ARKAEBAKTER\u0130LER <\/p>\n
GENEL \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER
\n 1.Zorlu ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fayan (denizalt\u0131 volkanik bacalar, asitli, s\u0131cak, tuzlu su )
\n 2.\u00d6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan eubakteri ve eukaryot canl\u0131lardan farkl\u0131
\n 3.Prokaryotik
\n 4.tek h\u00fccreli
\n 5.e\u015feysiz \u00fcreyebilen
\n 6.\u00d6zg\u00fcn metabolik aktivitesi olan bir canl\u0131 grubudur yapIsal \u00d6zellikler
\nYAPISAL \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER
\nH\u00fccre Duvar :H\u00fccreyi korur ve \u015fekil veriyor
\nH\u00fccre zar\u0131 :H\u00fccrede madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi ve hareketi d\u00fczenleye i\u00e7erdi\u011fi enzimlerle ve \u00f6zel proteinlerle ATP \u00fcretimini sa\u011flar
\nSitoplazma NA, ribozom ve organik bile\u015fikler i\u00e7in gerekli ortam ile ya\u015fam s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek
\nDNA :Genetik bilgileri ge\u00e7mi\u015f nesillere ta\u015f\u0131r.Ya\u015famsal olaylar\u0131 y\u00f6netir
\nPlazmid :Baz\u0131 genlerin genetik rekombinantlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r
\nKaps\u00fcl :H\u00fccreyi korur , di\u011fer h\u00fccrelere ve y\u00fczeyler ba\u011flamaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur
\nEndospor :A\u011f\u0131r \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131na (\u0131s\u0131 veya kurakl\u0131k) kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fccreyi korur
\nPilus (Pili) :Ba\u015fka h\u00fccre ve y\u00fczeylere ba\u011flama ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer h\u00fccrelerle gen al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir (Konjugasyon)
\nFlagellum :H\u00fccrenin aktif hareketini sa\u011flar
\nextremofil:A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ortamla uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f bu prokaryotlara Extremophiles ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir:
\nthermophiles; Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ya\u015far
\nhyperthermophiles ; \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda ya\u015farlar , (mevcut kayd\u0131 121 \u00b0 C);
\npsychrophiles; So\u011fuk ortamlarda ya\u015far (Antarktika gibi) 4 \u00b0 C’ en iyi ya\u015fam ortamlar\u0131d\u0131r
\nhalophiles; \u00c7ok tuzlu ortamlarda ya\u015far (\u00f6l\u00fc deniz)
\nacidophiles; D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pH ortamlarda ya\u015far (pH 1 de ya\u015far ve pH 7 de \u00f6l\u00fcr);
\nAlkaliphiles; Y\u00fcksek pH de\u011ferlerinde ya\u015far
\nHabitata ba\u011fl\u0131 3 gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r
\nmethanogens
\nthermoacidophile
\nhalophiles
\nMetanogen
\nOksijensiz ortamlarda ya\u015farlar
\nATP sentezlemek i\u00e7in CO2 ve H2 kullan\u0131rlar ve Metan \u00fcretirler
\nBatakl\u0131k, kanalizasyon ar\u0131tma tesisleri, hayvan sindirim sistemi i\u00e7inde bulunurlar
\nHerbivor canl\u0131larda (inekler i\u00e7in) sel\u00fcloz sindirimini sa\u011flarlar
\nMetan gaz\u0131 veya ba\u011f\u0131rsak gaz\u0131 (metan) \u00fcretirler
\n4h 2 + CO 2 -> CH 4 + 2H 2 O
\nHalofil
\n\u00c7ok tuzlu su ortamlar\u0131nda ya\u015farlar
\nDeniz, B\u00fcy\u00fck Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc, vb
\nBacteriorhodopsin ile \u0131\u015f\u0131k enerjisinden ATP (enerji) \u00fcretir<\/p>\n
Termofil
\nA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak (110 00 C) ve asidik (pH 2) su ortamlar\u0131nda ya\u015far
\nVolkanik bacalarda ve kapl\u0131calarda bulunan s\u0131cak sularda, okyanus zeminindeki asitli ve kaynar su s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunurlar
\nD\u0130\u011eER CANLI GRUPLARI \u0130LE KAR\u015eILA\u015eTIRMA <\/p>\n
1-Halobacteriumlarda bacteriorhodopsin (mor renkli) adl\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011fa duyarl\u0131 ,rengini ve kimyasal enerjisini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 pigment i\u00e7erir. Bacteriorhodopsin h\u00fccre zar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131na proton pompalar. protonlar\u0131n geri ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u00fccrenin enerji kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r olan ATP sentezinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r <\/p>\n
2- \u00c7o\u011fu arkae tRNA ve rRNA genlerinde arkaelere has intronlar bulunur ki bunlar ve eukaryotik intronlara, ne de bakteriyel intronlara benzer. <\/p>\n
3- bakteri ribozomlar\u0131 baz\u0131 kimyasal inhibit\u00f6rlere duyarl\u0131d\u0131r ancak arkae bakteri ve Eukaryotik ribozomlar bu maddelere duyarl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu \u00f6zellik Arkae ve eukaryot aras\u0131nda yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
4-Molek\u00fcler biyolojide temel rol\u00fc olan genetik transkripsiyon ve translasyon mekanizmalar\u0131 bakterilere pek benzemeyip, \u00e7o\u011fu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6karyotlara benzemektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin arke translasyonu eukaryotik-benzeri ba\u015flatma ve uzatma fakt\u00f6rleri kullan\u0131r, transkripsiyonda eukaryotlardaki gibi TATA-ba\u011flanma proteinleri rol oynar.<\/p>\n
5-T\u00fcm bakteri h\u00fccre duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 peptidoglikan d\u0131r. Ancak Arkae h\u00fccre duvarlar\u0131, bu bile\u015fi\u011fi i\u00e7ermez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, arkaelar sel\u00fcloz , kitin de \u00fcretmezler .Arkaebakterilerde h\u00fccre duvar\u0131 kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131 proteinden olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
6-Arkaea di\u011fer canl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli fark h\u00fccre zar yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r.Tek tabakadan olu\u015fmas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca kimyasal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yap\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 farklar bulunur.Bu yap\u0131 zorlu ko\u015fullara uyumun gere\u011fi oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Arkaebakteri zar\u0131 ile di\u011fer h\u00fccre zarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00f6rt temel fark:<\/p>\n
1-gliserol yap\u0131s\u0131
\n 2- eter ba\u011flant\u0131,
\n 3- isoprenoid zincirleri
\n 4- taraf\u0131ndan zincire dallanma.
\n5-Arkaebakteri e\u015feysiz s\u00fcreci ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnme \u015feklinde \u00e7o\u011faltabilir. Bu i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bakteriyel DNA kendini e\u015fler. H\u00fccre zar\u0131 iki DNA y\u0131 ve sitoplazmay\u0131 ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131r ve organizma iki yeni h\u00fccreye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 t\u00fcrler her 20 dakikada bir b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.E\u015feyli \u00fcreme g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ARKAEBAKTER\u0130LER GENEL \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER 1.Zorlu ko\u015fullarda ya\u015fayan (denizalt\u0131 volkanik bacalar, asitli, s\u0131cak, tuzlu su ) 2.\u00d6zellikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan eubakteri ve eukaryot canl\u0131lardan farkl\u0131 3.Prokaryotik 4.tek h\u00fccreli 5.e\u015feysiz \u00fcreyebilen 6.\u00d6zg\u00fcn metabolik aktivitesi olan bir canl\u0131 grubudur yapIsal \u00d6zellikler YAPISAL \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER H\u00fccre Duvar :H\u00fccreyi korur ve \u015fekil veriyor H\u00fccre zar\u0131 :H\u00fccrede madde al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fi ve hareketi d\u00fczenleye i\u00e7erdi\u011fi enzimlerle …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[7750,2508,7753,7752,2164,7751,5626,7754],"class_list":["post-3361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-arkaebakteriler","tag-gliserol","tag-halofil","tag-metanogen","tag-oksijen","tag-plazmid","tag-prokaryotik","tag-termofil"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3361"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3361\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3361"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}