Asbest Nedir? : <\/p>\n
Bir do\u011fal silikat minerali olan asbestin \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 iletmemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden insanlar ile birlikteli\u011fi eski \u00e7a\u011flarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. On dokuzuncu y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonraki end\u00fcstri devriminde, \u0131s\u0131, elektrik, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ve asitlere dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir \u00e7ok i\u015fyerlerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in “sihirli mineral” olarak an\u0131l\u0131rken, yirminci y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra karsinojenik olmas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, ismi “\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc toz” olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Tarihte Asbest Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/p>\n
Arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar asbest kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 2500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerine kadar gitti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Preshistorik Fin seramiklerinde, lamba fitillerinde, Yunan ve Roma uygarl\u0131kla\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00fcretilen \u00e7e\u015fitli dokumalarda asbest lifleri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marco Polo 1250 y\u0131l\u0131na ait yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda Sibirya’da asbestli dokumalar \u00fcretildi\u011finden s\u00f6z etmektedir. Yunan ve M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin ilk devirlerinde asbeste rastlanm\u0131\u015f, hatta \u00c7in medeniyetinin ilk \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda has\u0131r ve ke\u00e7elerde asbest kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma’da h\u00fck\u00fcmdar \u00f6l\u00fclerinin sar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fclerin asbest kuma\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kay\u0131tlar bulunmu\u015ftur. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kal\u0131c\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 eserler asbestten yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ka\u011f\u0131tlara bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak asbest yataklar\u0131n\u0131n ticari boyutlarda i\u015fletmeye al\u0131nmasi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la rastlamakta, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren ise bu mineraller yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde end\u00fcstride kullan\u0131lmaya ve alternatifi bulunmayan yerlerini almaya baslam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Asbest’in Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131:<\/p>\n
\u00c7imento \u00fcr\u00fcnleri
\n Kimya
\n \u0130la\u00e7
\n Lastik-plastik
\n Boya
\n Ka\u011f\u0131t
\n Uzay sanayisinde
\n 3000\u0092den fazla end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131nda
\n Bas\u0131nca dayan\u0131kl\u0131 borular
\n \u0130\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f cephe ve tavan kaplama
\n Fren balatalar\u0131
\n \u00c7e\u015fitli contalar
\n \u00d6zel filtreler
\n Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcr\u00fcnleri<\/p>\n
Asbest minerali, lifsi yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7imento \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beton i\u00e7indeki \u00e7elik kafese benzer \u015fekilde \u00f6zel ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k niteli\u011fine sahiptir ve bu nedenle betonun mukavemetini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Elektri\u011fe ve \u0131s\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 yal\u0131tkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer yandan ate\u015fe dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 asbestin t\u00fcketim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ba\u015fl\u0131ca teknolojik \u00f6zellikleridir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6zelliklerinden dolay\u0131 asbest, 3000’den fazla end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bas\u0131nca dayan\u0131kl\u0131 borular, i\u00e7-d\u0131\u015f cephe ve tavan kaplama malzemeleri ve levhalar\u0131, fren balatalar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli contalar, \u00f6zel filtreler, ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcr\u00fcnleri asbestin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdir. Kimya, ila\u00e7, lastik-plastik, boya, \u015feker, ka\u011f\u0131t ve uzay sanayilerinde de asbest \u00e7esitli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin imalinde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Asbestin fiziksel yap\u0131 olarak iki t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
D\u00fcz (amphibol)
\n E\u011fri lifli (chrysotile)
\n D\u00fcz (Amphibol) asbest , kimyasal yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re 5’e ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
crocidolite (mavi asbest)
\n amosite (kahverengi asbest)
\n tremolite
\n anthophollite
\n actinolite
\n End\u00fcstride en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan e\u011fri lifli (chrysotile) , crocidolite ve amosite cinsleriydi. Bunlardan sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in en tehlikelileri olan crocidolite ve amosite’nin kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkede yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. End\u00fcstride kullan\u0131lan asbestin % 90’in\u0131 kapsayan chrysotile de bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkelerde yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n daha az karsinojenisitesi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Chrysotile : k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 yada b\u00fckl\u00fcml\u00fc ve k\u0131vr\u0131labilir
\n Amphibol : d\u00fcz, sert, k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Chrysotile (Beyaz asbest)<\/p>\n
Endr\u00fcstride en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan (%90) serpentin formu olu\u015fturur.
\n Genellikle \u00fcst solunum sisteminde kalan yumu\u015fak k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 fibriller olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\n Asbestozise neden olur.
\n Tekstil fren balatalar\u0131, kiremit,eternit, ve yal\u0131t\u0131mda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Crocidolite (Mavi asbest) , Amosite (Kahverengi demirden zengin asbest) , Tremolite , Tnthophille (beyaz asbest) ve Actinolite , amphibolleri olu\u015fturur. Rijit fibriller olu\u015fturur ve akci\u011ferin periferine ula\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00dc\u00e7 tip lezyonlada birliktelik g\u00f6sterirler. <\/p>\n
Amfiboller daha az olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Chrysotile’den daha patojeniktir. \u00d6zellikle malign plevral t\u00fcm\u00f6rlerin ba\u015flamas\u0131nda. Mezotelioma ile ilgili baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar daima amfibole maruz kalman\u0131n ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6sterir. Asit ve alkalilere rezistans g\u00f6sterir ve yal\u0131t\u0131m i\u015flerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcz ve sert amfibollerin b\u00fcy\u00fck patojenitesi onlar\u0131n aerodinamik yap\u0131s\u0131 ve eriyebilirli\u011fi ile ili\u015fkili g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Chrysotileler daha k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 ve k\u0131vr\u0131labilir yap\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00fcst solunum yolunda yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r ve mukosilier aktivite ile ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Akci\u011ferde kalm\u0131\u015f olan Chrysotileler amphibollerden daha kolay eridi\u011fi i\u00e7in dokudan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Z\u0131t olarak sert ve d\u00fcz olan amphiboller havada kal\u0131r ve akci\u011ferin derinliklerine kadar ula\u015f\u0131rlar ve epitel h\u00fccrelerini pentre eder. Amphibol fibrillerinin uzunlu\u011fu patojenitede \u00f6nemli rol oynar. 8 Mikronmetyre den uzun 0,5 mikronmetreden ince olanlar k\u0131sa ve kal\u0131n olanlardan daha zararlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak amphiboller ve Chrysotilelerin ikiside fibrojeniktir, artm\u0131\u015f dozlar\u0131 asbest ili\u015fkili hastal\u0131klarda artmaya neden olur. Sadece amphibole maruz kalma mezotelioma hastal\u0131g\u0131na neden olur. Di\u011fer inorganik tozlara z\u0131t olarak asbest tumor ini\u015fiator ve promotoru olarak rol oynar. Asbest \u00fczerine absorbe olmu\u015f potansiyel toksik kimyasallar fibrillerin onkojenitesine de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin sigara i\u00e7enlerdeki karsinojenlerin asbest fibrillerine absorbsiyonu sinerjide \u00f6nemli rol oynayabilir. Asbest i\u015f\u00e7ilerinde yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile sadece 5 kat fazla olan bron\u015f kanseri sigara i\u00e7en asbest i\u015f\u00e7ilerinde 55 kat fazla riske neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcne kadar \u00fclkemizin de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6relerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucu Asbest ile ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler: <\/p>\n
G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi; Diyarbak\u0131r (\u00c7\u00fcng\u00fc\u015f, Ergani, \u00c7ermik), Elaz\u0131\u011f (Palu, Maden), Malatya, Ad\u0131yaman, Mardin, \u015eanl\u0131urfa (Siverek), Kilis.
\n \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgesi: Sivas, Tokat, Amasya, \u00c7orum, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131, Yozgat (Sorgun), Eski\u015fehir (Mihalli\u00e7\u0131k), K\u00fctahya (Gediz), Afyon (Emirda\u011f), Denizli (Tavas), Burdur (Ye\u015filova), Konya (Ere\u011fli) Karap\u0131nar, Mersin Hatay, Adana.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk bir hastada ameliyat sonucunda 130 milyon asbest lifi saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu miktar 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra asbestle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerde g\u00f6r\u00fclenden de \u00e7oktur. <\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde finanse edilmeyecek projelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda asbestos i\u00e7eren mamuller \u00fcreten veya \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde bu maddelerden \u00f6nemli miktarda kullanan tesisler gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency); ABD \u00c7evre Koruma Kurumu’nun Asbest i\u00e7in izin verdi\u011fi en y\u00fcksek doz 1 lif\/cm3 t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Asbeste maruz kalan i\u015f\u00e7ilerde bronkojenik karsinoma ve mezotelioma (plevral veya peritoneal) geli\u015fir. Bronkojenik karsinoma riski 5 kat artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, mezotelioma riski normal populasyonda olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr (milyonda2-17) bu olgularda 1000 katdan fazla artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u015flik eden sigara i\u00e7imi bronkojenik karsinoma riskini art\u0131r\u0131r, mezoteliomay\u0131 etkilemez.<\/p>\n
1982’de d\u00fcnya genelinde 27.500.000 kadar i\u015f\u00e7i, kanserojen bir madde olup ci\u011ferleri, plevray\u0131 ve kar\u0131n zar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen asbeste maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve y\u0131lda 200 000 ton kullan\u0131lan asbest insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok sak\u0131ncal\u0131 madde olarak kabul edildi\u011finden Almanya ‘da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nce asbest tozlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc asbestos hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Asbestli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan 5 – 200 ?m boyutunda ve < 3 ?m kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan tanecikler solunum yolu ile al\u0131n\u0131nca insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok tehlikeli olabilmektedir. 15-50 y\u0131l gibi uzun latent s\u00fcresinden sonra insanlar\u0131n bron\u015fiyal rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na ve t\u00fcm\u00f6rlere sahip olmalar\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r.\n\n Asbestin etkilenim derecesini belirleyen etkenler:\n\n Asbestten etkilenimin miktar\u0131\n Etkilenim s\u00fcresi\n Ya\u015f\n Beslenme durumu\n Kal\u0131t\u0131msal \u00f6zellikler\n Hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve solunum h\u0131z\u0131 \n Asbest lifleri havayla al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu liflerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hava yollar\u0131nda ve solunum yollar\u0131 h\u00fccrelerinde birikir. Bunlar\u0131n \u00fcst solunum yollar\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde kalan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bo\u011fazdaki mukus tabakas\u0131yla birlikte balgamla at\u0131l\u0131r ve yutulur.Ancak bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc akci\u011ferin derin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na kadar iner ve v\u00fccuttan hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00e7\u0131kmayabilir.Suyla al\u0131nan veya balgamla yutulan asbest lifleri bir ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 ile at\u0131l\u0131r \u00c7ok az\u0131 mide ve ba\u011f\u0131rsak h\u00fccrelerinden ge\u00e7erek di\u011fer v\u00fccut h\u00fccrelerince tutulur veya idrarla at\u0131l\u0131r. \n\n\n\n Asbestin solunmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ki\u015fide;\n\n asbestozis\n akci\u011fer kanseri\n mezoteliyoma\n plevra lezyonlar\u0131 gibi hastal\u0131klar olu\u015fabilmektedir.\n\n T\u00fcm asbest \u00e7e\u015fitleri bu hastal\u0131klara neden olabilmektedir.Ancak tehlike derecesi lif t\u00fcr\u00fcne ( amfibollerde krizotile g\u00f6re daha fazla ) ve lif boyuna ( uzun lifler k\u0131sa liflere g\u00f6re daha tehlikeli ) ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n\n Asbestin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131klar:\n\n Asbestozis; akci\u011ferlerde asbest liflerinin birikmesi neticesinde olu\u015fan i\u00e7 palmonari fibrozlar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fan hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.\n Akci\u011fer kanseri ; genellikle ana bron\u015flarda olu\u015fur.Ancak periferide ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bron\u015flarda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir.Asbestin neden oldu\u011fu akci\u011fer kanseri sigaran\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu akci\u011fer kanserinden ayr\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.Asbestin b\u00fct\u00fcn t\u00fcrleri akci\u011fer kanseri olu\u015fumuna neden olabilmektedir.\n Mezotelyoma; Genel n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde plevra ve peritonda k\u00f6t\u00fc huylu mesothelioma olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok nadirdir.Plevra mezotelyoma akci\u011ferleri \u00e7evreleyen plevral bo\u015flu\u011funun serosal ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131nda olu\u015fur.\n Plevra lezyonlar\u0131 ; Plevra kal\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 veya \u00f6rt\u00fcc\u00fc zarlardan birindeki plaklar \u00e7o\u011funlukla akci\u011fer radyografilerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Asbeste uzun s\u00fcreli maruziyetler neticesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu t\u00fcr kal\u0131nla\u015fmalar iyi huylu olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.Ancak bu lezyonlar solunum fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Asbest Nedir? : Bir do\u011fal silikat minerali olan asbestin \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 iletmemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden insanlar ile birlikteli\u011fi eski \u00e7a\u011flarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. On dokuzuncu y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonraki end\u00fcstri devriminde, \u0131s\u0131, elektrik, s\u00fcrt\u00fcnme ve asitlere dayan\u0131kl\u0131 olmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir \u00e7ok i\u015fyerlerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in “sihirli mineral” olarak an\u0131l\u0131rken, yirminci y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra karsinojenik olmas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, ismi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1407,1403],"tags":[7858,7856,7852,7854,7859,7857,7855,7853],"class_list":["post-3429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-fen-ve-teknoloji-odevleri","category-odevler","tag-akciger-kanseri","tag-amosite","tag-asbest-nedir","tag-asbestin-kullanim-alanlari","tag-asbestin-yol-actigi-hastaliklar","tag-asbestozis","tag-beyaz-asbest","tag-tarihte-asbest-kullanimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3429"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3429\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.islamidavet.com\/kutuphane\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}