohumlularda tohumda bulunan \u00e7enek say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re
\n1-Tek \u00e7enekliler(So\u011fan ,Lale, Zambak)
\n 2-\u00c7ift \u00e7enekliler(Ella ,Nohut , Fasulye vb.)<\/p>\n
Hayvanlar
\n\u00c7ok h\u00fccrelidirler.
\nHetotrofturlar.Holozoik ve parazit beslenirler.
\nAktif hareket edebilirler
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcrerler.Baz\u0131 gruplarda e\u015feysiz \u00fcremede (Vegetatif \u00fcreme) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nS\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\nA)Omurgas\u0131zlar:
\na)S\u00fcngerler:
\nEn ilkel \u00e7ok h\u00fccreli hayvanlard\u0131r.
\nTatl\u0131 ve tuzlu sularda ya\u015farlar
\nSesil (Hareket edmezler.) canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 iki deri tabakas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. a)Ektoderm b)Endoderm
\nDokusal olu\u015fum yoktur. V\u00fccut olduk\u00e7a basittir.
\nE\u015feyli ve e\u015feysiz (tomurcuklanarak:gemula) \u00fcreyebilirler.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131nda organik ve inorganik art\u0131klardan olu\u015fmu\u015f i\u00e7 iskelet vard\u0131r.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 porlarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Beslenmesini porlardan giren su ile ta\u015f\u0131nan besinlerle sa\u011flar.
\nSolunum ve bo\u015falt\u0131m\u0131 derileriyle(V\u00fccud y\u00fczeyi )yaparlar.<\/p>\n
b) S\u00f6lentereler
\nTatl\u0131 ve tuzlu sularda ya\u015farlar.
\nV\u00fccudu iki deri tabakas\u0131ndan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur (Ektoderm ve endoderm).
\n\u00dcremeleri e\u015feyli ve e\u015feysiz(Tomurcuklanma) olur
\nBaz\u0131lar\u0131nda d\u00f6l alma\u015f\u0131 (Metagenez) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nTek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lan sindirim bo\u015fluklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nHem h\u00fccre i\u00e7i hem h\u00fccre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sindirim vard\u0131r.
\nSesil ve aktif hareketli olanlar vard\u0131r.
\nDiff\u00fcz(Agis) sinir sistemine sahiptirler.
\nH\u00fccreleri ( kas ,sinir epitel vb.) farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r
\nSolunum ve bo\u015falt\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 derileri ile yaparlar.<\/p>\n
c) Solucanlar
\nV\u00fccud \u00fc\u00e7 deri tabakas\u0131na sahiptir
\nSerbest ve parazit ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcrerler
\nRejenarasyon yetenekleri vard\u0131r ve \u00fcremeyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r.
\n\u0130p merdiven sinir sistemleri vard\u0131r.
\nOrgan ve sistemleri geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.
\nSolunumlar\u0131n\u0131 derileri ile yaparlar.
\nSu kara ve di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccudlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015farlar.
\n-Yass\u0131 solucanlar
\n\u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 deri tabakas\u0131na (Endoderm,mezoderm,ektoderm) sahip canl\u0131lard\u0131r.
\n\u0130lk sistemle\u015fme bu canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.(Sinir , bo\u015falt\u0131m vb.)
\nTek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan sindirimleri sistemleri vard\u0131r. Bu sistem ayn\u0131 zamanda dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi olarakta g\u00f6rev yapar.
\nY\u00fcksek rejenarasyon yetenekleri vard\u0131r ve \u00fcremeyle (Vegetatif \u00fcreme) sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r
\nSerbest ve parazit ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m organlar\u0131 pronefridyumlard\u0131r.
\n-Yuvarlak solucanlar
\n\u0130lk sindirim sisteminde iki a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k(A\u011f\u0131z ve an\u00fcs) bu canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nSerbest ve parazit ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\n\u00dcreme,sinir ve bo\u015falt\u0131m sistemleri geli\u015fmi\u015f solunum ve dola\u00ba\u0131m sistemleri yoktur.
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcrerler ve ayr\u0131 e\u015feylidirler
\n-Halkal\u0131 solucanlar
\n\u0130lk kapal\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131m bu canl\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nSolunum deri ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\nV\u00fccudu halkalardan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nSindirim sistemleri farkl\u0131 g\u00f6rev yapan organlardan olu\u015fur.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m organlar\u0131 nefridyumlard\u0131r.
\n\u00c7o\u011fu hermafrodittir.<\/p>\n
d) Yumu\u015fak\u00e7alar
\nSuda ve karada ya\u015farlar.
\nSuda ya\u015fayanlar solunga\u00e7 karada ya\u015fayanlar kitaps\u0131 akci\u011ferlerle solunum yaparlar.
\nKar\u0131ndan bacaklarla hareket ederler.
\nBaz\u0131lar\u0131nda evcik bulunur.(D\u0131\u015f iskelet \u00f6devi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.)
\nA\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f sistemi vard\u0131r.
\nGenelde e\u015feyli \u00fcrerler.Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrler hermafrodittir.(Bir canl\u0131da hem erkek hem di\u00bai organlar bulunur ve kendi) kendini d\u00f6lleyebilir.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m nefridyumlar la sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\nDuyu organlar\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n
e)Kabuklular:
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 sert bir kabukla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 segmentlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nSuda ya\u015farlar.
\nA\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r.
\nEklemli \u00fcyelere(Hareket organlar\u0131na ) sahiptirler.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m maksilla bezlerle yap\u0131l\u0131r
\nSolunga\u00e7 solunumu yaparlar.
\nSindirim sistemleri geli\u015fkin ve salg\u0131 bezleri i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
f)\u00d6r\u00fcmcekler:
\nSolunum trake ve baz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerde kitaps\u0131 akci\u011ferlerle yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m malpighi t\u00fcpleri ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\nA\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131m vard\u0131r.
\nSindirim sistemleri geli\u015fkindir
\nKarada ya\u015farlar.
\n\u0130p merdiven sinir sistemi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 ba\u015f ve g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsten olu\u015fur.
\nD\u00f6rt \u00e7ift eklemli bacaklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
g)B\u00f6cekler:
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131 ba\u015f , g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs , kar\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.
\nSert(Kitin) d\u0131\u015f iskeletleri vard\u0131r.
\n\u0130ki \u00e7ift kanat vard\u0131r.
\n\u00dc\u00e7 \u00e7ift eklemli bacak vard\u0131r.
\nA\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nTrake solunumu yaparlar.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m organlar\u0131 malpighi t\u00fcpleridir.
\nYumurta ile \u00fcrerler.Metamorfoz(Ba\u015fkala\u015f\u0131m) ge\u00e7irirler.
\nPetek g\u00f6zlere sahiptirler.
\nV\u00fccud hareketi \u00e7izgili kaslarla sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\nV\u00fccud segmental yap\u0131ya sahiptir.<\/p>\n
h)\u00c7ok ayakl\u0131lar:
\nEklemli bacaklar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00e7oktur.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m malpighi t\u00fcpleri ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.
\nV\u00fccud segmentlerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nSolunum trakelerle yap\u0131l\u0131r
\nV\u00fccud ba\u015f ve g\u00f6vdeden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
\nKarada ve nemli yerlerde ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\n
I)Derisi dikenliler:
\nDenizlerde ya\u015farlar.
\nV\u00fccudlar\u0131nda kalkerli i\u00e7 iskelet bulunur.
\nBeslenme ve hareket , kanal ve t\u00fcp ayaklarda olu\u015fan su hareketi ile sa\u011flan\u0131r.
\nmetamorfoz ge\u00e7irirler.
\nSolunga\u00e7 solunumu yaparlar.
\nA\u00e7\u0131k dola\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B)Omurgal\u0131lar
\nDokusal \u00f6zellikte i\u00e7 iskelet(Omurga) ta\u015f\u0131rlar.
\nE\u015feyli \u00fcrerler.
\nKapal\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma sahiptirler.
\nHepside holojoik beslenir.
\nGeli\u015fkin sinir sistemine ve duyu organlar\u0131na sahiptirler.
\nSolunga\u00e7 , akci\u011fer ve deri solunumu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nSu ve kara ya\u015fam\u0131na uymu\u015f s\u0131n\u0131flar vard\u0131r.
\nBo\u015falt\u0131m organlar\u0131 b\u00f6breklerd\u0131r.
\nSadece kurba\u011falarda ileri metamorfoz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nS\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131
\na-Bal\u0131klar:
\nYumurta ile \u00fcrereler
\nDerileri pullarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r
\nY\u00fczerek hareket ederler
\nKalpleri 2 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r
\nDe\u011fi\u015fken v\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lard\u0131r
\nSolunga\u00e7 solunumu yaparlar
\nSuda ya\u015farlar<\/p>\n
b-Kurba\u011falar:
\nYumurta ile \u00fcrereler
\nDerileri \u00e7\u0131plakt\u0131r
\nY\u00fczerek ve y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek hareket ederler
\nLarva d\u00f6neminde suda ya\u015farlar,ergin d\u00f6nemde suya ba\u011fl\u0131 karada ya\u015farler
\nLarva d\u00f6neminde solunga\u00e7 ergin d\u00f6nemde akci\u011fer ve deri solunumu yaparlar.
\nKalpleri 3 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r
\nDe\u011fi\u015fken v\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lard\u0131r<\/p>\n
c-S\u00fcr\u00fcngenler:
\nYumurta ile \u00fcrerler
\nDerileri plaklarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r
\nS\u00fcr\u00fcnerek hareket ederler (Suda y\u00fczerek hareket ederler.)
\nKarada veya suya ba\u011fl\u0131 karada ya\u015farlar
\nAkci\u011fer solunumu yaparlar
\nKalpleri 3-4 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r
\nDe\u011fi\u015fken v\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lard\u0131r<\/p>\n
d-Ku\u015flar:
\nYumurta ile \u00fcrerler
\nDerileri t\u00fcylerle kapl\u0131d\u0131r
\nU\u00e7arak hareket ederler
\nKarada ya\u015farlar
\nAkci\u011fer solunumu yaparlar
\nKalpleri 4 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r
\nDe\u011fi\u015fmez v\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lard\u0131r<\/p>\n
e-Memeliler
\nDo\u011furarak \u00fcrerler
\nDerileri k\u0131llarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r
\nKarada veya suda ya\u015farlar
\nY\u00fcr\u00fcyerek,u\u00e7arak ve ya y\u00fczerek hareket ederler
\nAkci\u011fer solunumu yaparlar
\nKalplerei 4 odac\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r
\nDe\u011fi\u015fmez v\u00fccud \u0131s\u0131l\u0131 canl\u0131lard\u0131r
\nGagal\u0131,Keseli ve Plasental\u0131 memeli olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 grupta incelenir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
SINIFLANDIRMA S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n hiyerar\u015fik d\u00fczeni: \u2022 Domain – Archea, Eubacteria, Eukaryote \u2022 Alem – Bitkiler, Hayvanlar, Mantarlar, Protists, Eubacteria (Monera), Archaebacteria \u2022 Filum \u2022 S\u0131n\u0131f \u2022 Tak\u0131m \u2022 Aile \u2022 Cins \u2022 T\u00fcrler \u00d6rne\u011fin, Avrupa Hare\u2019sinin s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: Eukaryote -> Animal-> Chordata -> Mammalia -> Lagomorpha -> Leporidae -> Lepus -> Lepus Europaeus. 1-Eubacteria: \u2022 Prokaryotik …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[7740,7737,7744,2287,2273,7733,7746,7749,7747,7736,7742,7738,2473,7741,7739,2472,7748,5972,7743,5626,7735,7734,5658,7745,2279],"class_list":["post-3359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-animal","tag-archaebacteria","tag-arkebakteri","tag-bakteriler","tag-bitkiler","tag-canlilarda-siniflandirma","tag-cicekli-bitkiler","tag-ektoderm","tag-endoderm","tag-eubacteria-monera","tag-eukaryotik","tag-filum","tag-hayvanlar","tag-lagomorpha","tag-mammalia","tag-mantarlar","tag-mezoderm","tag-paramecium","tag-pinus-nigra","tag-prokaryotik","tag-protists","tag-siniflandirmanin-hiyerarsik-duzeni","tag-solentereler","tag-sporozooa","tag-virusler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3359"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3359\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3359"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3359"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}